Operation Legacy was a British Colonial Office (later Foreign Office) programme to destroy or hide files that would implicate the British Empire in wrongdoing, as to prevent them from being used by their ex-colonies.[1][2][3] It ran from the 1950s until the 1970s, when the decolonisation of the British Empire was at its height.[4]
Methods of operation
editMI5 or Special Branch agents vetted all secret documents in the colonial administrations to find those that could embarrass the British monarchy—for instance by showing racial or religious bias. They identified 8,800 files to conceal from at least 23 countries and territories in the 1950s and 1960s, and destroyed them or sent them to the United Kingdom.[5] Precise instructions were given for methods to be used for destruction, including burning and dumping at sea.[5] Some of the files detailed torture methods used against opponents of the colonial administrations, such as during the Mau Mau Uprising.[6]
As decolonisation progressed, British officials were keen to avoid a repeat of the embarrassment that had been caused by the overt burning of documents[7] that took place in New Delhi in 1946, which had been covered by Indian news sources. On 3 May 1961, Iain Macleod, who was Secretary of State for the Colonies, wrote a telegram to all British embassies to advise them on the best way to retrieve and dispose of sensitive documents.[4] To prevent post-colonial governments from ever learning about Operation Legacy, officials were required to dispatch "destruction certificates" to London. In some cases, as the handover date approached, the immolation task proved so huge that colonial administrators warned the Foreign Office that there was a danger of "celebrating Independence Day with smoke."[8]
Research
editAcademic study of the end of the British Empire has been assisted in recent years by the declassification of the migrated archives in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) 141 series. After the UK government admitted in 2011 that it had secret documents related to the Mau Mau Uprising, it began to declassify documents and by November 2013 some 20,000 files had been declassified. These documents can now be accessed at the National Archives in Kew, London.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Gilbert, Rosa (3 November 2016). "Erasing Empire". Jacobin.
- ^ Cobain, Ian (2016). The history thieves: secrets, lies and the shaping of a modern nation. London: Portobello Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84627-584-5.
- ^ Elkins, Caroline (2022). Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire. Knopf Doubleday. p. 618. ISBN 978-0-593-32008-2.
- ^ a b Bowman, Craig (9 January 2014). "Operation Legacy: How Britain Destroyed Thousands Of Colonial Files". War History Online. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ a b Milmo, Cahal (29 November 2013). "Revealed: How British Empire's dirty secrets went up in smoke in the colonies". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Cobain, Ian; Bowcott, Owen; Norton-Taylor, Richard (17 April 2012). "Britain destroyed records of colonial crimes". The Guardian.
- ^ Moon, Penderel, ed. (1973). "The Interim Government (July-October 1946): September 5". Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal (PDF). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 346–347.
- ^ Rostron, Bryan (28 June 2020). "OP-ED: The horror! The horror! The long colonial hangover". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ Sato, Shohei (11 April 2017). "'Operation Legacy': Britain's Destruction and Concealment of Colonial Records Worldwide". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 45 (4): 697–719. doi:10.1080/03086534.2017.1294256. ISSN 0308-6534.
Further reading
edit- Badger, Anthony (28 September 2012). "Historians, a legacy of suspicion and the 'migrated archives'". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 23 (4–5): 799–807. doi:10.1080/09592318.2012.709761. ISSN 0959-2318.
- Herbert, Joel (2019). The Sun Never Sets: Rethinking the Politics of Late British Decolonization, 1968 to the Present (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. doi:10.17615/acph-1a93.
- Whittle, Matthew (2016). Post-War British Literature and the "End of Empire". London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54014-0. ISBN 978-1-137-54013-3.
External links
edit- "Mau Mau". Radiolab. WNYC. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2017.