Mogden Sewage Treatment Works is a sewage treatment plant in the Ivybridge section of Isleworth, West London, formerly known as Mogden. Built in 1931–36 by Middlesex County Council and now operated by Thames Water, it is the third largest sewage works in the United Kingdom. It treats the waste water from about 1.9 million people served by three main sewers serving more than the northwest quarter of Outer London and two further main sewers from the south and south-west. The plant has been extended and is constantly being upgraded with new process, most recently in OfWat Amp6 by the Costain Atkins Joint venture who delivered 6MW of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation, New process air blowers for Batteries A & B and six gravity sludge thickening streams. The site covers 55 hectares (140 acres).
History edit
Middlesex County Council Act edit
The Middlesex County Council Act 1931 is solely devoted to the scheme's construction and mitigations, comprising 78 sections and three schedules. Its work 1 is this works, works 2 to 5 are main sewers rising in Hendon, Uxbridge, Harrow and Staines.[1] The Teddington main also connects, as fed into the new sewer 5d from works of Twickenham Corporation. The sewerage district (catchment) was defined as those districts named after: Brentford & Chiswick, Ealing, Feltham, Harrow, Hayes & Harlington, Hendon (both), Heston & Isleworth, Kingsbury, Ruislip-Northwood, Southall-Norwood, Staines, Sunbury-on-Thames, Teddington, Uxbridge, Wealdstone, Wembley, Yiewsley & West Drayton.[2] The second schedule lists the compuslory purchases by plan reference. The third schedule sets the minimum standard of purity of 30 ppm of suspended solids in treated effluent and secondly to "not take up more than" 20 ppm of dissolved oxygen in five days at 65 °F (18 °C).
Treatment works edit
The plant was built in 1931–36 for £1.7 million by Middlesex County Council, replacing 28 small sewage treatment facilities as part of the West Middlesex (Mogden-Perry Oaks) Main Drainage Scheme,[3][4] which had a total £5.25 million (equivalent to £380,000,000 in 2021) estimated cost.[5] The council enlarged the sewage operation at Mogden Farm, buying 101 acres (41 ha) of it,[6] after the public and Duke of Northumberland objected to a Syon Park proposal.[7] 110 kilometres (68 mi) of sewers were built to connect to it,[8] and the Duke of Northumberland's River was straightened out as a source of coolant.[9] The plant began operations in late 1935[10] and was formally opened with the rest of the scheme on 23 October 1936 by the then Minister of Health, Sir Kingsley Wood.[11] In its first year of operation it treated an average of 60,020,000 gallons of sewage per day.[12]
From 1935 the treatment facilities at Mogden comprised storm water tanks, primary sedimentation, sewage aeration, final separation and sludge digestion. The plant was designed to treat three million cubic metres per day of sewage.[13]
| Treatment tanks at Mogden sewage treatment works, 1935 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Service | No. | Type |
| Storm water tanks | 8 | Rectangular |
| Primary sedimentation tanks | 8 | Circular |
| Secondary sedimentation tanks | 4 | Rectangular |
| Aeration tanks | Battery A, 6
Battery B, 6 Battery C, 3 |
Rectangular |
| Final separating tanks | 52 | Circular |
| Sludge digestion tanks | 12 | Circular |
The works were expanded in 1962, 1989 and 1991 and upgraded in 1996–2002. The 1962 extension included commutators, grit chambers and pre-aeration tanks, together with the following additional tanks.[13]
| Additional treatment tanks at Mogden sewage treatment works, 1962 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Service | No. | Type |
| Sedimentation tanks | 4 | Circular |
| Aeration tanks | Battery C, 3 | Rectangular |
| Final separating tanks | 12 | Circular |
| Sludge digestion tanks | 4 | Circular |
The most recent expansion, in 2011–13, increased the treatment capacity by more than half and increased the plant's size by 19.5 hectares (48 acres), as part of the Thames Tideway Scheme to improve water quality in the River Thames. It was completed in summer 2013.[14][15]
Technical approach edit
When built, the Mogden works were very modern, one of the first large-scale applications of the activated sludge technique for sewage treatment.[3][16] The plant was also advanced in having a central control board for measurements and in using the methane generated by sewage treatment to generate electricity[17] and heat from the processing to heat the sludge.[8] It was originally equipped with oil and spark-ignition gas engines;[18] a heat and power plant was added in 1993.[9] In 1974 the works were selling surplus methane for £12,000 a year (equivalent to £133,045 in 2021);[19] the latest upgrade enables them to meet 40% of their energy requirements from methane.
Initially, after approximately 25 days at Mogden, sludge was piped to settling ponds at the Perry Oaks Sludge Treatment Works near Heathrow Airport.[11][20] In 1989 the Perry Oaks site was closed and the land reclaimed for Heathrow Terminal 5 with new sludge dewatering provided at nearby Iver South.[21]
There is a plant for dosing the effluent with hydrogen peroxide before the outfall pipes. This is operated on the instruction of the Environment Agency if the stormtanks are overflowing and discharging into the effluent channel. The peroxide prevents low oxygen conditions developing in the tidal sections of the river that receive the flows. During dry weather with low flows the effluent from Mogden can constitute the main part of the flow in the river.
There is also an effluent oxygenation plant under construction, due to be commissioned 2020. This consists of an array of aerators that can be lowered into the effluent channel to increase the dissolved oxygen levels in the effluent. This would only operate during very dry weather to ensure that when flows in the river Thames are low oxygen levels in the Upper Thames Tideway are kept high enough to encourage salmonid migrations and ensure a healthy aquatic ecosystem. This will be the first such effluent aeration plant in the UK.[22]
Environmental complaints edit
The Mogden works discharge effluent at Isleworth Ait, on the Tideway which is the western half of the Thames Estuary, centred on London's centre. Between 1956 and the completion of an expansion in 1962, some of this had not received secondary treatment.[23] Also during heavy rain, the plant was sometimes overwhelmed and released untreated sewage into the river; in summer 2011, 200,000 tonnes of untreated sewage from Mogden contributed to a large fish kill.[24] Nearby residents have also complained about odour: the Borough of Hounslow served an odour abatement notice on Thames Water in 2001,[25] and in 2011 complainants won a court judgement that the company had failed since 1990 to adequately manage odour and thereby violated human rights; £19,000 in damages to ten people were assessed.[26][27]
In January 2022 a report published by the Environmental Audit Committee found that Mogden discharged enough sewage to fill 400 Olympic-sized swimming pools on 3 and 4 October 2020. It added that during the whole of 2020, 3.5 billion litres of untreated sewage entered the Thames from Mogden - seven times as much as was dumped in 2016.[28]
Mogden formula edit
The plant gives its name to a formula.[9] It calculates cost as a combination (coefficients) of volume, strength in terms of normal treatment oxidation demand and the suspended solids proportion.[9] Applicable to the whole works, it also approximates the cost for tested industrial waste water that may, if treatable, be lawfully sent to a regular sewage works.[9][29][30][31]
The Mogden formula is:
C = R + [(V + Bv) or M] + B(Ot/Os) + S(St/Ss)
where:
C = charge per volume of effluent (£/m3)
R = reception and conveyance charge [£/m3]
V = primary treatment (volumetric) charge [£/m3]
Bv = additional volume charge for biological treatment [£/m3]
M = treatment and disposal charge where effluent goes to sea outfall [£/m3]
B = biological oxidation of settled sewage charge [£/m3]
Ot = chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluent after one hour of quiescent settlement at pH 7 [mg/litre]
Os = chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluent after one hour of quiescent settlement [mg/litre]
S = treatment and disposal of primary sewage sludge charge [£/m3 or £/kg]
St = total suspended solids of effluent at pH 7 [mg/litre]
Ss = total suspended solids of effluent [mg/litre]
Thus the less biologically friendly the effluent (see wastewater quality indicators including pH), and more solid-laden, the higher the charge should be for treating the lawful effluent.[32]
References edit
- ^ Middlesex County Council Act 1931: section 4 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/21-22/32/pdfs/ukla_19310032_en.pdf
- ^ Middlesex County Council Act 1931: First Schedule https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/21-22/32/pdfs/ukla_19310032_en.pdf
- ^ a b Philip Howard, London's River, London: Hamilton, 1975, ISBN 9780241892374, p. 223.
- ^ Bird Notes 26–28 (1954) 144.
- ^ Middlesex County Council Act 1931: Preamble https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/21-22/32/pdfs/ukla_19310032_en.pdf
- ^ Middlesex County Council Act 1931: section 12(2)(a) https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo5/21-22/32/pdfs/ukla_19310032_en.pdf
- ^ The Municipal Journal and Public Works Engineer, 28 August 1936, p. 1670.
- ^ a b Environmental Accomplishments to Date: A Reason for Hope: International Symposium II, July 16–18, 1974, ed. George M. Dalen and Clyde R. Tipton, Jr., The Environmental symposium series, Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Memorial Institute, [1974], OCLC 1255649, p. 50.
- ^ a b c d e Mogden, Hidden London, retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ "Discussion of the Effect of Synthetic Detergents", The Institution of Civil Engineers, Proceedings 6 (1957) 398.
- ^ a b Philip T. Sherwood, Heathrow: 2000 Years of History, Stroud: Sutton, 1999, ISBN 9780750921329, p. 33.
- ^ Applied Chemistry Reports 23 (1938) 774.
- ^ a b Leslie B. Wood, The Restoration of the Tidal Thames, Bristol: Adam Hilger, 1982, ISBN 9780852744475, pp. 74–84.
- ^ Alix Culbertson, "£140m upgrade of Mogden Sewage works complete", Get West London, 9 May 2013.
- ^ Maureen Gaines, "Thames Water opens upgraded Mogden STW", Water & Wastewater Treatment, 26 June 2013.
- ^ A. V. Koodie and I. J. Kirkaldy, "Uprating of Mogden Sewage Treatment Works", in Design, Operation and Economics of Large Wastewater Treatment Plants: Selected Proceedings of the 8th IAWQ International Conference on Design, Operation and Economics of Large Wastewater Treatment Plants, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 6–9 September 1999, Water Science and Technology 41.9, 2000, pp. 53–62, p. 53.
- ^ "Operation and Maintenance of Britain's Largest Dual-Fuel Engine Installation", The Oil Engine and Gas Turbine, January 1959, p. 346.
- ^ "Operation and Maintenance of Britain's Largest Dual-Fuel Engine Installation", p. 366.
- ^ "Methane—the most natural gas", New Scientist, 14 February 1974, p. 407.
- ^ Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers 27–28 (1946) 377.
- ^ Lev Nelik and Jim Brennan, Progressing Cavity Pumps, Downhole Pumps and Mudmotors, Gulf Pump Guides, Houston: Gulf, 2005, ISBN 9780976511311, pp. 67–68.
- ^ Lodge, B., and Spooner, S., Atkins, UK 'Development of a novel effluent aeration project at Mogden STW based on a water quality model for the Upper Thames Tideway' [1].
- ^ Advances in Water Pollution Research (1962) 845.
- ^ Paul Newton, "Thames Water 'regrets' fish kill", Utility Week, 8 June 2011.
- ^ Mogden sewage works, London Borough of Hounslow, retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ "Victory For Residents Against Thames Water: Residents successful in 'David & Goliath' battle", St Margarets Community Website, 8 December 2011.
- ^ Paul Newton, "Thames' failure to tackle sewage stink breached human rights, High Court rules" Archived 2013-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Utility Week, 9 December 2011.
- ^ "River Thames: More than 2bn litres of raw sewage discharged over two days". BBC News. 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
- ^ Effluent + Water Treatment Journal 16 (1976) 409.
- ^ John S. Hills, Cutting Water and Effluent Costs, Rugby: Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1995, ISBN 9780852953617, p. 52.
- ^ Stephen Merrett, The Price of Water: Studies in Water Resource Economics and Management, London: IWA, 2005, ISBN 9781843390817, p. 139.
- ^ "Mogden formula" (PDF).