The Northeast Coast campaign (1723) occurred during Father Rale's War from April 19, 1723 – January 28, 1724. In response to the previous year, in which New England attacked the Wabanaki Confederacy at Norridgewock and Penobscot, the Wabanaki Confederacy retaliated by attacking the coast of present-day Maine that was below the Kennebec River, the border of Acadia. They attacked English settlements on the coast of present-day Maine between Berwick and Mount Desert Island. Casco (also known as Falmouth and Portland) was the principal settlement. The 1723 campaign was so successful along the Maine frontier that Dummer ordered its evacuation to the blockhouses in the spring of 1724.[2]
| Northeast Coast campaign (1723) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Father Rale's War | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 New England Colonies |
 French colonistsAbenaki | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Colonel Thomas Westbrook | Father Sébastien Rale | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
unknown | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 20-30 killed or taken prisoner[1] | unknown | ||||||
Historical context edit
The war occurred as a result of an expansion of New England settlements along the Kennebec River (in present-day Maine) and of the movement of more New England fishermen into Nova Scotia waters. The border between Acadia and New England, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine.[3] The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, which ended Queen Anne's War and included the cession of peninsular Nova Scotia to Great Britain, had facilitated this expansion. The treaty, however, had been signed in Europe and had not involved any member of the Wabanaki tribes. None had been consulted about the expansion of British settlements, and they protested through raids on British fishermen and settlements.[4] In response to Wabanaki hostilities toward the expansion, the governor of Massachusetts Governor Samuel Shute built forts on traditional Abenaki territory around the mouth of the Kennebec River: Fort George at Brunswick (1715),[5] St. George's Fort at Thomaston (1720), and Fort Richmond (1721) at Richmond.[6] The French claimed the same territory by building a church in the Abenaki village of Norridgewock (present-day Madison, Maine) on the Kennebec River, maintaining a mission at Penobscot on the Penobscot River, and building a church in the Maliseet village of Medoctec on the Saint John River.[7][8] These fortifications and Catholic missions escalated the conflict.
The campaign edit
Throughout 1723 Father Rale and the Wabanaki Confederacy of Acadia orchestrated a total of fourteen raids on the New England settlements in present-day Maine. In April, there was a raid on Falmouth (present-day Portland) in which the raiders mistook Chubb to be Captain Harmen and killed him. On April 19, Scarborough was raided. They attacked the garrison house of Roger Deering. Captain Hammond and seven other were killed. They took prisoner three adults and three of Deering's children.[9]
In May, the natives killed two people in a raid on Berwick, one at Wells and two on the way to York.[9]
In the summer of 1723, Norridgewocks and their 250 Indian allies from St. Francis again attacked Arrowsic. Incited by Father Rale, they burned 37 dwellings and killed 300 cattle. The 40 inhabitants fled to the garrison, with only a child lost.[9] In August and September, there were also raids on Saco, Maine and Dover, New Hampshire.[9] Captain Heath and 13 men including two Mohawks met with 30 natives in the battle at Richmond. They killed two and drove off the rest. One New Englander was killed and two wounded.[9]
In an October raid at Mount Desert, one Capt. Cogswell and his crew were surprised and taken as they were stepping ashore; and about the same time, Smith and Bailey were killed at Cape Porpoise, one on Vaughan's Island, and the other on the seashore, not far from the site of the old meeting-house.[10]
On December 25, 60 natives again laid siege to St. George's Fort for thirty days. But Capt. Kennedy, the commanding officer, held out till Col. Westbrook arrived and put the enemy to flight.[10] The Indians killed another man, Reverend Willard.
Aftermath edit
During the winter, Massachusetts assigned 300 more troops to border in Maine.[11] The government put a bounty on Father Rale's head.[11] The Native campaign was so successful along the Maine frontier that Dummer ordered its evacuation to the blockhouses in the spring of 1724.[12] The Confederacy waited until spring and then began another campaign against the Northeast Coast in 1724.
See also edit
References edit
- Citations
- ^ Williamson (1832), p. 122.
- ^ Grenier (2005), p. 49
• Scott, Tod (2016). "Mi'kmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676–1761)". Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society. 19: 1–18. - ^ Williamson (1832), p. 27
• Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.
• Campbell, William Edgar (2005). The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec. Goose Lane Editions. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-86492-426-1. - ^ Wicken (2004), p. 96.
- ^ Fort George replaced Fort Andros which was built during King William's War (1688).
- ^ Williamson (1832), pp. 88, 97.
- ^ Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada. Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ^ Grenier (2005), pp. 51, 54.
- ^ a b c d e Williamson (1832), p. 123.
- ^ a b Williamson (1832), p. 125.
- ^ a b Williamson (1832), p. 124.
- ^ Grenier (2005), p. 49.
- Sources
- Calloway, Colin G. (1994). The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2568-8.
- Day, Gordon M. (1974). "Gray, Lock". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Day, Gordon M. (1998). In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-151-1.
- Eaton, Cyrus (1851). Annals of the town of Warren. Hallowell, Masters, Smith & Co.
- Faragher, John Mack (2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland. W.W Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-05135-3.
- Grenier, John (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3876-3.
- Grenier, John (2005). The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44470-5.
- Haviland, William A.; Power, Marjory W. (1994). The Original Vermonters: Native Inhabitants, Past and Present. University Press New England. ISBN 978-0-87451-667-8.
- Haynes, Mark (2004). The Forgotten Battle: A History of the Acadians of Canso/Chedabuctou. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-3235-3.
- Wicken, William C. (2002). Mi'kmaq Treaties on Trial: History, Land, and Donald Marshall Junior. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-7665-6.
- Wicken, William (2004). "Mi'kmaq Decisions: Antoine Tecouenemac, the Conquest, and the Treaty of Utrecht". In John G. Reid; et al. (eds.). The "Conquest" of Acadia, 1710: Imperial, Colonial, and Aboriginal Constructions. University of Toronto Press. pp. 86–100. doi:10.3138/9781442680883. ISBN 978-0-8020-8538-2. JSTOR 10.3138/9781442680883.10.
- Williamson, William D. (1832). The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive. Vol. II. Glazier, Masters & Company.