Pūkio Stream, formerly Nigger Stream until 2016, is a river in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. It flows from The Candlesticks range of the Southern Alps to the Esk River.[1] The underfit stream cuts through terraces of glacial outwash gravels in its course, culminating in a 120-metre-deep (400 ft) incised gorge near to its confluence with the Esk.[2]
| Pūkio Stream | |
|---|---|
.png)  Location of the mouth within New Zealand | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | The Candlesticks |
| • location | Southern Alps |
| Mouth | Esk River |
• location | Canterbury, New Zealand |
• coordinates | 43°00′11″S 172°03′09″E / 43.003035°S 172.052632°E |
Geomorphology edit
The over-wide valley through which Pūkio Stream flows, is due to the presence of an underlying fault depression which once acted as the former course of the Cox River. This route was later blocked by terminal moraines, from the Pleistocene age Cox glacier with the Cox river finding an alternative outlet to the Poulter River. The principal Lochinvar moraine is also known as the Misery Mounds.[2]
The gorge in the lower reaches has been eroded through superficial deposits of glacial origin, and into the underlying greywacke bedrock.[2]
Name edit
It is not known why the name of Nigger Stream came about but it is known to have been since at least the 1880s.[1] The stream was mentioned in the news but the New Zealand government stated they had not received any complaints about the name.[3] In 2015, Nigger Stream was complained about by a member of the public to the New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) for being offensive.[4] The NZGB proposed renaming the river "Steelhead Stream" after the steelhead trout. The proposal received 37 objections with the majority of them citing that steelhead trout were not found in the freshwater river as they were salt water trout. As a result, one of the reasons for NZGB's proposals was not considered valid.[5]
This objection was upheld and the alternative Māori name of "Pūkio Stream", after the Māori name for carex secta (a tussock grass that grows in the area), was proposed instead.[6] Following a second consultation on the new name which was supported by the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand,[7][8] this proposal was passed unanimously by the NZGB however similar proposals in relation to nearby Niggerhead and Nigger Hill were referred to the Land Information New Zealand Minister, Louise Upston.[6] Upston agreed to the additional changes along with the "Pūkio Stream" rename and said that the move was not an attempt to rewrite history stating: "This isn’t about rewriting history – it is and will remain a matter of public record that these three places used to carry different names."[9]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b "Proposals to alter place names from 'Nigger Hill' to 'Kānuka Hills' (with an altered extent) and 'Niggerhead' to 'Tawhai Hill'" (PDF). LINZ. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ a b c Gair, HS (11 April 1962). "Notes on the Geology of the Esk Valley, Canterbury". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 5 (4). The Royal Society of New Zealand: 531–. doi:10.1080/00288306.1962.10423093.
- ^ "No change to racist names". Stuff.co.nz. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Millward, David. "New Zealand ready to replace racially offensive place names". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "Offensive place names closer to removal". LINZ. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Racist place names to be changed". Otago Daily Times. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "Racist place names have to go. An open letter to the Minister". Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ "'N-word' Stream in Canterbury could be renamed Pukio Stream". Stuff.co.nz. 30 May 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (8 December 2016). "New Zealand drops racially offensive place names". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 October 2017.