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Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982), was a US Supreme Court case that dealt with immunity from prosecution of government officials performing discretionary functions when their actions did not violate clearly-established law.[1]
| Nixon v. Fitzgerald | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued November 30, 1981 Decided June 24, 1982 | |
| Full case name | Richard Nixon v. A. Ernest Fitzgerald |
| Citations | 457 U.S. 731 (more) 102 S. Ct. 2690; 73 L. Ed. 2d 349; 1982 U.S. LEXIS 42; 50 U.S.L.W. 4797 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Cert. to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit |
| Holding | |
| The President is entitled to absolute immunity from liability for damages based on his official acts. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Powell, joined by Burger, Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor |
| Concurrence | Burger |
| Dissent | White, joined by Brennan, Marshall, Blackmun |
| Dissent | Blackmun, joined by Brennan, Marshall |
Background edit
Arthur Ernest Fitzgerald filed a lawsuit against government officials that he had lost his position as a contractor for the US Air Force because of testimony made before Congress in 1968.[2] Among the people listed in the lawsuit was ex-President Richard Nixon, who argued that a president cannot be sued for actions taken while he is in office.[3]
The trial court and the appellate court rejected Nixon's claim of immunity. The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court.[4]
Opinion edit
In a 5–4 decision, the Court ruled that the President is entitled to absolute immunity from legal liability for civil damages based on his official acts. The Court, however, emphasized that the President is not necessarily immune from criminal charges stemming from his official or unofficial acts while he is in office.[5]
The Court noted that a grant of absolute immunity to the President would not leave him with unfettered power. It stated that there were formal and informal checks on presidential action that did not apply with equal force to other executive officials.[6]
The Court observed that the President was subjected to constant scrutiny by the press and noted that vigilant oversight by Congress would also serve to deter presidential abuses of office and to make the threat of impeachment credible. It determined that other incentives to avoid presidential misconduct existed, including the desire to earn re-election, the need to maintain prestige as an element of presidential influence, and the traditional concern for his historical stature.[7]
The decision was clarified by Clinton v. Jones, in which the Court held that a President is subject to civil suits for actions committed before he assumes the presidency.[5][8]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982).
- ^ "Nixon v. Fitzgerald". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
- ^ Stein, Theodore P. (1983). "Nixon v. Fitzgerald: Presidential Immunity as a Constitutional Imperative". Catholic University Law Review. 32. Columbus School of Law: 759.
- ^ Forry, Craig B. (March 15, 1983). "Nixon v. Fitzgerald: Recognition of Absolute Immunity From Personal Damage Liability for Presidential Acts". Pepperdine Law Review. 10 (4). Malibu, California: Pepperdine University School of Law: 674. Retrieved December 12, 2023.
- ^ a b Motos, Jennifer (1998). "Failing to Score: Clinton v. Jones and Claims of Presidential Immunity". Mercer Law Review. 49. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University School of Law: 583.
- ^ Motos, supra, pp. 583-584
- ^ Schultz, L. Peter (Spring 1986). "The Constitution, The Court, and Presidential Immunity: A Defense of Nixon v. Fitzgerald". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 16 (2). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 256.
- ^ Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997).
Further reading edit
- Amar, Akhil Reed; Katyal, Neal Kumar (1995). "Executive Privileges and Immunities: The Nixon and Clinton Cases". Harvard Law Review. 108 (3): 701–726. doi:10.2307/1341920. JSTOR 1341920.
- Orenstein, Aviva A. (1982). "Presidential Immunity from Civil Liability : Nixon v. Fitzgerald". Cornell Law Review. 68 (2): 236–256.
- Schultz, L. Peter (1986). "The Constitution, The Court, and Presidential Immunity: A Defense of Nixon v. Fitzgerald". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 16 (2): 247–257. JSTOR 40574648.
External links edit
- Text of Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982) is available from: Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio)