The Pakadji people, also known by the southern tribal exonym as the Koko Yao (Kuuku Yaʼu), are an Aboriginal Australian group of Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland.[1] The ethnonym Koko Yaʼo is said literally to mean " talk, speech" (koko/kuku) 'this way' (yaʼo),[2] though this has been questioned.[a]
Language edit
Pakadji is one of the Umpila group of dialects within the North Cape York Paman languages. They had a highly developed sign language, but used generally only one hand, with rapid movements, and little secondary reinforcement by physical or facial tics or gestures.[4]
Country edit
Pakadji territory embraced roughly an area of 1,300 sq. miles around Weymouth Bay, the Pascoe River, and Temple Bay. It reached northwards as far as Cape Grenville; and ran to the southeast at Cape Weymouth. Inland it extended to the Dividing Range.[1]
Lifestyle and economy edit
The Pakadji were one of the Kawadji, or sandbeach people. These coastal tribes basically exploited the rich food resources on and off the sea-line facing the Coral Sea. The year was divided into two seasons, the kawali or dry season that began with the onset of the south-east trade winds, from April through to November, and wullo wantjan/wullo waiyin ('when thunder cries') the season ushered in with the arrival of the northwest monsoon, beginning in late November/early December. In the kawali period they were often venture inland to harvest vegetables (mai'yi), yams (dampu) and bush honey, and construction materials like spear wood and weaving grasses.[5]
Ceremonies edit
Donald Thomson gained the confidence of the Pakadji while spending 4 months with them during the season in which their initiation ceremonies (Okainta) were held, and was permitted to be present during the rites.[2] He focused in particular on stories related to Iwayi (Old Man Crocodile).[6]
Native title edit
On 25 November 2021, 1,202 km2 (464 sq mi) of land on the eastern side of the Cape York Peninsula were handed back to the Kuuku Ya'u people, at the same time as (986 km2 (381 sq mi) were awarded to the Uutaalnganu people, in a native title claim that was lodged seven years prior. The landmark ruling was delivered by Justice Debra Mortimer of the Federal Court of Australia, sitting at the Supreme Court of Queensland in Cairns.[7][8][9]
Some words edit
- papa (mother).[10]
Notes edit
- ^ Wood argues that Thomson's Demonstrative-based paradigm, though functional for several related languages, doesn't fit Kuku Wanju, and suggests that 'the names meant 'language which uses the form X' rather than 'like this'.'[3]
Citations edit
- ^ a b Tindale 1974.
- ^ a b Thomson 1933, p. 458.
- ^ Wood 2016, p. 342.
- ^ Kendon 1988, p. 45.
- ^ Thomson 1933, pp. 457–458.
- ^ Rigsby & Chase 2014, p. 326.
- ^ Richardson, Holly (25 November 2021). "Historic ruling hands massive tract of Cape York land back to traditional owners". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ "National Native Title Register Details: QCD2021/007 - Uutaalnganu (Night Island) determination". National Native Title Tribunal. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ "National Native Title Register Details:QCD2021/006 - Kuuku Ya'u". National Native Title Tribunal. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
- ^ Thomson 1933, p. 457 n.1.
References edit
- Haddon, A. C. (2011) [First published 1935]. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-17986-7.
- Kendon, Adam (1988). Sign Languages of Aboriginal Australia: Cultural, Semiotic and Communicative Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36008-1.
- Rigsby, Bruce; Chase, Athol (2014). "The Sandbeach People and Dugong hunters of Eastern Cape York Peninsula: property in land and sea country". In Peterson, Nicolas; Rigsby, Bruce (eds.). Customary marine tenure in Australia. Sydney University Press. pp. 307–350. ISBN 978-1-743-32389-2.
- Thomson, Donald F. (1933). "The Hero Cult, Initiation and Totemism on Cape York". Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 63: 453–537. doi:10.2307/2843801. JSTOR 2843801.
- Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Pakadji (QLD)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
- Wood, Ray (2016). "The Kuku Yalanji example in Land and Language in Cape York Peninsula and the Gulf Country". In Verstraete, Jean-Christophe; Hafner, Diane (eds.). Land and Language in Cape York Peninsula and the Gulf Country. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 337–360. ISBN 978-9-027-26760-3.