Ogden Wedlund Kraut (June 21, 1927 – July 17, 2002) was an American polygamist, author and publisher who became best known for his writings about Mormon fundamentalist topics. Kraut was an independent fundamentalist who never joined any fundamentalist group.[1] He published his writings and other historical church writings through his Pioneer Press.[2]
Ogden Kraut | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Ogden Wedlund Kraut June 21, 1927 Montana, United States |
| Died | July 17, 2002 (aged 75) Salt Lake City, Utah |
| Language | English |
| Nationality | American |
| Subject | Mormon fundamentalism |
| Spouse | Around five, including Anne Wilde |
| Website | |
| ogdenkraut | |
Biography edit
Early life edit
Ogden was born in Shelby, Montana, to Johannes Joseph Kraut (1900–1960) and Beatrice Theone Mae Nelson Kraut (1905–1984). His only sibling, Dana Joseph Kraut (1935–2001), was born in Montana on May 7, 1935.
In his late teens, Ogden converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), attended Shelby High School, and worked for the Great Northern Railway Company.
Ogden worked at the Dream (Relief) Mine in Salem, Utah, with Bishop John Hyrum Koyle Jr (1864–1949).[3]
In 1948, Ogden was studying psychology at Brigham Young University.
In September 1948, Ogden began [4] serving as an LDS missionary in the California Mission in southern California & Arizona, where Judge Oscar Walter McConkie Sr (1887–1966; father of Apostle Bruce Redd McConkie) was the mission president. He was one of the last LDS missionaries to serve "without purse or scrip" (financed entirely by donations from the church or from those to whom they taught), and wrote a book about those times. Reflecting on his experiences, he remarked that "there was no cookbook to go by on how to do it. We just went out there and struggled along trying to figure out how to do it the most effective way." He continued by saying that, by the end of the mission, "I felt that I could travel around the world that way... it was easy for me to do," and when asked if he missed meals, his standard response was "no but I've postponed a lot of them."[4] Kraut believed this method of missionary activity to be a commandment, saying that the missionary program started to decline when the Elders "began to rely on the money from home instead of in the Lord. That's not the way it's supposed to be done. They changed the rules on the Lord. He didn't."[4]
In 1952, Ogden won second place in the Rhine Military Post Special Services Photo Contest while spending two years in the U.S. Army stationed at Bad Kreuznach, Germany, as a Signal Corps photographer in the U.S. Occupation Forces.
On May 8, 1953, Ogden married Mona "Louise" McBride (1933–2003) in the LDS Mesa Arizona Temple. They held a wedding reception in her hometown of Pima, Arizona, on the following day. They eventually had five children.
Fundamentalist activities edit
Ogden developed a testimony of polygamy after studying LDS doctrine and church history.[5] Kraut was set apart as a fundamentalist Seventy by Joseph White Musser (1872–1954; fundamentalist leader in Short Creek) but continued to serve as an LDS Elder.[6]
Ogden waited until 1969 to marry a second wife, Anne B. Wilde.[6] He also married Mildred Lorraine Stahl Nielsen (1935–2015). He had a total of around five wives, although the exact number was never made public.[6][7]
Kraut wrote books, some self-published, on fundamentalist topics. His 95 Theses, named after the famous document by Martin Luther, includes specific charges against doctrinal changes in the LDS Church. His first breakthrough publication was the book Jesus Was Married in 1969, and he would go on to publish 65 books with his second wife Anne Wilde.[5] He also published books for other people.
Kraut was known to be keeping a distance from the emerging fundamentalist groups. He believed they had no authority to build their own churches and defended his independent lifestyle:
John Taylor authorized and set apart several men to perpetuate the principle of plural marriage and gave them the calling to perform such marriage, regardless of what the Church or the government might say or do .... There is no mention of setting up a church, taking tithing, having weekly meetings, or setting up a colony somewhere. Their calling (or keys) was to (1) live plural marriage, (2) perform plural marriage sealings, and (3) set apart others with this same calling.[8]
In 1972, Kraut was excommunicated from the LDS Church by Grantsville Stake President Kenneth Clark Johnson Sr (1917–2009) for "apostasy", which included his belief in polygamy.[9][10] The FBI investigated claims that the church had conducted a wiretapping operation against Kraut.[11][12]
In 1977, Alex Joseph founded the polygamist group Confederate Nations of Israel, consisting of some 400 members spread throughout the United States, of which only a fourth were living in polygamous families. However, this was not an LDS fundamentalist sect, but rather a confederation of independent "patriarchs" which included Catholics, Protestants, Eastern religionists, atheists, and sexually-active homosexuals in addition to Mormon fundamentalists, the latter forming only a minority. Kraut was initially one of these patriarchs, although he later withdrew.[6]
When the Singer–Swapp standoff occurred on January 16–28, 1988 in Marion, Summit County, Utah, Ogden (who was acquainted with the family) was permitted to bring them food and supplies on January 25. He carried letters between Utah Governor Norman Howard Bangerter (1933–2015) and the polygamists. Authorities wished to counter public perceptions that they were employing "psychological warfare" and "siege tactics". In vain, they hoped that Kraut or the governor's letter would influence the outlaws to negotiate or surrender.[13][14] Nonetheless, his attempts at defusing the situation won him the respect of the law enforcement agencies, and when his polygamy became more widely known, the local FBI chief and Utah attorney general intervened to protect Kraut's position as a civilian employee of the U.S. Army.[6]
In 1989, Kraut was quoted as estimating that "there are probably at least 30,000 people who consider themselves as Fundamentalist Mormons, espousing at least the belief in the doctrine of plural marriage." While he had used the 30,000 estimate in previous remarks, this one was the first time he specified that some do not live plural marriage but merely have a belief in it, thus bringing his estimate of active polygamists downwards.[6] Regarding those not actively living plural marriage, Kraut also became known for claiming that there are "professors of religion that I'm acquainted with who believe all the doctrines of Fundamentalism, and yet they're teaching at BYU, seminaries, and institutes" within the LDS church. In another interview, he added that among these fundamentalist sympathizers were "high councilmen, bishops, and in some cases stake [diocese] presidents."[6]
In an interview around 1990, Kraut said that conversions by mainstream Mormons to fundamentalism increase sharply after every change the LDS church makes in doctrine and policy, and that those changes occur often enough that fundamentalists do not suffer by abstaining from missionary activity. However, he also added that "actually there's a lot of people who are not Mormons who become interested in Fundamentalism."[6] Despite this, fundamentalists naturally also received hostile treatment from time to time, and after one of his families moved into a new neighborhood, someone had smashed out their windows and reportedly also threw severed duck heads onto their porch.[6]
In his 1996 work The One Mighty and Strong, Kraut mirrored the common fundamentalist belief that the mainstream LDS church is "out of order" but that it will eventually be set "in order", writing that "the setting in order of the House of God will be a greater event than the Restoration. What failed in the beginning will succeed in the end. The miracles will be greater, the number of converts will be more numerous; the power and wealth of the Saints will be richer; and Zion—the New Jerusalem—will finally be built."[15]
Nonetheless, Kraut had also expressed criticisms of some aspects of fundamentalist culture, such as the social status desire of some men to acquire as many wives as possible, as well as the lack of training among some families who chose to pursue homeschooling, saying that, for this subset of youngsters, "it had been better for them to go to public schools, than to stay home and to do nothing."[6]
Personal life edit
In 1960, Ogden was living in Fruita, Colorado, where he was working as a real estate agent and State Farm Insurance agent.
Ogden worked as a scientific photographer at the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground in Dugway, Utah, in 1966–1990. [5]
Ogden died in Salt Lake City, Utah, on July 17, 2002, from liver cancer. His obituary was published in the Salt Lake Tribune and the Deseret News on July 19, 2002, and he was buried in the Salem City Cemetery (block 101, lot 5, grave 6) in Salem, Utah, on July 22, 2002.
Ogden's son Kevin Kraut continues to discuss his father's legacy and publish his old writings through Old Pioneer Press.[16]
Despite their divergent views on the truths of Mormonism, Ogden was on friendly terms with fellow early LDS history researchers Jerald and Sandra Tanner. Ronald V. Huggins's book Lighthouse: Jerald & Sandra Tanner, Despised and Beloved Critics of Mormonism published by Signature Books in summer 2022 includes some anecdotes about Ogden's relationship with the late Jerald Tanner.[16]
Notes edit
- ^ "Author Ogden Kraut, 75, dies". Deseret News. Associated Press. 2002-07-21.
He wanted to be known as a "fundamentalist Mormon," said Anne Wilde, one of Kraut's wives. "He considered himself a Joseph Smith Mormon — a follower of original Mormonism."
- ^ Driggs, Ken (2005). "Imprisonment, Defiance, and Division: A History of Mormon Fundamentalism in the 1940s and 1950s". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 38 (1): 65–95. doi:10.2307/45228177. ISSN 0012-2157. JSTOR 45228177. S2CID 254391753.
- ^ Barber, Ian (2009). "Dream Mines and Religious Identity in Twentieth-Century Utah: Insights from the Norman C. Pierce Papers". The Princeton University Library Chronicle. 70 (3): 433–470. doi:10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.70.3.0433. ISSN 0032-8456. JSTOR 10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.70.3.0433.
- ^ a b c Embry, Jessie L. (1996). "Without Purse or Scrip". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 29 (3): 77–93. doi:10.2307/45228449. ISSN 0012-2157. JSTOR 45228449. S2CID 254326048.
- ^ a b c Understanding Mormon Polygamy Pt 3 - Anne's Story, Mormon Stories, 2007-01-10
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Quinn, D. Michael (1998). "Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 31 (2): 1–68. doi:10.2307/45226443. ISSN 0012-2157. JSTOR 45226443. S2CID 254325184.
- ^ Mueller, Michelle (2021-08-19). New Religions and the Mediation of Non-Monogamy: Polyamory, Polygamy, and Reality Television. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-58873-0.
- ^ Kraut, Holy Priesthood, 6:250,257
- ^ Quinn, D. Michael (1998). "Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 31 (2): 1–68. doi:10.2307/45226443. ISSN 0012-2157. JSTOR 45226443. S2CID 254325184.
- ^ "Some Still Hold Stock in Dream Mine". Salt Lake Tribune. 1999-05-16. p. C1.
Kraut, a retired military photographer, was excommunicated in 1972 for his beliefs, including polygamy.
- ^ "Mormon Spying Probe Reopened". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Associated Press. 1975-04-08. p. B8.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation and U.S. attorney's offices here have reopened an investigation into allegations of wiretapping in connection with a Mormon Church excommunication action, the FBI says.
- ^ "Wiretapping Warning To Mormons". Lodi News-Sentinel. UPI. 1975-03-22. p. 8.
Lockhart said the Federal Bureau of Investigation was still making inquiries in a second case, involving charges the church used illegally recorded telephone conversations in excommunicating a man for advocating polygamy
- ^ "The Nation". Los Angeles Times. 1988-01-27.
- ^ "1980 - 1989 / Return to Marion". Utah Department of Public Safety. Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
- ^ Hales, Brian C. (2006). "John T. Clark: The "One Mighty and Strong"". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 39 (3): 46–63. doi:10.2307/45227280. ISSN 0012-2157. JSTOR 45227280. S2CID 254386881.
- ^ a b Pynakker, Steven (2022). "Ogden Kraut Curt Bench The Tanners and Modern Mormon Fundamentalism w/Anne Wilde". YouTube. Mormon Book Reviews.