Billy Ray Waldon (born January 3, 1952),[1] also known as Billy Joe Waldon or Nvwtohiyada Idehesdi Sequoyah (Cherokee: ᏅᏙᎯᏯᏓ ᎢᏕᎮᏍᏗ ᏎᏉᏯ, Nvdohiyada Idehesdi Sequoya), is an American former fugitive, American Indian Movement activist, and Esperantist[2][3] who in 1986, became the 399th fugitive listed by the FBI on the Ten Most Wanted Fugitives List. Waldon was convicted of the murders of three people during a crime spree in 1985.[4]
| Billy Ray Waldon | |
|---|---|
 Waldon's 2007 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation photo | |
| FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitive | |
| Charges | |
| Description | |
| Born | January 3, 1952 Tahlequah, Oklahoma, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Race | White |
| Gender | Male |
| Height | 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) |
| Weight | 160 lb (73 kg) |
| Status | |
| Penalty |
|
| Status | Conviction overturned |
| Added | April 23, 1986 |
| Caught | June 16, 1986 |
| Number | 399 |
| Captured | |
A native of Oklahoma, Waldon was apprehended on June 16, 1986 after San Diego, California police attempted to pull him over for a routine traffic citation.[5] In 1992, Waldon was convicted of three counts of murder and sentenced to death in California. In 2023, Waldon's convictions were overturned by the California Supreme Court on grounds that he was denied representation by competent counsel.[6]
Criminal history edit
Crimes edit
The crime spree which Waldon was convicted of began in Tulsa, Oklahoma on October 10, 1985, when a man was robbed and wounded. On November 15, a 28-year-old woman was shot in the head. However, the bullet grazed her skull and she survived.[4] Two days later, on November 17, a woman was robbed at gunpoint and shot. The woman died of her injuries two days later. On November 23, two people were shot and wounded while getting out of their car.[4]
Two weeks later, the San Diego, California home of 43-year-old Dawn Ellerman was broken into. Ellermann was fatally shot in the neck. Ellerman's 13-year-old daughter died of smoke inhalation while trying to rescue her mother from the house, which had been set on fire.[7] On December 19, a man later identified as Waldon was spotted fleeing a robbery in his car by police, who soon gave chase. Waldon managed to evade the police and abandoned the car, soon after running to the residence of 59-year-old Gordon Wells, who was shot and killed.[4] Later, Wells' neighbor was shot and wounded, and his car was stolen. The car was found abandoned in late January 1986.[4] A ballistics test linked the San Diego crimes to the Oklahoma crimes, and a federal arrest warrant for Waldon was issued soon after.[4]
Manhunt and capture edit
The federal arrest warrant charged Waldon with unlawful interstate flight to avoid prosecution for murder, attempted murder, robbery, burglary, rape and arson.[4] According to the FBI, Waldon had held a variety of different jobs and had served in the U.S. Navy for ten years, where he had been trained in deep sea diving. Waldon was additionally noted to speak and understand several different languages, including French, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, and Esperanto.[8] Waldon was reported to be one-fourth Cherokee Indian and to have an interest in Cherokee history and culture.[4][8]
On April 23, 1986, Waldon became the 399th fugitive to be listed on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitive's list.[4] In June 1986, Daniel Roman discovered that his 1965 Mustang was missing. Later that day, a driver in a car matching the description of Roman’s attempted to speed away from police and fled on foot when they tried to stop him for a broken tail light. Police apprehended and arrested the man, who gave his name as “Stephen Midas” but was later identified as Waldon through a fingerprint match.[9][10][11]
Legal proceedings edit
Pre-trial and charges edit
In California, Waldon faced charges on three counts of murder as well as 19 other counts, including rape, armed robbery, and arson.[12] Waldon was additionally charged in Oklahoma with first-degree murder in the November 17, 1985 shooting in Tulsa, as well as three counts of attempted murder, two counts of armed robbery, and two counts of attempted robbery.[13] Waldon was arraigned on June 20, 1986, and plead not guilty to the charges.[14] His bail was set at $2 million.[14] In July 1986, while in custody at the San Diego County Jail, Waldon was beaten unconscious by three other inmates after he refused their request to kill another inmate.[15] Waldon attempted to escape from his jail cell on September 21, 1986 by attempting to chip away at the cell's wall using a metal bar.[12][16] Prior to a hearing to determine whether or not Waldon was mentally competent to stand trial, Jack Levitt, the judge who was set to preside over the hearing, was challenged by Waldon's attorney Charles Khoury Jr., who alleged him to be unfair.[17] Levitt would be removed from presiding over Waldon's criminal trial in October 1987,[18] but continued to preside over Waldon's mental competency hearing. The hearing began on August 18, 1987.[19] Waldon remained completely silent during proceedings and refused to answer any questions.[20] On September 21, 1987, Waldon was judged competent to be criminally tried.[21] Waldon's criminal trial was delayed by Judge Levitt's removal,[22] and was further delayed by his insistence that he represent himself.[23]
Trial and sentencing edit
After Waldon's judgement that he was competent to stand trial, his criminal trial began in 1991.[23] Waldon wished to represent himself in court, but a judge denied this motion, stating that Waldon could not understand the risks of self-representation. However though, a second judge granted his request to represent himself.[24] During his trial, Waldon alleged that he had been beaten by federal agents and framed for the crimes over his 'promotion of Indian autonomy'.[25] Waldon additionally claimed that during his fugitive state, he had hid in the crawlspace of a house in Imperial Beach, fearing that he would be convicted anyway if he pleaded innocent.[26] Waldon was convicted of three counts of first degree murder, as well as multiple counts of attempted murder, rape, burglary, robbery, and animal cruelty in December 1991 and was sentenced to death in February 1992.[27]
Conviction overturned edit
On January 23, 2023, Waldon's murder convictions and death sentences were overturned on grounds of courtroom behavior, his 'delusional' self-representation and a trial court judge's decision that had improperly allowed him to represent himself "without considering (the other judge's) denial or the evidence on which it was based" had deprived him of competent legal representation.[24] The California State supreme court granted Waldon a new trial.[28]
Poliespo edit
| Poliespo | |
|---|---|
| Èoperespo | |
| Created by | Billy Ray Waldon |
| Date | Likely began in the 1950s or 1960s |
| Users | Unknown, at least one |
| Purpose | |
| Latin | |
| Sources | Phonology derived from Esperanto, vocabulary mostly from Esperanto, but also partially English and Spanish, plus two words from Cherokee, grammar from Esperanto and Cherokee. |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | None |
Poliespo (Polisinteza Esperanto, Polisinteza Esperanto, "Polysynthetic Esperanto", also Po) is an international auxiliary language created by Waldon.[2][27]
Waldon ran a "World Poliespo Organization" for enthusiasts of the language.[29][30]
Goals edit
The principle of creation for Poliespo was Waldon's belief that certain languages contain words that made communication quicker, which he referred to as "lightning bolts" or "lightning words", and the goal was to combine as many of these as possible into one language.[2] The language was originally referred to as "Anagalisgi," the romanized form of Cherokee word for lightning.[2] Most of Poliespo comes from Cherokee, English, Esperanto, and Spanish, the languages that Waldon could speak.[2]
The philosophy behind the language is reminiscent of sound symbolism, and therefore radically differs from the principles of Esperanto.
Waldon also claimed that learning Poliespo is a golden opportunity to acquire an "Iroquoian spirit." In his words, "When one gains a new language, one gains a new soul. Po is your golden chance to acquire an Iroquoian spirit."[31]
Phonology edit
Poliespo is believed to have 32 consonants, including the glottal stop, in addition to 22 vowels: 10 oral vowels (two of which are distinguished by vowel length) and nine nasal vowels, one of which is distinguished by vowel length. Poliespo is also a tonal language, having three or four tones. The rising tone is the only tone that is marked, using an acute accent.[32]
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | i: /iː/ | ĭ /ɪ/ | ĭ: /ɪː/ | u | |||
| Mid | e | x /ə/ | q /ɜ~ɝ/ | o | ||
| Open | ⱥ /æ/ | a | w /ɔ/ | |||
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | î /ɪ̃/ | î: /ɪ̃ː/ | û /ũ/ | |||
| Mid | ê /ẽ/ | 2 /ə̃/ | q̂ /ɜ̃~ɝ̃/ | ô /õ/ | ||
| Open | ⱥ̂ /æ̃/ | â /ã/ | ŵ /ɔ̃/ | |||
Orthography edit
Poliespo's alphabet consists of 54 letters: a, â, ⱥ, ⱥ̂, b, b̆, c, ĉ, d, e, ê, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, ĭ, ĭ:, ĭ́, î, î:, î́, j, ĵ, k, k̆, l, m, m̆, n, n̆, o, ô, p, pw , s, ŝ, t, t̂, tv , u, û, ŭ, v, z, ẑ, z̆, q, q́, q̂, q̂́, w, ẃ, ŵ, ŵ́, x, x́, y, 2, 2́. In addition, the consonant ẑ represents /kts/, while the consonant z̆ represents /gdz/. pw is p overstruck with w, and tv is t overstruck with v.[33][31]
Grammar edit
The structure is more similar to Ido than to Esperanto, since radicals are inflected.[31] Unlike Ido, Poliespo has only one prefix in addition to those of Esperanto: pe-, which is used to indicate the "neuter" gender. Besides the accusative case, there is also a subject suffix, as in Korean and Japanese.[citation needed] In Poliespo, there are two forms of oral speech. If one does not understand what someone says in Poliespo (referred to as Idpo), they should repeat themselves in Esperanto (referred to as Zaespo).[31]
banant̂ⱥn2plaĉqlx! banana-PL.SING-like-DAT-HAB "I don't like bananas!"[citation needed]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ serling123 (November 2, 2018). "Wanted by FBI Billy Ray Waldon FBI Wanted Poster". eBay. Archived from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 25, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c d e Wallace, Amy (June 30, 1991). "Making a Case for Providing Own Defense". Los Angeles Times (published June 30, 1991).
- ^ "The Death Penalty: Can Delay Render Execution Unlawful?" (PDF). Human Rights Advocates. 42. Winter 2003–2004.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Tahlequah Native Makes FBI's 10-Most-Wanted List". The Oklahoman. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation (2000). FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Program: 50th Anniversary 1950–2000. K&D Limited, Inc.
- ^ "People v. Waldon" (PDF). CA.gov. California Supreme Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ "After 30 years on California death row, man's conviction is overturned because of bizarre courtroom behavior". East Bay Times. Bay Area News Group. Associated Press. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ a b Ford, Brian (May 17, 1986). "FBI Places Billy Ray Waldon on '10 Most Wanted' List". Tulsa World. World Staff. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ "People v. Waldon" (PDF). CA.gov. California Supreme Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ Marks, Kim (June 20, 1986). "State Fugitive Arrested". The Daily Oklahoman. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ "Another fugitive arrested from FBI most wanted list". The Kansas City Times. Associated Press. June 20, 1986. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ a b "San Diego County Digest". The Los Angeles Times. September 25, 1986. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ Braun, Bill (January 29, 1989). "California Prosecution May Stop Tulsa Action On Murder Suspect". Tulsa World. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ a b Coulson, Crocker (June 21, 1986). "Waldon Pleads Innocent to Three Murders in S.D." The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ Coulson, Crocker (July 25, 1986). "County Jail Prisoner Beaten Unconscious By Inmates". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ "Oklahoma man ordered to stand trial in 3 killings". Times-Advocate. Associated Press. September 25, 1986. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
- ^ Schachter, Jim (June 19, 1987). "Judge Faces Second Challenge". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ "Judge Is Removed From Trial on Coast". Tulsa World. Associated Press. October 23, 1987. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ "San Diego County Digest-Del Mar". August 19, 1987. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ "Accused murderer remains mute for competency trial". The Hanford Sentinel. Associated Press. September 17, 1987. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ "Jury decides Waldon ready for murder trial". Times-Advocate. Associated Press. September 22, 1987. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ "Delay in murder trial". Times-Advocate. October 6, 1987. Retrieved April 16, 2023.
- ^ a b "Local Death Penalty Case From 1985 Finally Goes To Appeal". kfmb.com. CBS News 8. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on August 10, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
- ^ a b "Conviction, death sentence overturned for man in three 1985 San Diego murders". 10News San Diego. January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ "Conviction, death sentence overturned for man found guilty in three 1985 San Diego murders". San Diego Union-Tribune. January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ "Death sentence from 1992 tossed over 'delusional' self-representation". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ a b Steele, Jeanna (Winter 2003–04). "The Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights" (PDF). Human Rights Advocates. 42. Berkeley, CA.
- ^ "People v. Waldon" (PDF). CA.gov. California Supreme Court. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
- ^ "Afero Billy Waldon". Sennaciulo: 76.
- ^ "New Age Journal July–August 1991: Vol 8 Iss 4". Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. July 1991.
- ^ a b c d https://www.oocities.org/raiu_harrison/conlang/conl9308.txt
- ^ "SAN DIEGO : Billy Ray Waldon Gets Death Sentence". Los Angeles Times. February 29, 1992. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
- ^ "Poliespo: A Cherokee Esperanto". Archived from the original on February 5, 2005.
External links edit
- Nvwtohiyada Idehesdi Sequoyah – Stories, documents, photos from family and friends
- Sequoyah condemned to death (French)
- The "serial murderer" Billy Waldon
- Pli kaj pli malfacila la situacio de Sequoyah (el Heroldo Komunikas)[permanent dead link] (Esperanto)