National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation, 452 F. Supp. 2d 946 (N.D. Cal. 2006), was a class action lawsuit in the United States that was filed on February 7, 2006, in the Superior Court of California for the County of Alameda, and subsequently moved to federal court (the district court for the northern district of California).[1] The case challenged whether the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, specifically Title III's provisions prohibiting discrimination by "places of public accommodation" (42 U.S.C. 12181 et seq), apply to websites and/or the Internet, or are restricted to physical places.
| National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp. | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Court | United States District Court for the Northern District of California |
| Full case name | National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation |
| Decided | September 6, 2006 |
| Docket nos. | 3:06-cv-01802 |
| Citation(s) | 452 F. Supp. 2d 946 |
| Case history | |
| Subsequent action(s) | Class certified, 582 F. Supp. 2d 1185 (N.D. Cal. 2007). |
| Court membership | |
| Judge(s) sitting | Marilyn Hall Patel |
The plaintiff, National Federation of the Blind (NFB), sued Target Corporation, a national retail chain, claiming that blind people were unable to access much of the information on the defendant's website, nor purchase anything from its website independently.[2] In August 2008, the NFB and Target reached a class action settlement.
Title III of the ADA and Public Accommodations edit
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law in 1990 with the intent of eliminating discrimination on the basis of disability. Some of the protections listed in the ADA for people with disabilities include the rights to equal places of public accommodations as non-disabled people. Each title of the ADA provides different protections to people with disabilities; Title III of the ADA is specifically designed to forbid "discrimination against persons on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of public accommodation."[3] The ADA defines "places of public accommodations" as a place that is operated by a private entity which is categorized into twelve groups. Some of these categories cover public entities such as restaurants, parks, hospitals, museums, offices, theaters, hotels, and stores.
With the Americans with Disabilities Act being enacted before the Internet existed, the term "public accommodation" has been historically interpreted as a physical place. The ADA does not clearly address accessibility to the Internet for people with disabilities, along with not defining "public accommodations" as either a physical facility or place.[4] Both the statue and the implementing regulations of Title III by the Department of Justice do not mention the Internet. From Congress' broad definition of "public accommodations" and with the Internet being a new concept, issues on accessibility to the Internet have become controversial. Lack of clarity from Congress, as well as a lack of case law analyzing Internet accessibility, has caused this issue to remain unresolved. National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp. has become one of the most recent[needs update?] court cases that has addressed and analyzed this issue to give more clarity.
Pre-trial negotiations and filing edit
A series of unsuccessful negotiations were commenced between the NFB and Target Corporation in May 2005, which continued until January 2006. In May 2005, the NFB wrote to Target, asking for it to make its website accessible to people who are blind. The NFB requested that Target optimize its website accessibility for the blind by adopting standards promulgated by the World Wide Web Consortium, including the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines or the Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board's Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 standards, specifically encouraging Target to adopt the alt attribute for clickable images featured on the website. In its petition, NFB alleged that in one instance, when a blind user visiting this website selected an image of a Dyson vacuum cleaner using his or her tab key, the voice synthesizer on the computer would say "Link GP browse dot HTML reference zero six zero six one eight nine six three eight one eight zero seven two nine seven three five 12 million 957 thousand 121" instead of a useful description of the image.[5] The NFB also claimed that the site lacked image maps and other accommodations, which prevented legally blind individuals from navigating through the website, and that the design of the online checkout pages prevented users with visual disabilities from being able to determine where the mouse pointer was on the screen.[6]
On February 7, 2006, the NFB filed a civil lawsuit against Target Corporation in the Superior Court of California for the County of Alameda, alleging that the defendant's website operated in violation of the California Unruh Civil Rights Act, the California Disabled Persons Act (Civil Code Sections 54 – 55.32), and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.[2] Along with the NFB, the National Federation of the Blind of California (NFB-CA) and Bruce Sexton, a blind individual who represented himself and his own experiences in the case as well as "all others similarly situated," filed the lawsuit as plaintiffs.[1]
Motions edit
Following a successful motion for removal of the case to federal court on March 6, 2006, a subsequent motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim was filed by Target Corporation in defense of the allegations. In its motion to dismiss, Target Corporation argued that the applicable civil rights laws mandated that only retail stores must provide accessibility accommodations to disabled persons, and thus that dismissal should be granted for failure to state a valid claim against its online activities. Target argued that the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was intended to apply exclusively to physical accommodations instead of cyberspace, and that such application of the California acts on accessibility would violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.[6]
Holding edit
On September 7, 2006, the court ordered that a retailer may be sued if its website is inaccessible to the blind. In the court's opinion, Judge Marilyn Hall Patel explained that the order of the court was based upon "42 U.S. Code § 12182",[7] the prohibition of discrimination by public accommodations clause of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, which prohibits discrimination in the "enjoyment of goods, services, facilities or privileges."[1]
On October 2, 2007, the U.S. Federal District Court for the Northern District of California certified a nationwide class action pursuit against Target Corporation consisting of all legally blind individuals in the United States who had attempted to access Target.com and as a result were denied access to the enjoyment of goods and services offered in the defendant's stores.[8] The order further certified a California subclass, which included all legally blind individuals in California who attempted to access Target.com on behalf of blind Internet customers.[8] The court previously denied Target's motion to dismiss and upheld NFB's argument that websites like Target.com must be accessible to the blind under both California law and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).[citation needed]
Settlement and award edit
In August 2008, the parties reached a civil action settlement. As stipulated in the settlement agreement, "there is no admission or concession by Target, direct or indirect, express or implied, that Target.com is any way inaccessible or that Target has violated the Unruh Civil Rights Act, California Civil Code §§ 51 et seq., the Disabled Persons Act, California Civil Code §§ 54 et seq., the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12181 et seq., or any other federal, state, or local law, regulation, order, or rule." The three-year term agreement stated that Target would pay $6 million to the California settlement class for damages. This payment is not inclusive of attorney's fees, which Target also agreed to pay. Additionally, the agreement stipulated conditions in which Target would work with the NFB to ensure equal accessibility standards of Target.com. This would require NFB certification, NFB monitoring, NFB training, and guest feedback. Any future disputes involving the agreement were required to be resolved through the order of meeting and conferral, then mediation, and finally submission to U.S. magistrate judge, if a resolution could not be reached. [citation needed][9]
On August 3, 2009, Judge Patel awarded $3.7 million in attorney's fees and costs to the plaintiffs. The court substantiated the award by declaring that the "plaintiffs have broken new ground in an important area of law" and noting that the "litigation [extended] important areas of disability law into an emerging form of electronic commerce that promises to grow in importance."[10]
Aftermath edit
The intent of the court order was to certify that certain online retailers may be required to provide access to disabled people. Target issued a response by claiming "We believe our Web site complies with all applicable laws and are committed to vigorously defending this case. We will continue to implement technology that increases the usability of our Web site for all our guests, including those with disabilities."[5]
On February 9, 2010, the NFB awarded the Gold Level NFB-NVA Certification to Target.com. The NFB and Target have established a continued partnership to help ensure equal access is given to Target.com products and information to blind consumers and the NFB commended Target as a leader in web accessibility.[11][non-primary source needed]
On June 2, 2016, Target and the NFB entered into an agreement designating Target as a Strategic Nonvisual Access Partner of the NFB.[12][non-primary source needed]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp., 452 F. Supp. 2d 946 (N.D. Cal. 2006).
- ^ a b National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation fact sheet Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Rozycki, Carla (November 2006). "National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp.: Its Potential Impact on Web Sites and Services" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ "Protection Under Title III Continues To Expand Beyond Brick-And-Mortar Accommodation To The World Wide Web: 'National Federation Of The Blind v. Target Corp'". January 14, 2009. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
- ^ a b "KARE 11 article on blind customer praising September 7, 2006 court ruling". Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
- ^ a b "WRAL Local Tech Wire article Websites For The Blind: Is This The Next 'Year 2000 Compliant' Requirement?". Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2007.
- ^ "U.S. Government Printing Office, 42U.S.C. § 12182 last accessed May 5, 2014" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
- ^ a b National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp., 582 F. Supp. 2d 1185 (N.D. Cal. 2007).
- ^ National Federation of the Blind v Target Corporation (2008) Class Settlement Agreement and Release Archived 2021-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp., No. 3:06-cv-01802 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 3, 2009).
- ^ "National Federation of the Blind Nonvisual Accessibility Web Certification Granted to Target.com" (Press release). Minneapolis. February 9, 2010. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
- ^ "2016 Resolutions". National Federation of the Blind. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
WHEREAS, Target is the first organization to partner with the National Federation of the Blind in its Strategic Nonvisual Access Partnership Program
External links edit
- Text of National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corp., 452 F. Supp. 2d 946 (N.D. Cal. 2006) is available from: CourtListener Justia Leagle Google Scholar
- National Federation of the Blind and Target Agree to Class Action Settlement --National Federation of the Blind
- National Federation of the Blind Nonvisual Accessibility Web Certification Granted to Target.com --Target Brands, Incorporated