This is the order of battle for the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, codenamed "Operation Peace Spring" by Turkey. The pro-Turkish forces, including the Syrian National Army, are opposed by the armed forces of the NES, including the Syrian Democratic Forces.
Turkey and allied forces edit
- Turkish Armed Forces
Air Force
Land Forces
- 1st Army
- 2nd Army
- 6th Corps
- 5th Armored Brigade[2]
- 11th Commando Brigade[3]
- 8th Corps
- 6th Corps
- General Directorate of Security
- National Intelligence Organization (MİT)
- Syrian National Army
- First Legion
- Second Legion
- Hamza Division[7]
- Kurdish Falcons Brigade[12]
Sultan Murad Division[7]
Jaysh al-Islam[9]- Men of War Brigade[13]
- Hamza Division[7]
- Third Legion
- Fourth Legion
- Fifth Legion
- Other SNA factions
- Elite Army
- Anwar al-Hak Brigade[20]
- Mimati battalion[21]
- Army of Victory[10]
- Army of the East[10]
SDF and allied forces edit
Rojava (Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria)
Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)
People's Protection Units (YPG)
Women's Protection Units (YPJ)
Syriac Military Council (MFS)[22][23]
Northern Democratic Brigade[25]
Martyr Nubar Ozanyan Brigade[26]
Assyrian Forces[27][28][29]
- SDF military councils
Serê Kaniyê Military Council[31]
- Liwa al-Tahrir
Army of Revolutionaries[32][7]
- Thuwar Tal Abyad
- Annaba Clan Volunteers
Manbij Military Council[33]
Jarabulus Military Council[34]- Tal Abyad Military Council[35]
- Qamishli Military Council[36]
- Raqqa Military Council[37]
- Hasakah Military Council[38]
- Al-Shaddadi Military Council[39][40]
- Military Discipline Units[41]
- Rojava security forces
Civilian Defense Force (HPC)[22]
Self-Defence Forces (HXP)[42]
Anti-Terror Forces (HAT)[43]
[...] the Syrian regime's military deployments to northeast Syria have largely relied on sending one or two battalions from nearly two dozen divisions and regiments. [...] In all likelihood, this is driven by a combination of two factors: there are few to no full brigades available to deploy at this time [and] the SAA overwhelming deploys units within specific geographic boundaries.
—Gregory Waters, Middle East Institute researcher[44]
Syrian Armed Forces
Syrian Arab Army[45][46]
- Manbij Front
- Republican Guard
- 1st Division
- 68th Brigade
- 282nd Battalion[44]
- 68th Brigade
- Kobani Front
- Ain Issa/Raqqa Front
- Ras al-Ayn/Tel Tamar Front
- 17th Division
- 3rd Division
- 20th Brigade
- 38th Battalion[44]
- 20th Brigade
- 10th Division
- 62nd Brigade[44]
- Northeast Hasakah Front
- Border Guards
- 5th Regiment[44]
- Border Guards
- Manbij Front
Note: The pro-Syrian government National Defence Forces have an active branch in al-Hasakah Governorate, but have refused to fight alongside the SDF against Turkish-led forces. This is motivated by animosity of local NDF troops toward the SDF, as well as internal leadership disputes that have paralyzed al-Hasakah's NDF. In addition, the General Intelligence Branch 330 is known to be active in northern Syria.[44]
Allied armed groups:
International Freedom Battalion (IFB)[47][48]
Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (MLKP)[48][49]
- Martyr Serkan Battalion[50]
United Freedom Forces
Marxist–Leninist Armed Propaganda Unit (MLSPB)[48]
Revolutionary Communard Party/United Freedom Forces (DKP/BÖG)[48]
Revolutionary Communard Party/Birlik (DKP/Birlik)[48]
Maoist Communist Party (MKP)[48]
Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist (TKP-ML)[48]
Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist (TKEP/L)[48]
Tekoşîna Anarşîst[48]
References edit
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- ^ Adi Smajić; Paul McLoughlin (9 October 2019). "Revealed: Turkey's three-stage plan to capture northern Syria from Kurdish militias, lasting into 2020". The New Arab. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "Suriye sınırına askeri sevkiyat". Timeturk.com.
- ^ "SBarış Pınarı Harekatı". Timeturk.com.
- ^ "Barış Pınarı Harekatı bölgesine özel harekat desteği". www.aa.com.tr.
- ^ "Turkish-backed militants amass near Syrian border town for new offensive". Al-Masdar News. 8 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Which Syrian Groups Are Involved in Turkey's Syria Offensive?". Voice of America.
- ^ a b Fatma Ben Hamad. (21 October 2019). "Images document extrajudicial killings by Turkish-backed militia in Syria". France24. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ a b c d Tastekin, Fehim (13 October 2019). "Who are the Turkish-backed forces in latest Syria incursion?". al-Monitor. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f "تعرّف إلى توزّع الجيش الوطني على محاور العملية العسكرية شرق الفرات" [Learn about the distribution of the national army on the axis of the military operation east of the Euphrates]. Qasioun News (in Arabic). 8 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- ^ a b Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (5 November 2019). "Division 20: Interview". Retrieved 10 November 2019.
- ^ "Fırat'ın doğusuna operasyonda YPG'ye Kürt Şahinleri Tugayı darbesi". Internet Haber. 9 October 2019.
- ^ Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (8 November 2019). "The Men of War Brigade: Interview". Retrieved 10 November 2019.
- ^ a b "تل أبيض: مراسل جسر يرصد انتهاكات بحق المدنيين من قبل فصائل "الوطني"" [Tel Abyad: Jisr reporter monitors abuses against civilians by SNA factions]. Jesr Press (in Arabic). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad. "Turkish Operations East of the Euphrates: A Rebel Perspective". Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi.
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- ^ "Force 55: Interview".
- ^ Walid Al Nofal (15 October 2019). "The Syrian National Army: For the Syrian revolution or against the Kurds?". Syria:Direct. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ NUR ÖZKAN ERBAY; MUSTAFA KIRIKÇIOĞLU (13 October 2019). "Syrian Kurds look to end YPG-rule in Syria". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ "Militäroffensive der Türkei: Deutsche Waffenexporte auf höchstem Stand seit 14 Jahren" [Turkey's military offensive: German weapons exports at the highest level since 14 years]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Ammar Hamou (27 October 2019). "Civilians the only innocent party in 'Operation Peace Spring'". Syria:Direct. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ a b Szuba, Jared (10 October 2019). "'The border is on fire': Turkey's ground forces battle Syria's Kurds near Tal Abyad". The Defense Post. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ Joanne Stocker (14 November 2019). ""The sky is against us" – Syrian Christian fighters struggle to hold their lines in Tel Tamer". Defense Post. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ "Joint press conference of SDF, Syriac Military Council, Women Protection Forces Beth Nahrin". Hawar News. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "لواء الشمال الديمقراطي يؤكد مواصلة النضال للدفاع عن مكتسبات المنطقة ضد أي تهديد" [The Northern Democratic Brigade affirms the continued struggle to defend the gains of the region against any threat]. ANF News (in Arabic). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ "The Armenian Battalion taking part in defense of Serêkaniyê". ANF News. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
- ^ "SDF Command: Syriac Military Council, Assyrian forces undertake security responsibility in Hawd al- Khabour". Hawar News. 2 November 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ Roj Eli Zalla (5 November 2019). "Northern Syrian Christians on a mission to protect their villages". Rudaw. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ "Assyrian fighters: We are attacked by the ISIS". ANF. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ Delil Souleiman (19 November 2019). "In northeast Syria, last Assyrians fear Turkish advance". Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ ÇAKSU, ERSİN (11 October 2019). "Not a single house captured by the enemy in Serekaniye". ANF News. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
- ^ "من هي "قوات سوريا الديمقراطية".. ومِما تتألف؟". Lebanon24.
- ^ Manbij Military Council (14 October 2019). "قوات مجلس منبج العسكري تحبط هجوماً لمرتزقة درع الفرات". المجلس العسكري لمدينة منبج وريفها (in Arabic). Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ^ ""Jarabulus Military Council" targets a vehicle south of Jarabulus by a guided missile leaving 2 persons dead in conjunction with an assassination targeted members of Turkey-loyal factions south of Azaz". SOHR. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ^ "Tal Abyad Military Council: It is our duty to protect our people if Turkey violates the agreement". Hawar News. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "Qamishlo bid farewell to its four martyrs". ANF News. 12 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "SDF fighter Ismail Hisên laid to rest". ANF News. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "Six SDF martyrs laid to rest in Heseke". ANF News. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "Emotional farewell ceremony for 8 SDF martyrs in Şedadê". ANF News. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "300 fighters join to al-Shadadi Military Council after declaring general alarm by clans' notables". Hawar News. 13 October 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "Two martyrs laid to rest in Raqqa". ANF News. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
- ^ "SDF: 118 invading forces members killed". ANF News. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ "HAT Commander Tolhildan Zagros fell martyr in Girê Spî". ANF News. 23 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Gregory Waters (20 November 2019). "Return to the northeast: Syrian Army deployments against Turkish forces". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- ^ "Syrian Army to enter strategic city in Raqqa for first time since 2014". 14 October 2019.
- ^ Perper, Rosie (14 October 2019). "Kurdish forces strike a deal with Assad's army as they battle an intensifying Turkish assault in northern Syria".
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- ^ "MLKP fighter fell in Rojava". ANF News. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.