Parya (Russian: язык Парья) is an isolated Central Indo-Aryan language spoken in the border region between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. There are several thousand speakers worldwide.
| Parya | |
|---|---|
| Парья | |
| Native to | Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan |
| Region | Gissar Valley, Surkhandarya basin |
Native speakers | 2,600 (2008–2017)[1] Tajikistan: 1,600 (2017)[1] Uzbekistan: 1,000 (2008)[1] Afghanistan: Extinct (no date)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | paq |
| Glottolog | pary1242 |
| ELP | Parya |
Classification and Status edit
Parya is classified as a Central Zone[2] language in the Indo-Aryan language family.[3]
Tajuzbeki (or Tadj-Uzbeki) was an alternative name coined by Bholanath Tiwari for the same language.[4] Much of the academic research in documenting and characterizing Parya was done by prominent Soviet linguist I. M. Oranski. The language may also be referred to as Afgana-Yi Nasfurush, Afghana-Yi Siyarui, Changgars, Laghmani, or Pbharya.[1]
SIL estimates that there may be between 2,500 and 7,500 speakers.[5][6]
The language is not officially recognized or used in schools[7] and is categorized as severely endangered.[8]
Speakers of Parya edit
Parya is spoken in the Hissor Valley of Tajikistan, west of Dushanbe, and the adjacent Surkhondaryo basin of Uzbekistan, including the towns of Hisor, Shahrinav, Regar/Tursunzoda, Surchi, Afghonobod, Qalai Hisor, Pravda Vostok, Boloi Kanal, and Kolkhozi Leninism.
The language is mostly spoken with ones family and relations, and it is almost always spoken in the homes of native speakers.[9]
Parya speakers tend to be bilingual in the dominant languages surrounding them,[10] but tend to exclusively use Parya at home.[1]
The Tajik language has increasingly influenced the Parya language.[11]
Phonology edit
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar- Palatal |
Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɲ | ɳ | ŋ | ||||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t̪ | t͡ʃ | ʈ | k | q | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d̪ | d͡ʒ | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | ||||
| voiced | v | z | ɣ | ||||||
| Approximant | ɾ l | j | ɽ | ɦ | |||||
Grammar edit
Vigesimal counting edit
Parya employs some vigesimal numeral counting patterns.[12][13]
| English | Parya | Hindi | Cognate Hindi words |
|---|---|---|---|
| one | jek | ek | |
| two | du | do | |
| three | tin | tīn | |
| four | tshar | cār | |
| five | pandzh | pāñc | |
| ten | dus | das | |
| twenty | bis | bīs | |
| seventy | sare tin bisi | sattar | sāṛhe tīn = three and a half; bīs = twenty |
| ninety | sare char bisi | nabbe | sāṛhe cār = four and a half; bīs = twenty |
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f Parya at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved October 10, 2020.
- ^ a b Tiwari, Bholanath (1970). Tajuzbeki. National Publishing House.
- ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ^ Brenzinger, Matthias (2007-01-01). Language Diversity Endangered. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110170504.
- ^ Clifton, John (2010). "Stable Multilingualism in Tajikistan". CLS 46-2: The parasessions. Chicago Linguistic Society. pp. 17–25.
- ^ ChartsBin. "Number of Endangered Languages by Country". ChartsBin. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ "Did you know Parya is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
- ^ Abbess, Elisabeth; Muller, Katja; Paul, Daniel; Tiessen, Calvin; Tiessen, Gabriela (May 2010). "Language Maintenance Among the Parya of Tajikistan". Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ Moseley, Christopher (2010-01-01). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO. ISBN 9789231040962.
- ^ Jadranka Gvozdanović, "Numeral types and changes worldwide", Walter de Gruyter, 1999; ISBN 3-11-016113-3, ISBN 978-3-11-016113-7
- ^ Iosef Mikhailovich Oranski, "Dva indoariyski dialekta iz Srednei Azii", Indiyskaya i Iranskaya Filologiya; Institut Narodov Azii, Nauka, 1964.
External links edit
- The Indo-Aryan languages - a tour
- Parya numerals at the Wayback Machine (archived 2021-01-16)