Matteo Renzi OMRI (pronounced [matˈtɛːo ˈrɛntsi]; born 11 January 1975) is an Italian politician who served as prime minister of Italy from 2014 to 2016. He has been a senator for Florence since 2018.[1] Renzi has served as the leader of Italia Viva (IV) since 2019,[2] having been the secretary of the Democratic Party (PD) from 2013 to 2018,[3] with a brief interruption in 2017.[4]

Matteo Renzi
Renzi in 2015
Prime Minister of Italy
In office
22 February 2014 – 12 December 2016
PresidentGiorgio Napolitano
Sergio Mattarella
Preceded byEnrico Letta
Succeeded byPaolo Gentiloni
President of Italia Viva[a]
Assumed office
23 December 2022
Preceded byPosition established
Secretary of the Democratic Party
In office
7 May 2017 – 12 March 2018
DeputyMaurizio Martina
Preceded byMatteo Orfini
Succeeded byMaurizio Martina
In office
15 December 2013 – 19 February 2017
DeputyLorenzo Guerini
Debora Serracchiani
Preceded byGuglielmo Epifani
Succeeded byMatteo Orfini
Member of the Senate of the Republic
Assumed office
23 March 2018
ConstituencyFlorence (2018–22)
Campania (2022–)
Mayor of Florence
In office
22 June 2009 – 21 February 2014
Preceded byLeonardo Domenici
Succeeded byDario Nardella
President of the Province of Florence
In office
14 June 2004 – 22 June 2009
Preceded byMichele Gesualdi
Succeeded byAndrea Barducci
Personal details
Born (1975-01-11) 11 January 1975 (age 49)
Florence, Tuscany, Italy
Political partyPPI (1996–2002)
DL (2002–2007)
PD (2007–2019)
IV (since 2019)
Spouse
(m. 1999)
Children3
Alma materUniversity of Florence
Signature
Websitematteorenzi.it

After serving as the president of the province of Florence from 2004 to 2009 and the mayor of Florence from 2009 to 2014,[5] Renzi was elected secretary of the PD in 2013, becoming Prime Minister the following year.[6] At the age of 39 years, Renzi, who was at the time the youngest leader in the G7 and also the first-serving mayor to become Prime Minister, became the youngest person to have served as Prime Minister.[7] While in power, Renzi's government implemented numerous reforms, including changes to the Italian electoral law, a relaxation of labour and employment laws with the intention of boosting economic growth,[8] a thorough reformation of the public administration, the simplification of civil trials, the introduction of same-sex civil unions,[9] and the abolition of many small taxes.[10]

After the rejection of his constitutional reform in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum,[11][12] Renzi formally resigned as Prime Minister on 12 December; his Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni was appointed his replacement.[13][14] He resigned as secretary of the PD following defeat in the 2018 Italian general election.[15] In September 2019, he left the PD and founded the Italia Viva party.[16] In January 2021, Renzi revoked his party's support to the Conte II Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, which brought down the government and resulted in the 2021 Italian government crisis.[17] In February 2021, Renzi's IV supported Prime Minister Mario Draghi's national unity government.[18] Renzi has been described as a centrist and as a liberal by political observers.[19][20][21]

Early life edit

Renzi was born on 11 January 1975 in Florence, the second of four children. His father Tiziano Renzi was a small business owner and Christian Democracy (DC) municipal councillor in Rignano sull'Arno.[22][23] Renzi grew up in an observant Catholic family in Rignano sull'Arno. He studied in Florence at the classical lyceum (liceo classico) Dante Alighieri, where he passed his final exam with the grade of 60/60 but was nearly expelled because, as the students' representative, he refused to withdraw a school newspaper in which there was criticism of a maths teacher.[24] During this time, he was a Scout in the Association of Catholic Guides and Scouts of Italy.[25]

In 1999, Renzi graduated in law from the University of Florence with a thesis on Giorgio La Pira, the former DC mayor of Florence. He then went on to work for CHIL Srl, a marketing company focusing on leafleting owned by his family, co-ordinating the sales service of La Nazione.[26] During this time, Renzi was also an association football referee at amateur level and a futsal player.[27] In 1994, he participated as a competitor for five consecutive episodes in the television program La Ruota Della Fortuna (a localised version of the United States game show Wheel of Fortune) hosted by Mike Bongiorno, winning Lit.48 million.[28][29]

Early political career edit

Renzi's interest in politics began in high school. He was one of the founders of the committee in support of Romano Prodi's candidature as Prime Minister of Italy in the 1996 Italian general election; that same year, Renzi joined the centrist Italian People's Party (PPI), and became its provincial secretary in 1999. He also married Agnese Landini, with whom he later had three children. In 2001, Renzi joined Francesco Rutelli's Daisy party, composed by members of the disbanded PPI.[26]

On 13 June 2004, Renzi was elected president of the province of Florence with 59% of the vote, as the candidate of the centre-left coalition. He was the youngest person to become president of an Italian province.[30] In the years as president of Florence province, Renzi expressed his ideas against "the political caste" and during his mandate reduced taxes and decreased the number of the province's employees and managers.[31]

Mayor of Florence edit

After five years as the president of Florence province, Renzi announced that he would seek election as the mayor of Florence. On 9 June 2009, Renzi, by now a member of the Democratic Party (PD), won the election on a second round vote with 60% of the votes, compared to 40% for his opponent Giovanni Galli.[32][33] As the mayor, he halved the number of city councillors, installed 500 free WiFi access points across the city, reduced kindergarten waiting lists by 90%, and increased spending on social welfare programs and schools.[34]

 
Renzi in 2009 as the mayor of Florence

One year after being sworn in as mayor and with his popularity in national opinion polls increasing, Renzi organised a public meeting with another young party administrator Debora Serracchiani at Leopolda Station in Florence to discuss Italian politics, after stating that a complete change was also necessary in his party.[35] Other prominent PD members who aligned themselves with Renzi's programme were Matteo Richetti, president of the Regional Council of Emilia-Romagna, Davide Faraone, a regional councillor from the Sicilian Regional Assembly, and Giuseppe Civati, a prominent member of the PD in Lombardy and a member of the Regional Council of Lombardy.[36]

Following this public meeting in August 2010, the Italian media gave Renzi the nickname il rottamatore ("The Scrapper" or "The Wrecker").[37] In October 2011, Renzi organised a second public meeting, also in Florence,[38] where he wrote down one hundred topics of discussion.[39] During this time, he began to be strongly criticised by other members of his party closer to then-PD secretary Pier Luigi Bersani,[40][41] after his suggestion that Italian politicians of the same generation as then-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi should retire.[42] In September 2012, Renzi announced that he would seek to lead the centre-left coalition in the 2013 Italian general election; the other four candidates for that position were Pier Luigi Bersani, the PD secretary, Nichi Vendola, leader of Left Ecology Freedom, Laura Puppato, a PD deputy from Veneto and Bruno Tabacci, leader of the Democratic Centre.[43] His candidacy was criticised by some prominent PD members and to the party's left, among them Rosy Bindi,[44] Massimo D'Alema,[45] Stefano Fassina,[46] and Vendola.[47]

After the first round of the 2012 Italian centre-left primary election, Renzi gained 35.5% of the vote, finishing second behind Bersani and qualifying for the second ballot. Renzi eventually gained a total of 39% of the vote, against Bersani's 61%.[48] During the 2013 general election campaign, Renzi backed Bersani by organising large public rallies in his support in Florence.[49][50] In the election, the PD only gained 25.5% of the vote,[51][52] despite opinion polls placing the party at almost 30%.[53][54] In the 2013 Italian presidential election, Renzi caused a minor controversy by openly criticising the candidacies of both Franco Marini and Anna Finocchiaro, two long-standing PD members.[55][56]

Secretary of the Democratic Party edit

 
Renzi in 2012

Following the resignation of Pier Luigi Bersani in April 2013, Renzi announced that he would stand for the position of secretary of the Democratic Party (PD),[57] causing his rivals to scrutinize him.[58][59] The PD's loss of seats led to party members' doubts concerning Bersani's leadership abilities. Renzi's impressive resume at such a young age, in combination with his reputation as a political outsider thanks to his "Scrapper" moniker, made him very electable in comparison.[60] He was supported by a number of his former political opponents, such as former party secretaries Walter Veltroni and Dario Franceschini, deputy Marina Sereni, member of the European Parliament David Sassoli, and Turin mayor Piero Fassino.[61][62] Other supporters of his included deputies like Gianni Pietro Dal Moro, Francesco Sanna, Francesco Boccia, Lorenzo Basso, and Enrico Borghi, all of whom were considered close to the newly-elected Prime Minister Enrico Letta.[63]

The other two candidates for party secretary were Gianni Cuperlo, a member of the Chamber of Deputies and former secretary of the Italian Communist Youth Federation, and Giuseppe Civati, a left-wing-oriented deputy from Lombardy and a former supporter of Renzi.[64] In the 2013 PD leadership election,[65] Renzi was elected with 68% of the popular vote, compared to 18% for Cuperlo and 14% for Civati.[66][67] He became the new PD secretary and the centre-left coalition's prospective candidate for Prime Minister of Italy.[68] When comparing it with the 2012 centre-left primary election, Renzi moved to the left and his electorate was not much different from that of the party's average primary.[69]

Renzi's victory was welcomed by Prime Minister Letta,[70][71] who had been the vice-secretary of the party under Bersani's leadership.[72] Throughout January and February 2014, there were multiple reports of persistent leadership tensions between Renzi and Prime Minister Letta.[73][74][75] Many said that Renzi was pressuring Letta to resign in his favour, arguing that he should be given the right to become Prime Minister, as he was the PD's leader.[76][77] On 12 February, Letta acknowledged these rumours for the first time, publicly demanded that Renzi make his position clear.[78] Renzi subsequently called a meeting of the PD leadership for the following evening.[79] Just before the meeting took place, Renzi publicly called on Letta to resign and allow him to form a new government.[80] Letta initially resisted the demand;[81][82] following a vote in favour of Renzi's proposal during the meeting, which Letta did not attend,[83] he announced that he would tender his resignation as Prime Minister on 14 February.[84]

Under Renzi's leadership, the PD officially joined the Party of European Socialists (PES) as a full-time member on 28 February 2014.[85][86][87]

Prime Minister of Italy (2014–2016) edit

 
Renzi announcing the formation of the Renzi Cabinet

On 17 January 2014, while on air at Le invasioni barbariche on La7 TV channel, interviewed about the tensions between him and the Prime Minister Enrico Letta, Renzi tweeted #enricostaisereno ("Enrico don't worry") to reassure his party colleague that he was not plotting anything against him.[88] At a meeting on 13 February, the PD leadership voted heavily in favour of Renzi's call for "a new government, a new phase and a radical programme of reform". Minutes after the party backed the Renzi proposal by 136 votes to 16, with two abstentions, Palazzo Chigi, the official residence of the Prime Minister, announced that Letta would travel to the Quirinale the following day to tender his resignation to President Giorgio Napolitano.[89] On 17 February, in his last act as the mayor of Florence, Renzi appointed Dario Nardella as Deputy Mayor Regent of Florence with the task of leading the city until the mayoral elections in May that same year.[90]

In an earlier speech, Renzi had paid tribute to Letta, saying that he did not intend to put him "on trial". Without directly proposing himself as the next Prime Minister, he said the eurozone's third-largest economy urgently needed "a new phase" and "radical programme" to push through badly-needed reforms. The motion he put forward made clear "the necessity and urgency of opening a new phase with a new executive". Speaking privately to party leaders, Renzi said that Italy was "at a crossroads" and faced either holding fresh elections or a new government without a return to the polls.[91] On 14 February, President Napolitano accepted Letta's resignation from the office of Prime Minister.[92]

Following Letta's resignation, Renzi formally received the task of forming a new government from President Napolitano on 17 February.[93] Renzi held several days of talks with party leaders, all of which he broadcast live on the internet, before unveiling the Renzi Cabinet on 21 February, which contained members of the PD, the New Centre-Right, the Union of the Centre, and the Civic Choice (SC). His cabinet became Italy's youngest government to date, with an average age of 47.[94] It was also the first in which the number of female ministers was equal to the number of male ministers, excluding the Prime Minister.[95][96]

On 22 February, Renzi was formally sworn in as Prime Minister, becoming the fourth Prime Minister in four years and the youngest Prime Minister in the history of Italy.[97] His rise to become the PD's secretary and eventual Prime Minister was seen as a sign of much-needed generational change;[98][99] at the time he took office, Renzi enjoyed by far the highest approval rating of any politician in the country.[100] On 25 February, Renzi won a vote of confidence in the Italian Parliament, with 169 votes in the Senate of the Republic and 378 in the Chamber of Deputies.[101]

On 7 February 2015, after just under a year in power, five senators and two deputies from the SC defected to the PD, citing the leadership of Renzi as Prime Minister as the primary reason for their decision to change parties.[102] On 20 March, Prime Minister Renzi briefly became ad interim Minister of Infrastructure and Transport following the resignation of Maurizio Lupi due to a corruption scandal, involving public works on infrastructure, in which his name had been cited several times.[103] Renzi held the office on an unofficial basis until 2 April, when Graziano Delrio was appointed as the new minister.[104]

On 4 December 2016, after the failure of the referendum he proposed, Renzi announced his resignation. On 7 December, he officially handed over the resignation to the President Sergio Mattarella.[105]

Domestic policy edit

Labour reform edit

Upon becoming Prime Minister, Renzi said that labour market reform, which was thought to be "long overdue",[106] and was opposed by major trade unions and organised labour,[107] to introduce labour market flexibility, would be at the top of his agenda to improve the state of the Italian economy.[108][109][110] On 12 March 2014, the Renzi Cabinet issued a law-decree on fixed-term contracts, called the Poletti Decree, from the name of the Labour Minister Giuliano Poletti,[111][112][113] as well as a bill proposing major reforms to the Italian labour market called the Jobs Act.[114][115] A reduction in the tax burden of about 80 was announced for those earning less than €1,500 per month.[116] On 30 April, Renzi and Marianna Madia, the Minister for the Public Administration, presented the guidelines for the reform of the public administration,[117] which was approved by the Renzi Cabinet on 13 June,[118][119] before becoming law on 7 August.[120]

 
Trade union protesters demonstrate near the Colosseum against Renzi's labour market reforms

In September 2014, the government sought approval for the Jobs Act, which provided for, among other things, the abolition of Article 18 of the Workers' Statute, which protected workers from unjustified dismissal.[121] The proposal was criticised by organised labour, especially the largest trade union, the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL), and its leaders Susanna Camusso and Maurizio Landini.[122] Moreover, the left wing of the Democratic Party (PD), by then led by Renzi's rival and former PD secretary Pier Luigi Bersani, criticised the government for the reform, threatening to vote against it.[123][124]

On 29 September, the National Committee of the PD voted to support the Jobs Act, despite the disagreements within the party, with 130 votes in favour, 20 against, and 11 abstaining.[125] On 9 October, the Senate voted to approve the Jobs Act, and the landmark reform passed with 165 votes in favour to 111 against, marking the first step for the most ambitious economic legislation of the eight-month-old government. Before the vote, Labour Minister Poletti was forced to cut his speech short due to the loud protests of the Five Star Movement (M5S) and Lega Nord (Lega) oppositions, some of whom threw coins and papers.[126] German chancellor Angela Merkel, who was visiting Milan and had been among the most vocal politicians regarding Italy's need for speedy economic reforms, said the labour law marked an "important step" to reduce "employment barriers" in the eurozone's third-largest economy.[127]

On 25 October, almost one million people took part in a mass protest in Rome, organised by the CGIL in opposition to the labour reforms of the government. Some high-profile members of the left-wing faction of the PD, including Gianni Cuperlo, Stefano Fassina, and Giuseppe Civati, also participated in the protest.[128] On 8 November, more than 100,000 public employees protested in Rome in a demonstration organised by the three largest trade unions in the country, the CGIL, the CISL, and the UIL.[129] On 25 November, the Chamber of Deputies approved the Jobs Act with 316 votes; the M5S, Lega, and almost forty members of the PD abstained from the vote to protest against the reform.[130] On 3 December, the Senate gave the final approval it needed to become law.[131]

In January 2017, the Jobs Act was taken to the Constitutional Court of Italy;[132] Renzi and his supporters said that the law was necessary for job creation and to attract investors, while its critics responded that it diminished workers' rights without generating new jobs. The court rejected a petition, which received 3.3. million signatures, for a referendum to be held about the Job Acts.[133] In September 2018, the Jobs Acts was partially repealed after the same court declared the compensation rules for claims of unlawful dismissal to be unconstitutional,[134][135][136] on the grounds that these rules were not in line with the principles of "reasonableness and equality" and conflicted with the concept of "protection of work" as granted by Articles 4 and 35.[137] In July 2020, the court accepted the questions raised from the tribunals of Bari and Rome about the same matter, ruling the compensation rules to be in violation of the constitutional principles of equality, reasonableness, and job protection;[138] it was the first time that a ruling was signed by three women.[139]

Economic policies edit

 
Renzi speaking at Ca' Foscari University in Venice

In March 2014, the Renzi Cabinet approved the auctioning of a large number of luxury cars that were used to transport heads of state, including nine Maseratis, two Jaguar Cars, and various other cars such as BMWs and Alfa Romeos. Out of the 1,500 cars put up for sale, 170 sold immediately over eBay.[140] In April, as part of his wider industrial reforms, Renzi forced the chief executives of Italy's biggest state-owned companies, including Eni, Terna, Finmeccanica, Enel, and Poste italiane, to resign, citing a lack of public confidence in their leadership. He subsequently appointed women to the majority of new positions, making it the first time any woman had served as a chief executive of a state-owned company in Italy.[141] In April 2014, Renzi's cabinet introduced the so-called "Renzi bonus", a monthly allowance of €80, recognised to holders of a total annual income not exceeding €24,600.[142] The bonus, whose aim was to relaunch expenditures, was heavily criticised by the opposition, which labelled it as an "electoral baksheesh" for the 2014 European Parliament election.[143]

On 1 August, Renzi launched a law decree called Unblock Italy, which was intended to facilitate the implementation of major projects, civil works, and infrastructure that were suspended at the time, and achieve further administrative simplification.[144] The centre of this was the Millegiorni,[145] or the Thousand Days Programme.[146][147] On 1 September, Renzi launched the website passodopopasso.italia.it,[148] which allowed citizens to monitor the progress of the Millegiorni.[149] On 9 October, Renzi presented his first Finance Bill (Legge di Stabilità),[150] which was approved by the European Commission on 28 October.[151] A €36 billion bill, it included the largest tax cuts in a year (€18 billion), as well as tax evasion fight, plus the €80 bonus; it was criticised by trade unions like the CGIL, the CISL, and FIOM, while the UIL was more positive and Confindustria supported it.[152][153]

In February 2015, with the economy continuing to stagnate, the government announced a plan to abolish rules that limit cooperative lenders' shareholders to one vote each at shareholder meetings regardless of the size of their holdings. The European Commission subsequently forecast that the Italian economy would begin to grow by the spring.[154] The government also announced the abolition of IRAP, a regional tax on production activities; discussing the 2016 Finance Bill, Renzi further promised to cancel IRPEF, IMU, and TASI, respectively taxes on individuals, public services, and residence,[155][156] which was a flagship policy of the centre-right former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, and its tax-cutting 2016 budget was passed on 22 December despite concerns from the European Commission.[157] Additionally, Renzi raised the threshold for cash payments three times with the intention to boost the economy, promising that it would not help tax evasion, and described it as "a simple, fair, and liberal measure" that "simplifies" and "encourages consumption". In 2018, Minister of Economy and Finance Pier Carlo Padoan admitted that it was a mistake. A 2021 study by Bankitalia/Palazzo Koch concluded that the decision "increased the share of the illegal economy by 0.5 percentage points" and "a 1% increase in the use of cash leads to growth between 0.8% and 1.8%" of the black economy.[158][159][160]

In May 2015, the economy recorded growth of 0.3%, finally ending the Italian triple-dip recession.[161] In January 2016, Renzi highlighted an additional 500,000 jobs that he said had been created through his policies.[162] In October 2016, the Renzi government's proposed 2017 Finance Bill, an expansionary budget including deficit raising to cope with the earthquake and migrants emergencies, was seen as an increasing anti-Brussels rhetoric, having warned of disaster if it was rejected. In an interview with la Repubblica on 23 October, Padoan said: "Europe must choose which side to take. They can accept the fact that our deficit goes up from 2% to 2.3% (of gross domestic product) to tackle the earthquake and the migrant emergencies. Or they can choose the Hungarian way, which puts up walls against the migrants and must be rejected. That would be the beginning of the end." On 24 October, defending the budget law, Renzi said: "We want to address the needs of Italian citizens, not Brussels technocracy."[163]

Constitutional and electoral reforms edit

 
Renzi with President Giorgio Napolitano

Upon becoming Prime Minister, Renzi stated that one of his most important tasks was to achieve constitutional reforms; by April 2014, Renzi's government presented a constitutional bill of government initiative.[164][165] The Italian institutional framework had remained essentially unchanged since 1 January 1948, when the Constitution of Italy first came into force after being enacted by the Constituent Assembly of Italy on 22 December 1947,[166][167] and Renzi argued changes were necessary to make governments more stable; the system was created as a result of the Italian Fascist regime and to avoid such a repeat. The Italian Communist Party (PCI) pushed for unicameralism under proportional representation, being wary of unicameralism under majoritarian representation to avoid a tyranny of the majority and like part of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) seeing the Senate as a synonym of privilege and prospering in the Fascist regime's shadows, while the Christian Democracy (DC) party advocated bicameralism through a division of powers to avoid one-party hegemony. The Action Party, the DC, the Italian Republican Party, and part of the socialists won out over the PCI and dissident socialists, especially about the Senate.[168] The actually-existing system was not the intended result of the assembly, which came about through later political choices and conditions.[169]

The first stage of Renzi's reform package aimed to abolish the so-called "perfect bicameralism", which gave identical powers to the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic; the reforms would substantially decrease the membership and power of the Senate. Constitutional reforms were in the air since April 2013, when then-President Giorgio Napolitano instituted a committee for reform to avoid the repeat of inconclusive legislative elections, as it had happened two months earlier.[170] Under the reforms, the Senate's power to force the resignation of the government by refusing to grant a vote of confidence would be removed; only a few types of bills, including the constitutional bills, constitutional amendments, laws regarding local interests, referendums, and the protection of linguistic minorities, would need to be passed by the Senate. In addition, the Senate could only propose amendments to bills in some cases, with the Chamber of Deputies always having the final word, and the membership of the Senate would be changed, with regional representatives appointed in a manner virtually identical to the Bundesrat of Germany.[171][172] On 11 March 2014, the Chamber of Deputies approved both the plans to overhaul the Senate and the second stage of Renzi's constitutional reforms, a flagship electoral reform law that would see Italy's voting system overhauled.[173] On 26 March, despite objections raised by several parties in the coalition, it won a vote in the Senate on the bill reforming the provinces, with 160 voting in favour and 133 against.[174]

On 6 May, the Constitutional Affairs Committee of the Senate approved the government's bill on the Senate's reform.[175] Due to the ambitious reforms that provided for the Senate abolition, which would have led to, in the words of Valentino Larcinese, "a shift towards a de facto quasi-presidential system embedded in de jure parliamentary institutions",[176] and an increase in the powers of the Prime Minister, plus a new electoral law, Renzi was accused by constitutionalists and politicians, among them Stefano Rodotà[177] and Fausto Bertinotti,[178][179] of being an authoritarian and anti-democratic leader.[180][181][182] Critics like the centre-left populist Five Star Movement (M5S) and its founder Beppe Grillo argued that the reforms would give too much power to the Prime Minister; the former centre-right prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, who has been controversial, argued the changes would "lead us straight toward a non-democracy." The Economist argued that the reforms would result in corrupted politicians being appointed in the Senate.[183] Renzi and his government argued that the constitutional reform was long sought by the PCI and the political left; political scientist Nadia Urbinati commented that this was an oversimplification and that it was the political right that has attacked bicameralism, arguing that the reform had more in common with that of Lega Nord's Francesco Speroni in 1994.[184]

 
Renzi inspecting troops with President Sergio Mattarella

In April 2014, Renzi proposed that Italy adopt what he called Italicum, a proportional representation voting system, with a majority bonus for the party which obtained over 40% of the vote in order to provide for stable and long-term government. To approve the new electoral law, which was opposed by the M5S and a minority of the PD, Renzi gained the support of Berlusconi, who was still the leader of Forza Italia (FI), despite having been expelled from the Senate due to his sentence for tax evasion. The alliance between Renzi and Berlusconi was named the Nazareno Pact, from the name of the street in Rome where the headquarters of the PD is located, where the two leaders met for the first time to discuss the reform.[185] The alliance, which included a secret clause stating that Berlusconi's rival and long-time centre-left leader Romano Prodi, a founder of the PD, would not become the president of the Italian Republic, fell apart and was called off by FI, in part due to the election of PD-backed, centre-left candidate Sergio Mattarella in the 2015 Italian presidential election.[186][187][188]

Renzi was criticised by many within the PD's left-wing minority for the deal with Berlusconi, as well as by the M5S of Grillo, who said the Nazareno Pact was the proof that there are no differences between the Italian centre-left and centre-right.[189] Despite concern from some within the PD, Italicum was given final approval by the Senate on 27 January 2015 thanks to support from FI senators.[190]

On 28 April, concerned that the reform may not pass, Renzi announced he would hold a confidence vote to approve the electoral reform changes. The M5S, FI, and some left-wing PD members opposed this decision, with some seeking to draw comparisons between Renzi and Benito Mussolini.[191] It would be only the third time that an electoral law was twinned with a confidence vote after Mussolini's Acerbo law and the DC prime minister Alcide De Gasperi's "scam law".[192] On 4 May, the Chamber of Deputies approved Renzi's flagship electoral changes with 334 votes for and 61 votes against, the latter including a faction of the PD.[193][194] The reform took full effect in July 2016;[195] however, it was found to be partially unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Italy in January 2017,[196] and was then repealed and replaced by the Italian electoral law of 2017 (Rosatellum).[197]

In a September 2015 interview in New York,[198] Renzi said he did not need Berlusconi's votes for the reform, which he described as "a revolution", to pass.[199] Having passed the Chamber of Deputies on 11 March 2015, the reforms to the Senate that would see its power diminished and membership changed were passed by the Senate on 13 October.[200] The vote was won by 176 votes to 16, with a large number of senators abstaining from the vote in protest at having to vote on abolishing many of their own powers. The last vote was held on 12 April 2016, when the Chamber of Deputies approved the reform with 361 votes, while the opposition abandoned the house.[201] On 4 December, the reform was rejected in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum and Renzi resigned as a result.[202]

Immigration edit

 
Number of immigrants arriving by boat in Italy from 1997 to 2016

As a result of the Libyan and Syrian Civil Wars, a major problem faced by Renzi upon becoming Prime Minister was the high levels of illegal immigration to Italy. 2014 saw an increase in the number of migrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports, with the increase in the number of migrants prompting criticism of Renzi by the anti-immigration Lega Nord, the Five Star Movement, and Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia party.[203][204] On 8 August, the Renzi Cabinet approved a law-decree providing for the international protection of migrants. In November 2014, Renzi ordered the Italian-run rescue option Operation Mare Nostrum to be replaced by Frontex's Operation Triton due to the refusal of several EU governments to fund it. In 2014, 170,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea, a 296% increase compared to 2013. 141,484 of the travellers were ferried over from Libya. Most of the migrants had come from Syria, Eritrea, and various countries in West Africa.[205]

From January to April 2015, about 1,600 migrants died on the route from Libya to Lampedusa, making it the deadliest migrant route in the world.[206] On 19 April 2015, a migrant shipwreck took place in the Mediterranean Sea, causing the death of more than 700 migrants from North Africa.[207] Renzi, returning to Rome from a political event in Mantua for the 2015 Italian regional elections, held an emergency meeting with ministers and spoke by telephone to French president François Hollande, Maltese prime minister Joseph Muscat,[208] and Greek prime minister Alexis Tsipras.[209] The call led to an emergency meeting of European interior ministers to address the problem of migrant deaths. In a speech addressing immigration, Renzi condemned human trafficking as a "new slave trade".[210] About the crisis, Renzi said: "Europe is the greatest political victory of the twentieth century, but it is fuelled by ideals, not by the short-sightedness of those who would raise walls. Europe is in danger of collapsing when it becomes simply a set of self-interests." In January 2016, his Foreign Minister Paolo Gentiloni said: "A choice must be made between Dublin and Schengen. Both agreements cannot hold today."[211]

Same-sex unions edit

 
Renzi during a press conference in June 2016

On 10 June 2015, the Chamber of Deputies passed a motion obliging the government to approve a bill regarding civil unions between same-sex couples. Previously, all of the major political parties in Italy had presented different motions on civil unions, which were all rejected except for the PD's, which also called for civil unions to be approved. Shortly before becoming Prime Minister, Renzi stated that he favoured the introduction of civil unions for same-sex couples.[212] In July 2015, several days after the European Parliament passed a motion calling on all members of the European Union to recognise same-sex relationships, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Italy was violating the Convention on Human Rights by not recognising same-sex couples' "right to family life".[213][214]

On 7 October, Renzi introduced a bill to the Italian Parliament that would establish same-sex civil unions and gender-neutral cohabitation agreements. The bill passed its first reading in the Senate a week later.[215] Although Renzi secured the support of the PD and the main opposition Forza Italia party, many conservative and Catholic members of parliament from both parties, including one of its coalition partners, the New Centre-Right (NCD), criticised the bill.[216][217] Despite the bill being put forward on a free vote, Renzi made it clear that he would tie the civil unions bill to a vote of confidence in his government if it did not pass.[218][219]

Following months of public and parliamentary debate,[220][221] the Senate voted in favour of Renzi's proposals to legalise civil unions on 25 February 2016, with 173 votes in favour and 71 against.[222] An amendment known as the "stepchild adoption" provision that would have granted parental rights to a non-biological parent in a same-sex union was taken out of the bill at the last moment after it became clear a majority of senators did not support it.[223] Although Renzi had expressed support for the amendment, the decision came after the Five Star Movement backed out of an agreement to pass it; moreover, the amendment was opposed by the NCD.[224] Renzi stated that the bill's passage through the Senate was a "victory for love", although he expressed disappointment that the stepchild provision was not also adopted, and raised the possibility of introducing it in a separate bill at a later date.[225] On 11 May, the Chamber of Deputies approved the final proposals, with 369 votes in favour and 163 against.[226]

Social policies edit

Renzi's so-called "schools package" was among its 1,000 days reforms to kickstart the Italian economy, and included hiring based on merit rather than seniority, favouring full-time hiring over substitutes, and increasing teachers for disabled children.[227] During a press conference on 3 September 2014, Renzi announced an online consultation with students, teachers, and citizens ahead of the major school reforms promoted by education minister Stefania Giannini.[228][229] On 9 July 2015, despite the opposition of an overwhelming majority of teachers and students alike to the design of the school reform, this was finally approved by the Chamber of Deputies, with 277 votes against 173.[230]

During a ceremony at the Italian National Olympic Committee on 1 December 2014, Renzi officially launched the candidacy of Rome for the 2024 Summer Olympics.[231] Renzi stated: "Our country too often seems hesitant. It's unacceptable not to try or to renounce playing the game. Sport in Italy is a way of life and a way of looking at the future. I don't know if we’ll make it, but the Olympic candidacy is one of the most beautiful things we can do for our kids, for us, for Italy."[232] On 21 September 2016, the mayor of Rome Virginia Raggi, a member of the Five Star Movement, told reporters the bid for the games would go no further. Raggi, having long been opposed to Rome hosting the games, cited ongoing financial troubles in the country as the main reason for cancelling the bid. She said hosting the games would be "irresponsible" and would only cause the city to fall into further debt.[233]

Universal Exposition edit

 
"No-Expo" protests during the inauguration of Expo 2015 in Milan

During Renzi's premiership, Milan hosted the Universal Exposition;[234][235] the themes were technology, innovation, culture, and traditions concerning food.[236] Participants to the Expo, hosted inside the Expo 2015 pavilions, included 145 countries, three international organisations, several civil society organisations, several corporations, and non-governmental organisations.[237]

The opening of the Expo on 1 May 2015 was met with protest from anti-austerity activists, black bloc, and anarchists caused criminal damage, resulting in the police using tear gas. Expo also created some tensions with the Holy See and the Italian government; Pope Francis condemned the concept of Expo, saying that it "obeys the culture of waste and does not contribute to a model of equitable and sustainable development".[238] As Vatican City invested €3 million to obtain its own pavilion at the event before his appointment to the papacy, Pope Francis said that although it is a good thing that the Church is involved in causes that battle hunger and promote cleaner energy, too much money was wasted on the Expo itself by Vatican City.[239]

2016 earthquakes edit

 
Rubble in the town centre of Amatrice, 2016

At 03:36 CEST on 24 August 2016, an earthquake measuring 6.2 on the moment magnitude scale struck Central Italy. The epicentre was close to Accumoli, in an area near the borders of the Umbria, Lazio, Abruzzo, and Marche regions. The earthquake killed 298 people and left more than 4,500 homeless.[240] On 1 September, Renzi appointed Vasco Errani, the former president of Emilia-Romagna who had been already a Special Commissioner during the 2012 Emilia earthquake, as Special Commissioner for Reconstruction.[241]

A magnitude 6.1 intraplate earthquake struck 3 km (2 mi) west of Visso on 26 October at 21:18 local time (19:18 UTC). The earthquake, which occurred two months after a magnitude 6.2 earthquake in August, struck about 30 km (20 mi) to the northwest of the August earthquake's epicentre.[242] The civil protection estimated the consequences less dramatically than feared. According to official data, a man died because he had suffered a heart attack as a result of the quake.[243]

A third large, shallow earthquake of USGS preliminary magnitude 6.6 struck 6 km (4 mi) north of Norcia at 07:40 local time (06:40 UTC) on 30 October.[244] This quake was the largest in Italy in 36 years, since the 1980 Irpinia earthquake.[245] The three earthquakes caused almost 100,000 homeless.[246]

Foreign affairs edit

 
Official trips made by Renzi as Prime Minister of Italy

During his premiership, Renzi faced several challenging foreign policy situations, such as the European debt crisis, the civil war in Libya, the Russo-Ukrainian War, and the insurgency of the Islamic State in the Middle East. Renzi formed a close relationship with US president Barack Obama, supporting the 2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant with hundreds of Italian troops and four Panavia Tornado aircraft, and also supporting international sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis after the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[247] Renzi forged a positive relationship with Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe, who praised the economic policies of the Renzi government. A key ally of Renzi in the Mediterranean was Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi; the two leaders held many bilateral meetings where they discussed the problem of immigration to Italy and the increasing tensions in the Middle East and North Africa.[248]

In the European Union, Renzi had a close relationship with French president François Hollande and his Prime Minister Manuel Valls, who saw Renzi as a model for his Third Way policies.[249]

Europe edit

 
Renzi with Austrian chancellor Werner Faymann in 2014

Following the 2014 European Parliament election in Italy, which saw the PD receive the highest number of votes of all the individual political parties contesting that election across the entire European Union, Renzi subsequently emerged as the most prominent leader of the PES.[250] This was in opposition to German chancellor Angela Merkel, widely considered the de facto leader of the European People's Party; the two leaders have been referred to as Merkenzi.[251] Renzi and Merkel had many bilateral meetings, the first on 17 March in Berlin, just a few weeks after Renzi's election as Prime Minister, where the two leaders discussed important reforms that the Italian government planned to make both in Italy and in the European Union.[252] On 22 January 2015, Merkel visited Renzi in his home city of Florence, where she publicly lauded the "impressive" reforms carried out by his government. On the following day, the two leaders held a joint press conference in front of Michelangelo Buonarroti's David.[253]

 
Renzi with French president François Hollande in 2015

Renzi is seen as an ally of French president François Hollande of the Socialist Party. On 15 March 2014, Renzi met Hollande in Paris, agreeing with him a common economic policy focused not only on the austerity measures imposed by the so-called European troika of the European Commission, European Central Bank, and International Monetary Fund but also on more flexible policies to promote economic growth in the European Union.[254][255] Renzi is a close personal friend of French prime minister Manuel Valls, with the two leaders often regarded as being heirs of the Third Way politics espoused by the likes of Tony Blair.[256] On 7 January 2015, after the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris which caused the death of 17 people, Renzi expressed horror and dismay, offering his best wishes to the people of France, noting his close relationships with the French prime minister and Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo.[257] On 11 January, he joined more than forty world leaders and three million people in the Republican marches organised by President Hollande.[258]

Renzi built a constructive relationship with the British prime minister David Cameron of the Conservative Party. During their first meeting on 1 April 2014, Cameron stated that the reforms planned by Renzi were "ambitious" and that together the two men would be able to change the European Union.[259][260] On the same day, Renzi also met Blair, the former British prime minister whom Renzi had previously called a political inspiration to him.[261] On 2 October, Renzi held a press conference with Cameron in 10 Downing Street, with Cameron lauding their similar policies to reform the European Union and overcome the economic crisis.[262]

On 1 August, following his party's strong showing in the European Parliament elections, Renzi nominated his Foreign Minister Federica Mogherini as a candidate to be the new High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in the incoming-European Commission to be led by Jean-Claude Juncker, the former Prime Minister of Luxembourg. Mogherini was eventually successfully confirmed as the High Representative, ensuring that Italy controlled one of the two most senior posts in the European Commission.[263][264]

 
Renzi and the other NATO Quint leaders in 2016

In September, Renzi participated in the 2014 Wales summit. Before the official start of the summit, he had discussions with Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko, US president Barack Obama, and the other three leaders of the European G4 to discuss the crisis with Russia.[265] This summit was the first held after the Russian military intervention in Ukraine and the 2014 Iraq conflict with the Islamic State of Caliph Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[266]

On 3 February 2015, Renzi received the newly elected Greek prime minister Alexis Tsipras of SYRIZA in Rome. The two leaders held a joint press conference expressing concerns about austerity measures imposed by the European Commission and stated that economic growth is the only way to solve the crisis. After the press conference, Renzi presented Tsipras with an Italian tie as a gift. Tsipras, who was notable for refusing to ever wear a tie, thanked Renzi and said he would wear the gift in celebration after Greece had successfully renegotiated the austerity measures.[267]

United States edit

Similar to his predecessors, Renzi continued the long-standing Italian policy of a close relationship with the United States, building a partnership with President Barack Obama. Italy supported the United States in the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and participated in the international sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis against Russia following their invasion of East Ukraine.[268]

 
Renzi with President Barack Obama at the White House in October 2016

Renzi met Obama for the first time on 24 March 2014 during the latter's trip to Rome. Renzi also held a joint meeting with Obama, Pope Francis, and Italian president Giorgio Napolitano.[269] Obama stated afterwards that he had been impressed by the reforms Renzi wanted to undertake.[270][271] Renzi himself said that he considered Obama an example of the policies he wanted to achieve.[272]

On 22 September, Renzi visited Silicon Valley in California. In San Francisco, he met with young Italian emigrants who have created startup companies in the United States.[273] He also visited the headquarters of Twitter, Google, and Yahoo! to hold talks with chief executives.[274] Renzi was accompanied by former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and George Shultz, and by the former American ambassador to Italy Ronald P. Spogli.[275] He later spoke at Stanford University as the guest of university president John L. Hennessy.[276]

The following day, Renzi spoke at a United Nations summit in New York City, focusing on the problem of climate change.[277] Following the summit, Renzi met former President Bill Clinton and his wife, the former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[278] At the end of his trip, Renzi participated in a reception hosted by Obama.[279]

Renzi was received at the White House in April 2015. He and President Obama discussed many issues, including the war in Donbass, the Libyan Civil War, and ISIL. They discussed Europe's economy, the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, and climate change and energy security.[280] In October 2015, the Italian government announced that it would prolong its military presence in Afghanistan along with the United States Army in order to continue its security mission and prevent the rise of Islamist forces such as Al-Qaeda and ISIL.[281]

On 18 October 2016, President Obama invited Renzi and his wife Agnese Landini to attend an official state dinner at the White House. The two men held a joint press conference during which Obama, the dinner being his final state visit as the United States president, commented that he had "saved the best for last", and the two reiterated their support for one another.[282]

Asia edit

Renzi built up a close relationship with Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe; the two Prime Ministers were both against austerity and seeking to reform the constitutions of their countries.[283] On 6 June 2014, Renzi received Prime Minister Abe in Rome. Abe publicly congratulated Renzi for the economic and constitutional reforms being delivered by Renzi's government. The two leaders also met in Tokyo in August 2015 and discussed relations with China and the stability of East Asia.[284]

 
Renzi during a press conference in March 2015

On 9 June, Renzi travelled to Hanoi, Vietnam, to meet with President Trương Tấn Sang, Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, and the Communist Party of Vietnam's general secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng to sign economic treaties worth around US$5 billion to the Italian economy.[285][286] In doing so, Renzi became the first Italian prime minister to officially visit Vietnam since 1973, when diplomacy first began between Italy and North Vietnam.[287][288] During the visit, Renzi placed a wreath in the mausoleum of the former North Vietnamese president Ho Chi Minh.[289]

On 11 June, Renzi met in Beijing with Chinese president Xi Jinping, who congratulated him for the "important reforms" being undertaken by his government.[290] Xi also stated that China would continue co-operation with Italy ahead of Expo 2015 in Milan.[291][292] Several months later in October, Renzi met with Chinese prime minister Li Keqiang in Rome to sign twenty treaties worth a total of €8 billion.[293]

On 12 June, Renzi met Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev in Astana, where they discussed withdrawal of Italian Army from Afghanistan.[294][295] On 18 November, Renzi travelled to Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, where he signed with Turkmen president Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow a number of economic pacts securing increased gas supply.[296]

Africa edit

During his premiership, Renzi started a policy review which led to the creation of the Italy–Africa initiative, which included renewable energy cooperation and a new package of development aid in fields stretching from health care to culture; counterterrorism has been a key part of his agenda, but the East Africa region is also important to stop the migration flows from there to Italy through North Africa, especially Libya.[297]

On 4 March 2014, Renzi travelled to Tunisia, where he had a meeting with Mustapha Ben Jafar. With Jafar, Renzi discussed the problem of illegal immigration to Italy from the coasts of North Africa. The trip to Tunisia was the first official one made by Renzi as Prime Minister.[298] On 18 March 2015, after the Bardo National Museum attack in Tunis, in which 28 people died and four of whom were Italians, Renzi condemned the terrorist attack and said that Italy is close to the Tunisian government and people.[299]

On 19 July, Renzi started a major trip to Africa, meeting the Mozambican president Armando Guebuza.[300] Renzi signed economic pacts to create investments by the Italian government-owned oil company Eni in the African country for US$50 billion.[301][302] The following day, he visited the Republic of the Congo, where he met Congolese president Denis Sassou Nguesso, with whom he signed a co-operation for the extraction of oil in the country.[303][304][305] Some journalists like Giuseppe Oddo criticised the meeting with Sassou Nguesso, who is considered one of the more corrupt dictators of Africa.[306] Renzi later met with Angolan president José Eduardo dos Santos in Luanda.[307][308] During the visit, Renzi placed a memorial wreath in the mausoleum of Agostinho Neto, the first Angolan president.[309]

On 24 July, under the direction of Foreign Minister Federica Mogherini, the government worked for the release of Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag, a Sudanese woman had been who sentenced to death for being a Christian. Thanks largely to the good relations between Sudan and Italy, Ibrahim was released and permitted to fly to Italy on a government plane.[310][311]

On 2 December, Renzi went to Algiers, where he met Algerian president Abdelaziz Bouteflika and Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal. With the two leaders of the country, Renzi discussed the 2014 Libyan crisis, immigration from North Africa, and also about gas imports from Algeria as an alternative to Russian imports, following the tensions between the European Union and Russia.[312][313]

In January 2016, Renzi continued his policy toward Africa; he had a three-day trip to Nigeria, Ghana, and Senegal. The main tasks of this diplomatic trip were the fight against the Islamic terrorism and the European migrant crisis in the Mediterranean Sea;[314] with Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari, Renzi signed an agreement on enhancing co-operation between the Nigerian Police and the Italian Police.[315]

Renzi has been one of the strongest supporters of Libyan prime minister Fayez al-Sarraj and of his government of national union. In August 2016, la Repubblica reported that dozens of Italian special forces were operating in Libya for training and intelligence activities. These special forces were operating under the direct command of the Prime Minister's office.[316]

Russia edit

 
Renzi and President Vladimir Putin at the opening of Russia Day at Expo 2015

Russia had previously enjoyed a privileged relationship with Italy, particularly under the leadership of Silvio Berlusconi, who was a personal friend of Russian president Vladimir Putin.[317] Following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine in Ukraine, relations worsened. On 2 March, Renzi accused Putin of having committed "an unacceptable violation".[318][319] During a speech to the Chamber of Deputies on 19 March, Renzi stated that the 2014 Crimean status referendum was illegal and that the G8 countries must start co-operating to solve the 2014 Crimean crisis and prevent a return to the Cold War.[320] In June, he subsequently participated in the 40th G7 summit in Brussels, the first one held after the suspension of Russia from the G8 following the annexation of Crimea in March.[321][322]

Renzi phoned Putin on 28 August, asking him to stop the "intolerable escalation" and to reach a peace agreement with Ukrainian president Petro Poroshenko to stop the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine in that regions.[323] Renzi and Putin also had a bilateral meeting on 16 October, when Renzi hosted the Asia–Europe Meeting in Milan with 53 other leaders of the world.[324] During the 2014 G-20 Brisbane summit on 15 November, the two leaders had another meeting, where they discussed the war in Donbass but also on the civil wars in Libya and Syria.[325]

On 5 March 2015, Renzi met President Putin and Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev in Moscow. The talks between the leaders were focused on international issues, such as the settlement of the crisis in Ukraine, the situations in the Middle East and in Libya, as well as fighting terrorism.[326][327] Putin guaranteed Russian support in case of a United Nations intervention in Libya against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[328] Ahead of the bilateral meeting, Prime Minister Renzi visited and laid flowers at the Moscow bridge, near the Kremlin, on which the Russian opposition leader Boris Nemtsov was murdered a few days before.[329]

Through 2015, Renzi became one of the main supporters of a reduction of international sanctions against Russia and the establishment of a political and military alliance between the Western countries and Russia against Islamic terrorism.[330][331][332] Renzi questioned Nord Stream 2, a new Russia–Germany natural gas pipeline, saying: "I found it surprising that the South Stream project was blocked [the Balkan pipeline South Stream was cancelled by Russia in December 2014 following obstacles from the EU], while now we are discussing a doubling up of Nord Stream."[333]

Middle East edit

On 2 August 2014, Renzi met with Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in Cairo, holding talks about a variety of issues, including the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Renzi stated that Italy would support the Egyptian truce proposal, with the two leaders calling for an immediate cease-fire and the beginning of peace negotiations.[334][335][336] In making the visit, Renzi became the first Western world leader to visit President el-Sisi since 2014 Egyptian presidential election. On 15 January 2015, after the Islamic State's conquests in Libya, Renzi conducted a long phone call with Sisi, to discuss the terrorist threat in the Mediterranean. The two leaders agreed that the next steps should be political and diplomatic efforts through the United Nations.[337] On 11 July, a car bomb exploded outside the Italian consulate in Cairo, resulting in at least one death and four injured. The Islamic State claimed responsibility.[338][339][340]

The relations between Italy and Egypt dramatically worsened after the murder of Giulio Regeni, an Italian Cambridge University graduate student killed in Cairo following his abduction on 25 January 2016.[341] Regeni was a PhD student at Girton College, Cambridge,[342] researching independent trade unions in Egypt.[343] Due to Regeni's research activities and left-wing political leanings, the security services of el-Sisi's government are strongly suspected of involvement in his murder,[344] although Egypt's media and government deny this and say secret undercover agents belonging to the Muslim Brotherhood carried out the crime in order to embarrass the Egyptian government and destabilise relations between Italy and Egypt.[345][346]

 
Renzi with Iranian president Hassan Rouhani meeting with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, 12 April 2016

On 20 August 2014, Renzi travelled to Iraq in the midst of the insurgency led by the Islamic State.[347] He met with President Fuad Masum, Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi, and his immediate predecessor Nouri al-Maliki.[348] On the same day, Renzi travelled north to Erbil to meet Mas'ud Barzani, the president of Iraqi Kurdistan, and Prime Minister Nechervan Barzani.[349] Renzi later told an American journalist that what he witnessed during his trip to Iraq reminded him of the images of the Srebrenica massacre that had horrified him as a child.[350] While Renzi was in Iraq, the Italian Parliament approved a proposal to arm the Peshmerga soldiers fighting against the Islamic State.[351]

During the 69th United Nations General Assembly on 23 September, Renzi held a bilateral meeting with the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, at which they discussed climate change and increasing tensions in the Middle East.[352] On 11 December, Renzi travelled to Ankara for a second meeting with Erdoğan, during which Renzi expressed his support for accession of Turkey to the European Union. On the same day, he met with Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoğlu.[353]

On 8 January 2015, Renzi made his first official trip of the year, meeting with Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi to address issues of foreign and economic policy, including the Alitalia-Etihad Airways deal.[354] The two leaders discussed joint co-operation domains and enhancing trade exchange and co-operation in energy and aerospace.[355]

As Prime Minister, Renzi had good relations with both Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas.[356] On 21 and 22 July 2015, he visited first Jerusalem, where he met with Netanyahu and addressed the Knesset, and then Ramallah, where he met with Abbas.[357] Renzi was the first leader to visit Israel after the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, the deal reached between P5+1 and Iran. Whereas Netanyahu criticised the deal, Renzi supported it, saying that "Israel's security is the security of Europe and mine as well."[358]

In January 2016, Renzi met with Iranian president Hassan Rouhani in Rome, the first visit to Italy by a President of Iran since 1999. The two leaders signed business deals worth up to €17 billion.[359] They also discussed the war against the Islamic State in the Middle East and Libya.[360] On 13 and 14 April, he became the first Western leader to visit Iran after the international agreement on the nuclear program of Iran.[361] In Iran, Renzi met both President Rouhani and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[362]

Latin America edit

 
Renzi with Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto in Mexico City, 22 April 2016

After announcing an increase in Italian investment in Central America and South America, Renzi undertook a number of official trips across the continent, travelling to Chile, Peru, and Colombia in October 2015.[363][364] During his visit to Santiago, Renzi and Chilean president Michelle Bachelet launched a large number of renewable energy projects promoted by the Italian multinational Enel.[365] Renzi also visited the European Southern Observatory of Paranal in the Atacama desert.[366][367] During these trips, Renzi had numerous meetings with communities of Italian-born Latin Americans in these countries.[368]

In a surprise visit on 28 October, Renzi became the first Italian prime minister in history to make a state visit to Cuba. In doing so, he also became the first G7 leader to meet Cuban president Raúl Castro following the United States–Cuban Thaw of relations between the United States and Cuba.[369][370][371]

In February 2016, Renzi met Argentine president Mauricio Macri during a state visit to Buenos Aires; Renzi became the first European leader to meet Macri after the 2015 Argentine general election and the first Italian prime minister since Romano Prodi in 1998 to visit Argentina.[372][373] During his premiership, Renzi has also developed close relationship with Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto.[374]

After the premiership (2016–present) edit

Following the defeat in the constitutional referendum and the subsequent resignation as Prime Minister in December 2016, Renzi remained secretary of the Democratic Party (PD).[375] As leader of the main party in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic, he supported the new government led by his former Minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni, also a PD deputy.[376] In February 2017, Renzi resigned as secretary, only to be re-elected in the 2017 PD leadership election in April.[377] Following poor results in the 2018 Italian general election, Renzi resigned as secretary for good in March.[378]

In September 2019, Renzi left the PD to found the liberal party Italia Viva (IV). As a member of the PD, the party moved at the opposition in June 2018 against the populist Conte I Cabinet of LegaFive Star Movement (M5S). In August 2019, Renzi played a key role in returning the PD to government with the M5S and the left-wing Free and Equal; he then joined the government with IV to keep Lega and Matteo Salvini out of power,[379] leading to both the rise and fall of the Conte II Cabinet through the 2021 Italian government crisis in January, and then supporting the national-unity government of the Draghi Cabinet in February 2021.[380]

2017 leadership election and party split edit

 
Renzi with Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni during the swearing-in ceremony

During the PD National Assembly on 19 February 2017, Renzi resigned as the party secretary, announcing his candidacy for the next leadership election.[381] A few days before, he launched the movement In Cammino ("On the Way") in support of his candidacy.[382] Contextually, a large portion of the party's internal left wing, led by Enrico Rossi and Roberto Speranza, who were endorsed by former party leaders Massimo D'Alema, Pier Luigi Bersani, and Guglielmo Epifani, left the PD and founded Article 1 – Democratic and Progressive Movement (MDP), along with splinters from Italian Left (SI).[383][384][385]

On 6 March, Renzi presented his electoral programme,[386] in which he expressed his intention to renovate the party, Italy, and Europe. He also announced an electoral ticket with the Agriculture Minister Maurizio Martina, who became deputy secretary.[387][388] From 10 to 12 March, Renzi and his supporters participated in Lingotto '17, a convention based in the district of Lingotto in Turin, where the PD was founded ten years before under the leadership of Walter Veltroni.[389] During his speech, Renzi condemned the Five Star Movement, accused of being a populist party controlled by a private company, and Lega Nord, which uses fear to gain votes.[390] Renzi attacked also European bureaucrats and proposed a primary election to appoint the PES candidate for the European Commission presidency and the direct election of the European president.[391] Among the notable participants of the pro-Renzi convention were Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni, ministers like Pier Carlo Padoan, Dario Franceschini, Graziano Delrio, Marianna Madia, and Roberta Pinotti, and secretary Maria Elena Boschi.[392] Emma Bonino, Italian Radicals leader and former Foreign Affairs Minister, also participated in the rally.[393]

The other two candidates for the leadership election were the president of Apulia Michele Emiliano and the Minister of Justice Andrea Orlando. Emiliano was an outspoken former magistrate with strong support in the poor South expected to join the dissidents in MDP but decided instead to challenge Renzi from within the mainstream party;[394] he is often described as a democratic socialist and populist politician.[395] Orlando is a social-democratic politician and a leading member of the party since the foundation,[396] often described as the candidate of the social-democratic establishment of the party.[397] After having won the March vote by party members with almost 67% of votes,[398] Renzi won the PD's April primary by a landslide with 69.2% of votes,[399] while Orlando received 19.9% and Emiliano 10.9% of votes.[400] On 1 May,[401] Renzi was certified to have been re-elected as the party secretary.[402]

Second term as party secretary edit

 
Renzi speaking at Lingotto convention

After the rejection of the constitutional reform, the parliament had to change the Italian electoral law of 2015 proposed by Renzi's government; the so-called Italicum regulated only the election of the Chamber of Deputies, and not the one of the Senate, which, had the reform passed, would be indirectly elected by citizens. After the re-election as secretary, Renzi proposed a new electoral law called Mattarellum bis, better known as Rosatellum,[403] from the name of his main proponent Ettore Rosato, PD leader in the Chamber of Deputies.[404] This electoral law was similar to the one which was applied in Italy from 1993 to 2004.[405]

Rosatellum used an additional member system, which acts as a mixed system, with 36% of seats allocated using a first-past-the-post voting system and 64% using proportional representation, with one round of voting. The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate did not differ in the way they allocated the proportional seats, both using the D'Hondt method of allocating seats.[406][407] The new electoral law was supported by PD and his government ally Popular Alternative but also by the opposition parties Forza Italia and Lega Nord.[408]

Despite many protests from the Five Star Movement and the MDP, the electoral law was approved on 12 October by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favour and 215 against,[409] and by the Senate with 214 votes against 61 on 26 October.[410]

The PD's electoral programme for the 2018 Italian general election included,[411][412][413] among the main points, the introduction of a minimum hourly wage of €10, a measure that would affect 15% of workers, that is those workers who do not adhere to the national collective agreements; a cut of the contributory wedge for permanent contracts; a relocation allowance and an increase in subsidies for the unemployed; a monthly allowance of €80 for parents for each minor child; fiscal detraction of €240 for parents with children; and the progressive reduction of IRPEF and IRES rates, respectively the Italian income tax and the corporate tax.[414][415] Moreover, the PD advocated the re-launch of the process of European integration and federation towards the formation of the United States of Europe.[416]

In the election, Renzi's centre-left coalition arrived third behind the centre-right coalition, in which Matteo Salvini's League was the main political force, and the Five Star Movement of Luigi Di Maio that came first as a party.[417][418] On 5 March, Renzi announced that the PD would be in opposition during this legislature and resign as secretary when a new cabinet is formed.[419] Renzi officially resigned on 12 March during the PD's national directorate, and his deputy secretary Martina was appointed acting leader.[420]

Leader of Italia Viva edit

In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister and Lega's leader Matteo Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte after growing tensions within the majority.[421] Many political analysts believed the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve Lega's standing in Parliament, ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister.[422] On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate at the Senate, in which Conte accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest" and stated "this government ends here",[423][424] the Prime Minister resigned his post to President Sergio Mattarella.[425] Despite having always opposed it in the past, Renzi strongly advocated the formation of a new government between the PD and the populist Five Star Movement in August 2019.[426] After days of tensions within the PD, Nicola Zingaretti, the new PD's leader, announced his favorable position regarding a new government with the M5S on 28 August, with Conte at its head.[427][428] On the same day, President Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for the 29 August to give him the task of forming a new cabinet.[429] Renzi was seen by many political analysts and journalists as the real kingmaker of the new parliamentary majority.[430]

 
Renzi at the Quirinal Palace during the consultations for the formation of a new government in 2021

In an interview with la Repubblica on 17 September, Renzi announced his intention to leave the PD, creating new parliamentary groups led by him.[431] On the same day, interviewed by Bruno Vespa in his TV show Porta a Porta, he officially launched the political movement Italia Viva (IV).[432] Between December 2020 and January 2021, discussions arose within the government coalition between Renzi and Prime Minister Conte.[433] Renzi called for radical changes to the government's economic recovery plans after the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and also demanded that Conte cede his mandate over the secret services coordination task.[434] During his end-of-year press conference, Conte declined Renzi's requests, saying that he still had a parliamentary majority.[435] After a few days, Renzi threatened to pull back IV's two ministers, Teresa Bellanova and Elena Bonetti, from the upcoming Council of Ministers, summoned to approve the Next Generation EU.[436]

During a press conference on 13 January,[437] Renzi announced the resignation of IV's ministers Bellanova and Bonetti, officially opening the 2021 Italian government crisis.[438] Renzi was instrumental in getting Mario Draghi as Prime Minister,[439] with IV supporting Draghi's vote of confidence for a national unity government.[440][441][442] In the 2022 Italian presidential election, Renzi supported candidate Pier Ferdinando Casini,[443][444] a centrist close to the centre-right, having qualms about the precedent of re-electing the incumbent president Mattarella; after Casini failed to gain support and rejecting the candidature of Elisabetta Belloni, the head of secret services, which he criticized as "only [happening] in an anti-democratic country",[445] Renzi joined the governing parties in asking Mattarella to accept a second term.[446]

Elections edit

2014 European Parliament election edit

In the European Parliament elections held on 25 May 2014, the first national election Renzi had faced since becoming Prime Minister, his Democratic Party (PD) won 40.8% of the vote with 11,203,231 votes,[447] becoming by far the largest party in the country with 31 members of the European Parliament (MEPs).[448] The PD won the most votes of any single party across the whole of the European Union, won the largest number of MEPs for any single party, and the largest party within the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, the PD's European Parliament group.[449]

The PD's vote share was the best result for an Italian party in a nationwide election since the 1958 Italian general election, when Christian Democracy won 42.4% of the vote.[450][451][452] The positive electoral result enabled Renzi to successfully nominate his Foreign Minister Federica Mogherini as the new High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, ensuring that an Italian would occupy one of the European Union's two most powerful political positions.[453]

2015 Italian presidential election edit

 
Renzi speaking with President Sergio Mattarella in 2015

Giorgio Napolitano announced his immediate retirement as President of Italy on 14 January 2015. Napolitano had been convinced to stand again as president following the political uncertainty generated by the 2013 Italian general election but had made it clear he would retire at some point before June 2015. During the National Assembly of the PD on 29 January, Renzi officially announced that he would endorse Sergio Mattarella, a judge on the Constitutional Court of Italy and a former Minister of Defence, as his candidate for the Italian presidential election to replace Napolitano.[454]

It had been thought, due to the high threshold a candidate requires in the first three rounds of balloting in a presidential election, that Renzi would be forced to seek a compromise candidate with Silvio Berlusconi; however, despite Berlusconi's stringent opposition to Mattarella, Renzi instructed the PD to abstain from the first three rounds of balloting in an attempt to force a fourth ballot which required a far lower threshold for victory. Despite the risk this strategy involved, centrist parties announced at the last moment that they would support Mattarella on the fourth ballot, and he subsequently won the presidential election with 665 votes out of 1,009 from senators and deputies. Renzi was able to secure his chosen candidate's election by also unexpectedly securing last-minute support from the conservative New Centre-Right, the socialist Left Ecology Freedom, and the liberal Civic Choice.[455]

2016 Italian constitutional referendum edit

 
Basta un Sì ("Just a Yes") logo chosen to support the reform

After constitutional reforms had passed both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic multiple times, Renzi announced that he would hold a constitutional referendum on 4 December 2016 to seek approval for the changes; whilst the reform was approved by a simple parliamentary majority, it did not achieve the two-thirds necessary to avoid a referendum, as per Article 138 of the Constitution of Italy.[456]

Voters were asked whether they approved of amending the constitution to transform the Senate into a "Senate of Regions", with 100 members made up of regional councillors and mayors of large cities, akin to the Bundesrat of Germany.[457] The reform would have reduced the size of the Senate from 315 to 100, making all senators indirectly elected by regional councils and mayors. The reform would have made it harder for the Senate to veto legislation.[458] Following early results which indicated that the "No" side was clearly ahead, Renzi conceded defeat and resigned.[459]

2018 Italian general election edit

 
Rise and fall of the Democratic Party (represented in red) from 2013 to 2018

The 2018 Italian general election was held on 4 March after the Italian Parliament was dissolved by President Sergio Mattarella on 28 December 2017.[460]

Renzi led a centre-left coalition composed by the Democratic Party (PD), the liberal More Europe of Emma Bonino, the centrist Popular Civic List of Beatrice Lorenzin, and the progressive Together of Giulio Santagata.[461] The centre-left was affected by a political schism, when many members of PD's left-wing faction, like Bersani, D'Alema, and Speranza, left the party founding another movement, known as MDP, which run under the joint list Free and Equal led by Pietro Grasso.[462]

In the election, the centre-right coalition, in which Matteo Salvini's League emerged as the main political, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate with 37.0% of votes, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes (32.7%). Renzi's centre-left coalition came only third with 22.9% of votes;[463] however, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[464]

Political views edit

 
Renzi speaking during a PD rally in Bologna

The nature of Renzi's progressivism is a matter of debate and has been linked both to liberalism and populism.[465][466] According to Maria Teresa Meli of the Corriere della Sera, Renzi "pursues a precise model, borrowed from the British Labour Party and Bill Clinton's Democratic Party", comprising "a strange mix (for Italy) of liberal policy in the economic sphere and populism. This means that, on one side, he will attack the privileges of trade unions, especially of the CGIL, which defends only the already protected, while, on the other, he will sharply attack the vested powers, bankers, Confindustria and a certain type of capitalism."[467]

The Daily Telegraph referred to Renzi as "a prominent centrist voice in Europe".[468] Renzi has occasionally been compared to former British prime minister Tony Blair for his political views.[469] Renzi himself has previously cited Blair as an inspiration for him, and said to be a supporter of Blair's ideology of the Third Way, which attempts to synthesise liberal economics and left-wing social policies.[470][471] In an interview with the Italian talk show Che tempo che fa, Renzi stated that his meeting with Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton was the most interesting part of his trip to the United States because he considered them as models of the reformist left.[472] Renzi endorsed the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign in an interview where he also expressed admiration for the policies of Bill Clinton and Barack Obama.[473]

Renzi is in favour of the recognition of civil unions for same-sex couples and stepchild adoptions, a situation which occurs when at least one parent has children from a previous relationship that are not genetically related to the other parent.[474] For this, Renzi was criticised by the participants of the Family Day, an anti-LGBT demonstration which took place three times in Italy; the Prime Minister was accused of having changed his opinion about the recognition of same-sex couples. Renzi participated in the first Family Day in 2007, while he was president of Florence province and a member of the centrist The Daisy party.[475]

Renzi was sometimes described as the de facto leader of the centre-left Party of European Socialists, in opposition to the centre-right European People's Party associated with Angela Merkel; the two leaders were together often referred to as Merkenzi.[476][477][478]

Public image edit

 
Renzi taking a selfie with some supporters in Venice

According to public opinion surveys in May 2014, just after the European Parliament elections, Renzi's approval rating was 74%, the highest ever rating for an Italian politician serving as Prime Minister; the highest absolute consensus at 84% was recorded in November 2011 by Mario Monti, who presided over a technical, bipartisan government.[479] His lowest approval in office was in June 2015, with just over 35%;[480] upon leaving the office of Prime Minister, his approval rating further shrank to 15% by April 2020.[481]

In the 2010s, Italy underwent a wave of populism and post-modern leadership likened to Renzi's style. As a "master of telepolitics", Renzi used his own skills and accomplishments as evidence of his ability to lead, promoted the Internet as a platform for democracy, and used heavy emotional appeals along with relatable, persuasive language to advocate for his positions.[482] In 2014, Renzi was ranked as the third most influential person in the world under 40 in the 40 Under 40 list by Fortune,[483][484] and in the FP Top 100 Global Thinkers by Foreign Policy.[485][486] Both as Prime Minister and mayor of Florence, Renzi has been renowned as an assiduous user of social networks, especially Twitter, where he is followed by more than two million people.[487] Renzi's use of social networks was a contributing factor to his victory in the 2013 PD leadership election.[488][489]

Renzi has stated that he is a fan of the American TV series House of Cards; some journalists, including the book's author Michael Dobbs and Enrico Letta, noted similarities between the rise to power of the character Francis Underwood, played by Kevin Spacey, and the manner in which Renzi replaced Letta as Prime Minister in 2014.[490][491][492] This comparison surfaced in the media again in June 2015, when a phone conversation from January 2014 between Renzi and a general of the Guardia di Finanza, Michele Adinolfi, was leaked to Il Fatto Quotidiano.[493] During the conversation, Renzi described Letta as "incapable" and told Adinolfi that he would replace him as Prime Minister, which would happen less than a month later.[494] In October 2016, Renzi stated to have stopped watching the TV series after its second season.[495] After Letta retired from politics in 2015, he came back to accept the PD leadership in March 2021,[496][497] about one year and a half after Renzi left the PD and his new party was struggling at the polls.[498]

In December 2018, Renzi presented a TV series called Firenze secondo me ("Florence According to Me"), broadcast by Nove TV channel.[499] It is a historical and artistic documentary, in which Renzi presents the city of Florence, narrating historical events and showing the most famous sites of cultural interest, like Palazzo Vecchio, the Uffizi Gallery, the Vasari Corridor, the Basilica of Santa Croce, Palazzo Pitti, and the Boboli Gardens.[500]

In February 2022, the Florence Prosecutors' office requested a trial of eleven suspects, among them Renzi, for alleged funding irregularities related to Renzi's Open Foundation.[501] Alongside his consultations in Saudi Arabia, for which he received €1.1 million and was criticized due to praising Saudi Arabia's cheap labour costs and referring to it as a "New Renaissance", Renzi's public image suffered and he received criticism from Saudi dissident Sa'ad Al-Faqih.[502][503]

Personal life edit

 
Renzi and his wife Agnese Landini with Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama at the White House in October 2016


In 1999, Renzi married Agnese Landini,[504] a teacher, with whom he has three children: two sons, Francesco and Emanuele, and a daughter, Ester.[505] The Renzi family are regular Mass-goers and are active in the Association of Italian Catholic Guides and Scouts, the largest Scouting association in Italy.[506] In addition to his native Italian, Renzi can also speak French[507] and some English.[508][509][510] He is an avid football fan and supports ACF Fiorentina, the team of his hometown Florence.[511]

At the 2014 Italian local elections, his sister Benedetta was elected a municipal councillor for the PD in Castenaso, a small town near Bologna.[512] Renzi's father Tiziano was the city secretary of the PD for Rignano sull'Arno, near Florence, until March 2017;[513] he was previously a municipal councillor for Christian Democracy from 1985 to 1990.[514]

Since 2018, Matteo Renzi's speaking engagements, particularly in the Gulf monarchies, have been a major part of his schedule. He declared income from this activity of over 800,000 euros in 2018 and over a million in 2019. In 2020, he joins the board of directors of the Future Investment Initiative Institute, a think tank financed by Saudi Arabia, with an annual remuneration of 80,000 euros. [515]

Electoral history edit

Election House Constituency Party Votes Result
2018 Senate of the Republic Florence PD 109,830  Y Elected
2022 Senate of the Republic Campania A–IV [b]  Y Elected
  1. ^ Renzi already acted as de facto leader since 18 September 2019
  2. ^ Elected in a closed list proportional representation system.

First-past-the-post elections edit

2018 general election (S): Florence
Candidate Party Votes %
Matteo Renzi Centre-left coalition 109,830 43.9
Alberto Bagnai Centre-right coalition 61,642 24.6
Nicola Cecchi Five Star Movement 49,925 19.9
Others 28,797 11.4
Total 256,879 100.0

Authored books edit

  • Ma le giubbe rosse non uccisero Aldo Moro. La politica spiegata a mio fratello. Florence: Giunti. 1999. ISBN 88-09-01483-9.
  • Tra De Gasperi e gli U2. I trentenni e il futuro. Florence: Giunti. 2006. ISBN 88-09-04793-1.
  • A viso aperto. Florence: Polistampa. 2008. ISBN 978-88-596-0448-8.
  • "La mi' Firenze". 1949–2009. Florence: Polistampa. 2010. ISBN 978-88-596-0755-7.
  • Fuori!. Milan: Rizzoli. 2011. ISBN 978-88-17-04899-6.
  • Stil Novo. La rivoluzione della bellezza tra Dante e Twitter. Milan: Rizzoli. 2012. ISBN 978-88-17-05642-7.
  • Oltre la rottamazione. Milan: Mondadori. 2013. ISBN 978-88-04-63298-6.
  • Avanti. Perché l'Italia non si ferma. Milan: Feltrinelli. 2017. ISBN 978-88-07-17313-4.
  • Un'altra strada: idee per l'Italia di domani. Venice: Marsilio. 2019. ISBN 978-88-297-0140-7.
  • La mossa del cavallo. Come ricominciare, insieme. Venice: Marsilio. 2020. ISBN 978-88-297-0669-3.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Baube, Oliber (1 March 2018). "Matteo Renzi: How the one-time great hope of the Italian left fell from grace". The Local Italy. Retrieved 9 February 2022. Updated 6 March 2018{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  2. ^ Jones, Gavin (13 January 2021). "Italy's Renzi completes transformation from reformer to wrecker". Reuters. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  3. ^ Zampano, Giada (12 March 2018). "Matteo Renzi, exit stage left". Politico. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  4. ^ Ide, Ella (20 February 2017). "Renzi quits as party leader, triggering leadership battle". The Local Italy. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  5. ^ Farell, Helen (27 February 2014). "Renzi time". The Florentine. No. 197. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Italy to swear in new Prime Minister Matteo Renzi". BBC. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  7. ^ Frizell, Sam (22 February 2014). "Italy's Youngest Ever Prime Minister Takes The Reins". Time. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  8. ^ Balmer, Crispian (28 September 2016). "Renzi's reforms leave Italian economy and voters flat". Reuters. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  9. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (22 February 2016). "'They need a possibility of a future': has Matteo Renzi given Italy what it needs?". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  10. ^ Totaro, Lorenzo (15 October 2015). "Renzi Gives Italians Lower Taxes, Higher Cash Use to Back Growth". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  11. ^ Negri, Fedra; Rebessi, Elisa (January 2018). "Was Mattarella Worth the Trouble? Explaining the Failure of the 2016 Italian Constitutional Referendum". Italian Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. 48 (2): 177–196. doi:10.1017/ipo.2017.29. hdl:2434/562060. S2CID 158906172.
  12. ^ Di Mauro, Danilo; Memoli, Vincenzo (February 2018). "Targeting the Government in the Referendum: The Aborted 2016 Italian Constitutional Reform". Italian Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. 48 (2): 133–157. doi:10.1017/ipo.2017.31. S2CID 158555880.
  13. ^ Cinelli, Francesca; Follain, John (11 December 2016). "Italy's Gentiloni Heads for Prime Minister Job After Renzi Quits". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  14. ^ Gianfreda, Stella (2021). Where Do the Parties Stand?: Political Competition on Immigration and the EU in National and European Parliamentary Debates. Springer Nature. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-030-77588-9. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  15. ^ "Matteo Renzi resigns as leader of Democratic party after poll defeat". The Guardian. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  16. ^ "Matteo Renzi lascia il Pd e fonda nuovo partito: telefona a Conte e annuncia l'addio al Pd, Le ragioni della svolta in una intervista a Repubblica". La Repubblica (in Italian). 16 September 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  17. ^ Amaro, Silvia; Meredith, Sam (13 January 2021). "Italy's government in crisis after former PM pulls support for ruling coalition". CNBC. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Mario Draghi sworn in as prime minister of Italy". The Guardian. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  19. ^ Foster, Peter; Squires, Nick; Vogt, Andrea (3 December 2016). "Europe holds its breath as Italy heads to the polls for critical referendum". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  20. ^ Saini, Valentina (4 February 2021). "Italy's Renzi got what he wanted. But at what price?". Euobserver. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  21. ^ Pagliarini, Stefano (15 July 2021). "La metamorfosi di Renzi: da rottamatore della sinistra a colonna del centrodestra liberale". Today (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  22. ^ "Benvenuti in casa Renzi: il sostegno online della famiglia". La Nazione (in Italian). 13 September 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  23. ^ Lillo, Marco (11 February 2022). "Il sistema Renzi: amici, famiglia, potere. E un fascicolo sull'uso dei fondi pubblici". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  24. ^ "La maturità delle ministre: il 'dramma' della Boschi, l'incubo della Madia". Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). 22 June 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  25. ^ Orlandi Posti, Nicoletta (21 September 2012). "Matteo story: Renzi, lo scout che studiava da sindaco". La Nazione (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Chi sono". Matteo Renzi (in Italian). Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Matteo Renzi e l'aneddoto sull'arbitro di calcio". Giornalettismo (in Italian). 15 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  28. ^ "E Renzi girò la ruota della fortuna". Corriere Fiorentino (in Italian). 12 February 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  29. ^ Cottone, Nicoletta (17 February 2014). "Matteo Renzi/ Alla Ruota della Fortuna vince 48 milioni di vecchie lire". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Matteo Renzi in Palazzo Medici Riccardi con il 58,8% dei voti" (in Italian). Metropolitan City of Florence. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  31. ^ "'Assunti senza qualifiche' Renzi condannato dalla Corte dei Conti Il sindaco: 'Fantasiosa ricostruzione'". La Nazione (in Italian). 5 August 2011. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Elezioni Comunali Turno di ballottaggio 21–22 giugno 2009" (in Italian). City of Florence. 22 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  33. ^ Roe, Alex (24 June 2009). "Matteo Renzi takes Florence". Italy Chronicles. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  34. ^ Marchetti, Silvia (21 March 2014). "Matteo Renzi Sweeps Away Italy's Old Guard". Newsweek. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  35. ^ Zegarelli, Maria (8 November 2010). "Pd, una 'Carta' da Firenze. Renzi: risorsa non pericolo" (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  36. ^ "Il Big bang incassa le firme di Ichino". Corriere Fiorentino (in Italian). 26 October 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  37. ^ "Profile: Who is Matteo Renzi, the 'wrecker' of Italian politics?". The Local Italy. 19 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  38. ^ "E Renzi lancia il 'Big bang'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 11 October 2011. p. 9. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  39. ^ "Le 100 proposte di Matteo Renzi". Il Post (in Italian). 31 October 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  40. ^ Cerasa, Claudio (12 October 2011). "Bang bang. Botte da orbi tra Renzi e Bersani". Il Foglio (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  41. ^ Falcioni, Massimo (29 October 2011). "Pd caos, fra Bersani e il 'rottamatore' Renzi volano stracci. E ci si mette anche Vendola..." Blogo (in Italian). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  42. ^ Rosso, Umberto (29 August 2010). "'Il Nuovo Ulivo fa sbadigliare è ora di rottamare i nostri dirigenti'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  43. ^ Strada, Maria (13 September 2012). "Renzi lancia la sua sfida: 'Chi è deluso da Berlusconi venga da noi'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  44. ^ "Primarie, Bindi: 'Renzi? Messaggi berlusconiani. Lavoro per sconfiggerlo'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 7 October 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  45. ^ "Renzi: 'Se vinco non ci sarà posto per D'Alema'". La Nazione (in Italian). 1 October 2012. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  46. ^ Bianchi, Sara (8 October 2012). "Fassina contro Renzi: copia il nostro programma. Democratici risentiti per l'assenza di sabato". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  47. ^ "Vendola attacca Renzi: 'E' lui da rottamare' La replica del sindaco: 'Non cado in provocazioni'". Quotidiano.net (in Italian). 7 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  48. ^ Aresu, Alessandro; Bonzanni, Andrea; Garnero, Andrea; Gatto, Stefano; Montalto, Valentina; Mosca, Alessia (December 2012). "Italy After B." (PDF). Lo Spazio della Politica. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  49. ^ Mauro, Angela (16 January 2013). "Elezioni 2013. La campagna elettorale di Renzi parte da Bologna, mercoledì da Daria Bignardi. Bersani sceglie 'Inno' di Gianna Nannini". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  50. ^ "Elezioni, Bersani e Renzi insieme a Firenze. Sindaco: Prodi mandato a casa, io non farò così". La Repubblica (in Italian). 1 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  51. ^ Tira, Elisa (July 2013). "Le elezioni politiche del 2013 e l'avvio della XVII legislatura" (PDF). Osservatore AIC (in Italian). Italian Association of Constitutionalists. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  52. ^ "Partito democratico: 12 anni tra vittorie, sconfitte e scissioni". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 16 September 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  53. ^ "Sondaggio IPSOS: CDX 32,1% (+0,7%), CSX 31,4%, M5S 24,5%". ScenariPolitici (in Italian). 27 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  54. ^ Maltoni, Francesco (25 February 2013). "Risultati elezioni 2013, Italia ingovernabile, Grillo primo partito". Leggi Oggi (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  55. ^ Meli, Maria Teresa (16 April 2013). "Scontro Renzi-Bersani, terremoto nel Pd Ex dc in rivolta. Già si contano i franchi tiratori". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  56. ^ Rosso, Umberto (15 April 2013). "Renzi alla guerra con Bersani e silura Marini e Finocchiaro nella corsa per il Quirinale". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  57. ^ Tito, Claudio (9 July 2013). "Matteo Renzi 'Tutti mi chiedono di candidarmi così cambierò il PD'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  58. ^ "Veleni del Pd su Renzi: dove sta la notizia?". Linkiesta (in Italian). 15 October 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  59. ^ Mell, Maria Teresa (16 October 2013). "Accuse e veleni, resa dei conti nel Pd 'Indagate sulla vita di Renzi'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  60. ^ Pasquino, Gianfranco (June 2016). "Renzi: The Government, the Party, the Future of Italian Politics". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 21 (3): 389–398. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2016.1169883. S2CID 148425535.
  61. ^ Calvo, Rudy Francesco (17 September 2013). "Renzi e Veltroni per un Pd 'cool' che faccia dimenticare Bersani". Europa. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  62. ^ Secci, Laura (20 October 2013). "Fassino: 'Renzi motiva anche i delusi, Cuperlo? È il candidato della nostalgia'". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  63. ^ "Primarie Pd, candidati depositano le firme. Si allunga lista dei lettiani pro Renzi". La Repubblica (in Italian). 11 October 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  64. ^ "Primarie Pd, candidati depositano le firme. Si allunga lista dei lettiani pro Renzi". La Repubblica (in Italian). 11 October 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  65. ^ "Renzi marches on". Corriere della Sera. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  66. ^ Scacchioli, Michela (8 December 2013). "Primarie Pd, è il trionfo di Renzi: sfiora il 70% dei voti. Affluenza: quasi 3 milioni". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  67. ^ "Primarie Pd 2013, risultati ufficiali: Renzi al 68%, Cuperlo al 18%, Civati al 14%". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 8 December 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  68. ^ D'Esposito, Fabrizio (9 December 2013). "Primarie Pd 2013, Renzi trionfa e mette paura a Napolitano e al premier Letta". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  69. ^ Maggini, Nicola (24 December 2013). "Il profilo degli elettori di Renzi alle primarie: vecchia o nuova 'constituency'?" (in Italian). Italian Center for Electoral Studies. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  70. ^ "Letta si consegna a Renzi: 'Lavoreremo insieme con spirito di squadra'". Il Giornale (in Italian). 8 December 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  71. ^ "Governo, Letta: 'Svolta generazionale, con Renzi faremo gioco di squadra'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 December 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  72. ^ Biondi, Adriano (26 February 2014). "Perché Renzi ha fatto cadere il Governo Letta". Fanpage (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  73. ^ "Letta-Renzi, incontro 'utile e positivo'. Il premier: 'Legge elettorale, si parta da intesa nella maggioranza'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 10 January 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  74. ^ Patta, Emilia (11 January 2014). "Letta-Renzi, scontro sulla legge elettorale". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  75. ^ Spadaccini, Lorenzo (July 2020). "Dalla crisi del governo Letta alla formazione del governo Renzi". Osservatorio AIC (in Italian). Italian Association of Constitutionalists. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  76. ^ Fracasso, Davide (27 November 2013). "Primarie Pd 2013: risultato scritto, poi guerra Renzi vs Letta?". Le Nius (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  77. ^ Adami, Pietro (2 December 2018). "Primarie Pd, la storia dei risultati dal 2007 a oggi". Sky TG24 (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  78. ^ Pretini, Diego (12 February 2014). "Letta non si dimette e sfida Renzi: 'Vuole il mio posto? Esca allo scoperto'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  79. ^ Rubino, Monica (13 February 2014). "La direzione Pd: 'Grazie Enrico, ora Renzi a Palazzo Chigi'. Letta getta la spugna: 'Mi dimetto'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  80. ^ Willey, David (13 February 2014). "Italy PM Letta's rival Renzi calls for new government". BBC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  81. ^ Castelnuovo, Marco; Geremicca, Federico (12 February 2014). "Letta sfida Renzi: 'Non mi dimetto'". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  82. ^ Patta, Emilia (12 February 2014). "Letta: vado avanti, nuovo patto con i partiti. Con Renzi restano posizioni distanti. Il sindaco: parlerò domani". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  83. ^ Sala, Alessandro (13 February 2014). "Renzi liquida Letta: 'Via dalla palude' Venerdì il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  84. ^ Willey, David (14 February 2014). "Italian Prime Minister Enrico Letta resigns". BBC. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  85. ^ "I partiti in Ue: il Pd entra nel Pse. Ma è scontro tra D'Alema e Fioroni. E Renzi ironizza". La Repubblica (in Italian). 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  86. ^ Pisanò, Alessio (28 February 2014). "Pd: cosa vuol dire l'ingresso nel Pse". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  87. ^ "Italian Partito Democratic Officially Welcomed into the PES Family". Party of European Socialists. 28 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  88. ^ "In Pictures: The defining moments of Renzi's time as PM". The Local Italy. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022. Updated 8 December 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  89. ^ Cottone, Nicoletta (13 February 2014). "Renzi apre fase nuova: ora un governo con obiettivo 2018 e riforme. Il voto della direzione: 136 sì, 16 no e due astenuti". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  90. ^ "Sindaco Dario Nardella" (in Italian). City of Florence. January 2018. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  91. ^ Davies, Lizzy (13 February 2014). "Italian PM Enrico Letta to resign". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  92. ^ "Pravitel'stvennyy krizis v Italii: prem'yer Letta ushel v otstavku" Правительственный кризис в Италии: премьер Летта ушел в отставку (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022. Updated 15 February 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  93. ^ "39 Year Old Matteo Renzi becomes, at 39, Youngest Italian Prime Minister". Biharprabha News. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  94. ^ Cruccu, Matteo (21 February 2014). "Renzi: con 47, 8 anni di media, è il governo più giovane di sempre". Corriere Della Sera. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  95. ^ "Matteo Renzi presenta il governo: 'Metà sono donne, mi gioco la faccia'". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  96. ^ "Matteo Renzi unveils a new Italian government with familiar problems". The Guardian. Associated Press. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  97. ^ "Matteo Renzi sworn in as Italy's new PM in Rome ceremony". BBC. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  98. ^ Mollica, Andrea (20 January 2014). "Sondaggi, Matteo Renzi non fa boom". Giornalettismo (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  99. ^ Alemanno, Alberto (6 December 2016). "Stop comparing Italy's referendum to Brexit and Trump. Here's what it's really about". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  100. ^ "Sondaggi elettorali: Renzi il più amato. M5S, 2 elettori su 3 vogliono dialogo con lui". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 28 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  101. ^ "Renzi alla Camera: abbiamo un'unica chance Passa la fiducia con 378 sì e 220 no". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 25 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  102. ^ "Italy's Renzi strengthened as centrists defect to ruling party". Reuters. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  103. ^ Zampano, Giada (19 March 2015). "Italian Infrastructure Minister Maurizio Lupi Will Resign". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  104. ^ "Graziano Delrio ministro delle Infrastrutture, ha giurato al Quirinale". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  105. ^ "Italy's Renzi hands in resignation amid political turmoil". BBC. 7 December 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  106. ^ Rostek-Buetti, Andreas (5 December 2016). "Opinion: Italy's baroque system". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  107. ^ Faris, Stephan (8 May 2014). "The Italian job". Time. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  108. ^ Trayneor, Ian (4 July 2014). "Italian PM attacks Bundesbank over claim Rome risks eurozone recovery". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  109. ^ Balestreri, Giuliano (3 December 2014). "Jobs Act, ecco come cambia il mercato del lavoro". La Repubblica (in Italian). Libertà e Giustizia. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  110. ^ Lassandori, Andrea (2015). "La riforma del lavoro del Governo Renzi ed il sistema di relazioni sindacali". Questione Giustizia (in Italian). Libertà e Giustizia. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  111. ^ Rigamonti, Matteo (May 2014). "Perché il decreto Poletti segna una svolta importante nel nostro diritto del lavoro". Il Tempo (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  112. ^ Services, Kelly (5 June 2014). "Jobs Act, il decreto Poletti sul lavoro spiegato in un'infografica" (in Italian). Yahoo!. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  113. ^ Giubileo, Francesco (9 June 2017). "Il ritorno dei contratti di lavoro precari". Lavoce.info (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  114. ^ "Approval of Jos Act by Italian Senate". Ther Word. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  115. ^ Menghini, Luigi (2018). "Contratto di lavoro a termine e contratto a tempo indeterminato: attualità di una alternativa". Rivista Labor (in Italian). No. 3. Pacini Giuridica. ISSN 2533-0721. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  116. ^ "Governo, Renzi: 'Dal primo maggio 80 euro in più a chi ne prende meno di 1500'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 12 March 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  117. ^ "Riforma PA: vogliamo fare sul serio" (in Italian). Council of Ministers. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  118. ^ "13 giugno 2014, via libera alla riforma della p.a." Servizi Demografici (in Italian). 17 June 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  119. ^ "Riforma Pa e modifiche a processo telematico: il testo coordinato in Gazzetta". Altalex (in Italian). 9 September 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  120. ^ "Convertito il decreto sulla riforma della P.A.: ora 'é legge'". Il Quotidiano della Pubblica Amministrazione (in Italian). 7 August 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  121. ^ Patriarca, Fabrizio; Tilli, Riccardo (31 March 2017). "Decreto Poletti, Jobs Act e esoneri contributivi: cosa è cambiato nel mercato del lavoro italiano?". Etica Economia (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  122. ^ "Lavoro, la battaglia sull'articolo 18, Cgil a Renzi: 'Basta insulti'" (in Italian). ANSA. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  123. ^ "Articolo 18, Renzi avverte il Pd: 'La riforma dà diritti'. Da Brunetta 'soccorso azzurro'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 21 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  124. ^ "Jobs Act, Bersani: 'Articolo 18 è dignità. Renzi governa col mio 25%'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 23 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  125. ^ "Jobs act, sì da direzione Pd. Minoranza divisa. Renzi: 'Pronto a confronto con i sindacati'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 29 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  126. ^ Zampano, Giada (8 October 2014). "Italy's Renzi Wins Senate Confidence Vote on Labor Proposals". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  127. ^ Politi, James (9 October 2014). "Victory for Matteo Renzi as Italy's Senate backs labour reforms". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  128. ^ "Italy job reforms: CGIL union organises mass protest". BBC. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  129. ^ "Roma, statali in piazza contro governo: Siamo in 100mila". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 8 November 2014. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  130. ^ "Jobs act, Camera approva testo. Fuori dall'Aula Fi, Lega, M5s e 40 deputati Pd". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 25 November 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  131. ^ Bertini, Carlo (4 December 2014). "Via libera al Senato, il Jobs act è legge: abolito l'articolo 18". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022. Updated 24 June 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  132. ^ "Jobs act, il verdetto sul referendum Il tifo di Renzi per il sì della Consulta". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 9 January 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2022. Updated 11 January 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  133. ^ "Italy court blocks challenge to flagship Renzi reform". The Local Italy. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  134. ^ Colarusso, Gabriella (26 September 2018). "Sentenza sul Jobs Act, ecco cosa cambia". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  135. ^ Martino, Enzo (3 October 2018). "Jobs act, il criterio di indennizzo è incostituzionale. Così crolla uno dei pilastri della riforma Renzi". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  136. ^ Covelli, Roberta (9 November 2018). "La Corte Costituzionale ha smontato il Jobs act di Renzi (e anche il decreto Di Maio)". Fanpage (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  137. ^ Pavone, Attilio (21 January 2019). "More uncertainty follows the Italian Constitutional Court's partial repeal of the Jobs Act". Global Workplace Insider. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  138. ^ "Consulta: no indennità licenziamento ancorata ad anzianità servizio". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 16 July 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  139. ^ "Corte Costituzionale, la firma storica di tre donne sulla sentenza del Jobs Act". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 16 July 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  140. ^ Drange, Lene (29 March 2014). "Auksjonerer bort regjeringens luksusbiler på Ebay". E24 Næringsliv (in Norwegian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  141. ^ Sanderson, Rachel (14 April 2014). "Matteo Renzi forces sweeping change at state companies". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  142. ^ D'Andrea, Anna Maria (29 January 2021). "Bonus Renzi 80 e 100 euro, come funziona e cosa cambia in busta paga". Informazione Fiscale (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  143. ^ "Bonus 80 euro, Renzi: 'Mancia elettorale? Qualcuno dice: 'Dallo a me'. 1,6 milioni di persone l'hanno ricevuto con il 730'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 3 June 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  144. ^ "Renzi launches Unblock Italy decree and justice reform". ANSA. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  145. ^ "Renzi svela il programma per i 1000 giorni" (in Italian). ANSA. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  146. ^ "Renzi's 1,000 day programme is 'last chance' – update 2". ANSA. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  147. ^ "Renzi redux". The Economist. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  148. ^ "Renzi lancia il sito passodopopasso.italia.it". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 1 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  149. ^ "Renzi presenta il programma dei 'mille giorni'". La Stampa (in Italian). 1 September 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022. Updated 11 July 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  150. ^ Leone, Amedeo (20 October 2014). "Towards the new Legge di Stabilità 2015". Ther Word. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  151. ^ "European Commission to approve France and Italy budgets". BBC. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  152. ^ Guerrera, Antonello (15 October 2014). "Legge di stabilità, manovra da 36 miliardi. Renzi all'Europa: 'Circostanze straordinarie per Italia'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  153. ^ "Legge di stabilità 2015, Renzi: la manovra taglia 18 miliardi di tasse". Altalex (in Italian). 16 October 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  154. ^ Totaro, Lorenzo (13 February 2015). "Italy's Economy Fails to Rebound". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  155. ^ Zampano, Giada (15 October 2015). "Italy's Prime Minister Renzi Outlines Budget for 2016". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  156. ^ "Matteo Renzi: 'Abolizione Tasi e Imu, ridaremo ai Comuni quanto togliamo'". Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  157. ^ Jones, Gavin (22 December 2016). "Italy passes tax-cutting 2016 budget, dismissing EU doubts". Reuters. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  158. ^ Borzi, Nicola (2 November 2021). "Bankitalia: 'La soglia di Renzi sui contanti ha favorito il nero'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  159. ^ Frosina, Paolo (2 November 2021). "Contante, lo studio Bankitalia: 'Alzare la soglia a 3mila euro ha allargato l'economia illegale'. Renzi garantiva: 'Non aiuta l'evasione'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  160. ^ "Tetto al contante, centrodestra rialza la soglia a 2mila euro e Salvini esulta. Conte: 'Per loro la legalità è solo uno slogan'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 17 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  161. ^ Politi, James (28 May 2015). "Italy: Back on its feet". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  162. ^ Yardley, Jim (29 January 2016). "Matteo Renzi, Italian Premier, Pushes for a Place at Europe's Power Table". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  163. ^ "Italy warns of disaster if Europe rejects its budget". Euractiv. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  164. ^ "Riforma constituzionale: Premessa" (in Italian). Department for Institutional Reforms. 13 April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  165. ^ Celotto, Alfonso (2015). "Riforma costituzionale 2014". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  166. ^ "La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana: Parte seconda: Ordinamento della Repubblica" (in Italian). Presidency of the Council of Ministers. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  167. ^ "Legislation and official policy documents – Italy". European Education and Culture Executive Agency. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  168. ^ Messina, Dino (3 November 2017). "Senato, come e perché abbiamo un sistema bicamerale". Corriete della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  169. ^ Fabi, Gianfranco (30 August 2016). "Il bicameralismo perfetto non è figlio della Costituente". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  170. ^ Jones, Erik (7 December 2016). "Renzi's gamble: Italy's fundamental choice between representative and decisive government". Institute for Public Policy Research. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  171. ^ "Renzi's tricky bargain". The Economist. 25 January 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  172. ^ "La riforma costituzionale – Schede di lettura" (PDF). Gazzetta Ufficiale (in Italian). No. 88. State Mint and Polygraphic Institute. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  173. ^ Davies, Lizzy (12 March 2014). "Italian PM Matteo Renzi's electoral reform law clears first hurdle". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  174. ^ "Il Senato ha approvato la riforma delle province". Il Post (in Italian). 26 March 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  175. ^ "Italian Politics Made Simple: The Senate's Reform". Ther Word. 17 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  176. ^ Larcinese, Valentino (4 November 2016). "Why Italians should reject Renzi's constitutional reform". London School of Economics. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  177. ^ Truzzi, Silvia (17 July 2014). "Riforme, Rodotà: 'Avremo un governo padrone del sistema costituzionale'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  178. ^ Romano, Luca (13 March 2014). "Bertinotti: 'Con Renzi la sinistra non esiste più...'". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  179. ^ Preziosi, Daniela (28 June 2014). "Bertinotti: 'L'ordine nuovo di Renzi. Autoritario, non di sinistra'". il manifesto (in Italian). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  180. ^ Annunziata, Lucia (26 March 2014). "Renzi progetta un premierato forte e già lo pratica". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  181. ^ "Riforme, Renzi: 'Abolizione Senato il 10 giugno'. Riforma Pa: 'Beccare fannulloni'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 29 April 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  182. ^ Ercolessi, Giulio (20 September 2016). "The Italian Constitutional Reform: How Renzi is Putting Liberal Democracy at Risk. A Critical Liberal Analysis" (in Italian). Libertà e Giustizia. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  183. ^ John, Tara (1 December 2016). "What to Know About Italy's Constitutional Referendum". Time. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  184. ^ Urbinati, Nadia (24 May 2016). "Non c'è il Pci alle origine di questa revisione del bicameralismo". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.. See also at Libertà e Giustizia.
  185. ^ D'Esposito, Fabrizio (2 August 2014). "Patto del Nazareno, la clausola segreta di Renzi e Berlusconi: 'Prodi mai al Colle'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  186. ^ "Patto Nazareno, Forza Italia esplode e fa saltare l'intesa. Il Pd: 'Ognuno per sé'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 4 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  187. ^ "La versione di Renzi sull'elezione di Sergio Mattarella". Il Post (in Italian). 11 July 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  188. ^ Finzi, Fabrizio (6 December 2021). "Quirinale 2015: Mattarella al Colle, il capolavoro di Renzi" (in Italian). ANSA. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  189. ^ "Legge elettorale, Renzi lancia 'Italicum'. Minoranza contro, ma proposta passa: neanche un no". La Repubblica (in Italian). 20 January 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  190. ^ "Il Senato approva l'Italicum, Renzi: 'Il coraggio paga, andiamo avanti'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 27 January 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  191. ^ Landucci, Roberto (28 April 2015). "Italy PM defies rebels with a confidence vote on election law". Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  192. ^ "Italicum: Per Mattarellum sì largo, Porcellum a maggioranza. Fiducia solo su legge truffa, i precedenti" (in Italian). ANSA. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  193. ^ Landucci, Roberto (4 May 2015). "Italy parliament passes Renzi's electoral reform". Yahoo! News. Reuters. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  194. ^ "9/12 Italicum/ Legge in vigore da luglio 2016". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 1 July 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  195. ^ "Cosa prevede la legge elettorale Italicum". Internazionale (in Italian). 5 October 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  196. ^ "Perché l'Italicum è incostituzionale". Il Post (in Italian). 10 February 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  197. ^ Rubino, Monica (26 October 2017). "Il Rosatellum bis è legge dello Stato: via libera definitivo al Senato con 214 sì". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  198. ^ "Italy Prime Minister Matteo Renzi on Senate Reform". Bloomberg. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  199. ^ Follain, John; Micklethwait, John (29 September 2015). "Renzi Has No Need for Berlusconi Votes on Key Senate Overhaul". Bloomberg. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  200. ^ Politi, James (13 October 2015). "Renzi wins Senate victory over Italy's political gridlock". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  201. ^ Ananasso, Agnese (12 April 2016). "Riforma costituzionale, via libera della Camera: addio al bicameralismo perfetto. Ora il referendum". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  202. ^ Giuffrida, Angela; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (5 December 2016). "Italian PM Matteo Renzi resigns after referendum defeat". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  203. ^ "Italy PM Renzi attacks northern regions for refusing migrants". BBC. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  204. ^ "Italy coastguard: 3,000 migrants rescued in one day in Mediterranean". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 23 August 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  205. ^ "Analisi: Paolo Gentiloni". Pagella Politica (in Italian). 22 February 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  206. ^ "Hundreds of Migrants Believed Dead in Shipwreck Off Libya, Says UNHCR". The Wall Street Journal. 19 April 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  207. ^ "Naufragio nel Canale di Sicilia, nel pomeriggio vertice Ue. Presidenza Ue: più fondi per Frontex" (in Italian). Rai. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  208. ^ Pirone, Diodato (19 April 2015). "Strage migranti, Renzi: 'Pronti a bloccare la partenza dei barconi verso l'Italia'". Il Mattino (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  209. ^ "Tsipras telefona a Renzi". Lasiciliaweb.it (in Italian). 19 April 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  210. ^ "Italian PM Matteo Renzi condemns 'new slave trade' in Mediterranean". BBC. 19 April 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  211. ^ Lanni, Alessandro (31 January 2016). "From Dublin to Schengen, the battle with the EU that Matteo Renzi lost". Open Migration. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  212. ^ "Diritti gay, Camera approva mozione Pd: 'Legge unioni civili, impegno del governo'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 10 June 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  213. ^ "Case of Oliary and Others v. Italy". European Court of Human Rights. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  214. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (21 July 2015). "Italy violates human rights of same-sex couples, court rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  215. ^ "Parlamento Italiano – Disegno di legge S. 2081 – 17ª Legislatura" (in Italian). Senate of the Republic. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  216. ^ "Senate to examine civil unions bill on Wednesday (2)". ANSA. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  217. ^ "Why not everyone is happy with Italy's civil unions bill". The Local Italy. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  218. ^ Jones, Gavin (24 February 2016). "Italy's Renzi calls confidence vote on gay unions bill". Reuters. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  219. ^ "Italian MPs back same-sex unions in vote for Renzi". BBC. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  220. ^ Yardley, Jim (25 January 2016). "Italy Divided Over Effort to Legalize Civil Unions for Gays". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  221. ^ "Why Italy has no choice but to pass gay civil unions bill". The Local Italy. 28 January 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  222. ^ Vogt, Andrea (25 February 2016). "Italy's Renzi wins confidence vote on same-sex unions bill". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  223. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (25 February 2016). "Italian senate passes watered-down bill recognising same-sex civil unions". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  224. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (24 February 2016). "Italy close to landmark vote in favour of same-sex civil unions". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  225. ^ Politi, James (25 February 2016). "Matteo Renzi hails civil union 'victory for love'". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  226. ^ "Italian MPs back same-sex unions in vote for Renzi". BBC. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  227. ^ "Renzi sketches school revamp as reform drive continues". ANSA. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  228. ^ "Scuola, Renzi: 'Riforma non del premier o ministro, ma di tutti'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 3 September 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  229. ^ "Scuola: Renzi, non ennesima riforma ma patto educativo" (in Italian). ANSA. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  230. ^ Riccardi, Katia (9 July 2015). "Ddl 'Buona scuola' è legge. Ma è caos nel Pd: solo 277 voti. A favore 4 verdiniani". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  231. ^ "Olimpiadi 2024, Renzi: 'Ufficiale candidatura di Roma e dell'Italia'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 15 December 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  232. ^ Politi, James (15 December 2014). "Renzi goes for gold with Rome's Olympic bid". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  233. ^ Reynolds, James (21 September 2016). "Rome 2024 Olympic bid collapses in acrimony". BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  234. ^ "Expo 2015, Matteo Renzi è soddisfatto: 'In un anno da scandalo a scommessa vinta'". Il Giorno (in Italian). 27 April 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  235. ^ Carra, Ilaria; Gallione, Alessia; Liso, Oriana (1 May 2015). "Renzi apre l'Expo: 'Oggi inizia il nostro domani'. Il messaggio del Papa: 'Pane e lavoro per tutti'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  236. ^ "Expo Milano 2015 – Nutrire il Pianeta, Energia per la Vita!". Expo 2015. May 2014. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  237. ^ "Expo Milano 2015 Participants". Expo 2015. May 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  238. ^ Day, Michael (1 May 2015). "Milan Expo 2015: Rioting and tear gas mar the start of a 'brighter tomorrow' for Italy". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  239. ^ Baglio, Francesco (27 April 2015). "Papa Francesco si arrabbia per i soldi spesi dal Vaticano per l'Expo". DirettaNews (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  240. ^ Michelino, Michele (26 September 2016). "L'Italia che affonda". Il pane e le rose (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  241. ^ Capurso, Federico (1 September 2016). "Terremoto, Vasco Errani Commissario per la ricostruzione: 'Primo impegno la trasparenza'". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  242. ^ "M6.1 – 2 km NNW of Visso, Italy". United States Geological Survey. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  243. ^ "Ein Toter nach schweren Erdbeben in Mittelitalien" (in German). T-Online. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  244. ^ "M6.6 – 6 km N of Norcia, Italy". United States Geological Survey. 30 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  245. ^ Blau, Max; Dewan, Angela (30 October 2016). "Italy earthquake: 6.6-magnitude tremor rocks nation's center". CNN. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  246. ^ Boehler, Patrick; Wilson, Caryn A. (24 August 2016). "Italy's History of Deadly Earthquakes". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  247. ^ "M5s: 'Il governo invia caccia contro l'Is senza autorizzazione'. Fonti esercito: solo ricognizione". La Repubblica (in Italian). 16 November 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  248. ^ "Gaza, Renzi: 'L'Italia appoggia la proposta egiziana'. Appello con Al-Sisi per il cessate il fuoco" (in Italian). Rai. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  249. ^ Chazot, Sylvain (6 July 2014). "Manuel Valls aime bien qu'on le compare à Matteo Renzi, beaucoup moins à Napoléon". Le Lab (in French). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  250. ^ "Elezioni europee: stravince Renzi – I risultati". Panorama (in Italian). 26 May 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  251. ^ Balasubramanyam, Ranjitha (16 September 2013). "All Eyes on Berlin". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  252. ^ "Matteo Renzi Angela Merkel: il vertice a Berlino (diretta)". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  253. ^ Donahue, Patrick (23 January 2015). "Merkel Lauds Italy's Renzi as Counterpoint to ECB Action". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  254. ^ "Parte il tour europeo di Renzi, oggi da Hollande" (in Italian). Rai. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  255. ^ "Renzi: in Europa rischio populismi" (in Italian). Rai. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  256. ^ "Europa, A Bologna nasce 'l'asse latino', Renzi, Valls e Sanchez contro l'austerità" (in Italian). Rai. 9 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  257. ^ "Renzi says 'violence always loses'" (in Italian). ANSA. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  258. ^ "Charlie Hebdo: marcia a Parigi, Renzi: 'Paura non ci ferma'" (in Italian). ANSA. 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  259. ^ Malaguti, Andrea (1 April 2014). "Renzi: 'Lavoro, serve più flessibilità' E incassa la benedizione di Cameron". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022. Updated 11 July 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  260. ^ "Renzi: investimenti stanno tornando". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 1 April 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  261. ^ "Renzi a Londra incontra anche Blair. Cameron: 'Matteo ha un piano ambizioso'". Europa (in Italian). 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  262. ^ "Renzi alla Merkel: 'Non tratti gli altri come scolaretti'. Alla City: 'Italy is back'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 2 October 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  263. ^ "Ue: Renzi, Mogherini candidata ufficiale a Lady Pesc" (in Italian). ANSA. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  264. ^ "Ue, lettera di Matteo Renzi a Juncker: 'Mogherini candidata Pesc per l'Italia'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  265. ^ "Poroshenko to brief world leaders before NATO summit". Business Standard. Agence France-Presse. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  266. ^ "Vertice Nato su Ucraina e Isis Renzi 'sostegno concreto a Kiev'" (in Italian). AGI. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  267. ^ "Tsipras, il tour anti-austerità a Roma. Padoan: 'Crescita priorità per la Grecia'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 3 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  268. ^ Romano, Luca (26 April 2014). "Ucraina, sanzioni più dure per la Russia. E Renzi vede Yatseniuk". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  269. ^ "Obama a Roma: 'Emozionato dal Papa' A Renzi: fiducia nelle riforme italiane". La Stampa (in Italian). 27 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022. Updated 11 July 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  270. ^ Biondi, Lorenzo (27 March 2014). "'Yes we can, vale oggi per l'Italia'. L'incontro Renzi-Obama a Roma". Europa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  271. ^ "Obama: 'Su Difesa si può risparmiare. Ma Ue spende poco rispetto a Usa'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 27 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  272. ^ "Renzi: 'Obama per noi un modello'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 27 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  273. ^ Rampini, Federico (22 September 2014). "I cervelli italiani emigrati nella Silicon Valley: 'Spiegheremo a Renzi come attirare i talenti'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  274. ^ "Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi visits Twitter's S.F. office". San Francisco Chronicle. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022. Updated 23 September 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  275. ^ Mastrovilli, Paolo (22 September 2014). "Cena a Stanford per Renzi, poi un tour digitale nelle sedi di Twitter, Yahoo e Google". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022. Updated 24 June 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  276. ^ Chioda, Eleonora; Platero, Mario (22 September 2014). "Renzi a Stanford: impegno per un'Italia più aperta al mondo e all'innovazione tecnologica". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  277. ^ "Renzi al summit di New York: 'I cambiamenti climatici sono la sfida del nostro tempo'" (in Italian). Rai. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  278. ^ Conti, Marco (23 September 2014). "Renzi a New York, incontro con i coniugi Clinton e l'assemblea dell'Onu". Il Mattino (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  279. ^ "Renzi a New York: Via al vertice Onu su clima e incontro con Ban Ki-moon" (in Italian). LaPresse. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  280. ^ Superville, Darlene (17 April 2015). "Obama, Italian Prime Minister Renzi Meet at White House". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  281. ^ "Italy willing 'to keep troops in Afghanistan'". The Local Italy. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  282. ^ "Under pressure Italian PM gets star treatment on White House visit". The Guardian. Associated Press. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  283. ^ Carrer, Stefano (1 August 2015). "Renzi, 48 ore tra Tokyo e Kyoto per rafforzare i rapporti con il Giappone". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  284. ^ D'Emilia, Pio (5 June 2014). "Matteo Renzi incontra Shinzo Abe: Tokyo cerca 'solidarietà' contro Pechino". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  285. ^ "Storica visita di Renzi in Vietnam, prima volta di un premier italiano" (in Italian). ANSA. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  286. ^ Di Pillo, Laura (9 June 2014). "Renzi ad Hanoi: ballottaggi? Risultato straordinario, è la fine di posizioni di rendita". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  287. ^ "Renzi e la missione Asia, tappa ad Hanoi". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 14 June 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  288. ^ "Renzi in Vietnam, la prima volta di premier italiano" (in Italian). AGI. 9 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  289. ^ "Renzi in Vietnam, le foto anche sui social network". La Repubblica (in Italian). 9 June 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  290. ^ "Renzi-Xi Jinping, un altro idillio". Il Messagero (in Italian). 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  291. ^ Barbera, Alessandro (11 June 2014). "Renzi in Cina: dobbiamo aprirci di più". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022. Updated 2 June 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  292. ^ Fatiguso, Rita (11 June 2014). "Renzi incontra Xi Jiping: costruiamo nuove occasioni di collaborazione". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  293. ^ "Italia-Cina, Renzi: '20 accordi per oltre 8 miliardi'" (in Italian). Rai. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  294. ^ Bertirotti, Alessandro (10 June 2014). "Mr. Renzi va in Kazakistan". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  295. ^ "Cosa è andato a fare Renzi in Kazakistan". Il Post (in Italian). 13 June 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  296. ^ "Turkmenistan: Renzi, con Ashgabat 'amicizia' anche oltre il gas" (in Italian). AGI. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  297. ^ "Italy Tries to Make Up for Lost Time in Africa". World Politics Review. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  298. ^ "Renzi a Tunisi per la sua prima visita ufficiale all'estero: Mediterraneo al centro della presidenza italiana della Ue". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 4 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  299. ^ "Tunisia: premier Renzi condanna attacco" (in Italian). ANSA. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  300. ^ "Visita Renzi in Mozambico, Congo-Brazzaville e Angola" (in Italian). Council of Ministers. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  301. ^ "Renzi in Mozambico: 'Da Eni un investimento da 50 miliardi'. Descalzi assicura: 'Non andremo via da Gela'". Il Messagero (in Italian). 19 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  302. ^ "Matteo Renzi in Mozambico: 'Più investimenti nel Paese da parte dell'Italia'". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 19 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  303. ^ "Renzi in Africa. Obiettivo: risorse energetiche ed export" (in Italian). Rai. 19 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  304. ^ "Renzi arrivato in Congo Brazzaville" (in Italian). ANSA. 20 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  305. ^ "Africa: Eni firma accordo in Congo, stasera Renzi in Angola" (in Italian). AGI. 20 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  306. ^ Oddo, Giuseppe (21 July 2014). "Renzi fa squadra con Eni e va in Congo dal dittatore Sassou Nguesso". Finanza e Potere. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  307. ^ "Renzi in Angola, rafforzare cooperazione economica" (in Italian). ANSA. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  308. ^ Genghini, Mario Lucio (22 July 2014). "Renzi rafforza i rapporti economici con l'Angola. Ma a che prezzo?". Blogo (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  309. ^ "Italia-Africa: al via missione Renzi, tra politica e 'business'" (in Italian). AGI. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  310. ^ "Sudan: amb. in Italia, Meriam a Roma grazie a amicizia tra nostri paesi" (in Italian). Adnkronos. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  311. ^ Elbagir, Nima; Messia, Hada; Smith Spark, Laura (24 July 2014). "Woman who faced death for faith is free". CNN. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  312. ^ Politi, James (5 December 2014). "Italy's Renzi pivots to Africa for alternatives to Russian gas". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  313. ^ "Renzi in Algeria: 'Il Mediterraneo al centro della politica estera italiana'" (in Italian). Rai. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  314. ^ "Renzi tris d'Africa". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). 31 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  315. ^ "Nigeria, Italy sign pact on boosting police training, logistics". TheNEWS. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  316. ^ "Italian special forces in Libya training mission" (in Italian). ANSA. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  317. ^ "Italo-Russian Relations" (in Italian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs. June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  318. ^ Rame, Sergio (2 March 2014). "Renzi ammonisce la Russia: 'Una violazione inacettabile'". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  319. ^ Orlandi Posti, Nicoletta (2 March 2014). "L'Italia: 'Sovranità violata in Crimea, inaccettabile'". Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  320. ^ "Matteo Renzi alla Camera: 'Illegittimo il referendum in Crimea'". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). 19 March 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  321. ^ "G7 leaders warn Russia of fresh sanctions over Ukraine". BBC. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  322. ^ Matteucci, Piera (5 June 2014). "Renzi al G7: 'Chiusa fase austerity. Italia protagonista idee, non nei ruoli'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  323. ^ "Ucraina, Renzi a Putin: 'Intollerabile escalation". Obama: 'Gravi costi per Russia'" (in Italian). Rai. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  324. ^ "Vertice Asem, a Milano 53 tra Capi di Stato e di Governo per il 10° summit tra Europa e Asia" (in Italian). Rai. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  325. ^ "G20, obiettivo crescita del 2,1% entro il 2018. Ma è tensione sull'Ucraina" (in Italian). ANSA. 15 November 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  326. ^ Daragahi, Borzou; Hille, Kathrin; Politi, James (5 March 2015). "Renzi appeals to Putin for Russian help to stabilise Libya". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  327. ^ "Italian prime minister begins trip to Kiev, Moscow". TASS Russian News Agency. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  328. ^ "Renzi a Mosca da Putin". La Repubblica (in Italian). 5 March 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  329. ^ Dyomkin, Denis (5 March 2015). "Italy's Renzi lays flowers on Moscow bridge where Nemtsov killed". Reuters. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  330. ^ Armellini, Alvise (6 March 2015). "Renzi seeks to end Putin's international isolation". Euobserver. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  331. ^ "Renzi seeks key role for Russia in Libya crisis". The Local Italy. 6 March 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  332. ^ Jozwiak, Rikard (10 December 2015). "What's Behind Italy's Step Back On Extending Sanctions Against Russia?". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  333. ^ Steinhauser, Gabriele (18 December 2015). "Germany's Merkel Defends Russian Gas Pipeline Plan". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  334. ^ "Renzi al Cairo: 'Su Gaza, l'Italia appoggia la proposta egiziana'". Il Secolo XIX (in Italian). 2 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  335. ^ "Oggi il premier al Cairo tra la crisi di gaza e i rapporti bilaterali" (in Italian). AGI. 2 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  336. ^ "Gaza, Israele avvia ritiro dell'esercito. Hamas: 'Scelte che non ci impegnano'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 2 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  337. ^ "Renzi puts brakes on military action as Italy frets over Libya". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  338. ^ "ISIS claims responsibility for bomb attack against Italian consulate in Cairo". The Daily Star. 11 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  339. ^ "Islamic State 'behind blast' at Italian consulate in Cairo". BBC. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  340. ^ Sirgany, Sara (11 July 2015). "1 dead in car bomb blast at Italian Consulate in Egypt". CNN. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  341. ^ "Italian student found dead in Cairo 'killed by violent blow to the head'". The Guardian. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  342. ^ "Italian student Giulio Regeni's body found in Egypt". BBC. 4 April 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  343. ^ Zampano, Giada (4 February 2016). "Italy Summons Egyptian Ambassador Over Death of Student in Cairo". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  344. ^ "Suspicion falls on Egypt's security forces after the violent death of a young Italian". The Economist. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  345. ^ "Egypt: Italian's killers may have had criminal or revenge motive". BBC. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  346. ^ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (16 March 2016). "Egypt: Egypt president suggests his political enemies murdered Italian student". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  347. ^ "Iraq, Iran pronto ad agire contro l'Isis se verranno revocate le sanzioni sul nucleare: ma da Teheran arriva la smentita". Il Messagero (in Italian). 21 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  348. ^ "Renzi in Iraq: 'L'Europa deve essere qui' 'Vinceremo battaglia contro terrorismo'". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 20 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  349. ^ "Visita di Renzi in Iraq" (in Italian). Council of Ministers. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  350. ^ Weymouth, Lally (29 September 2014). "Italy's prime minister: 'Everything must change in Italy'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  351. ^ "Sì del Parlamento alle armi ai peshmerga. Renzi ai curdi: 'Insieme batteremo i terroristi'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 20 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  352. ^ "New York: partecipazione al Vertice ONU" (in Italian). Council of Ministers. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  353. ^ Tacconi, Matteo (10 December 2014). "Perché Renzi va in Turchia". Europa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  354. ^ "Renzi rientrato dagli Emirati Arabi". Tgcom24 (in Italian). 9 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  355. ^ "Gen. Shaikh Mohammed receives Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi". Khaleej Times. 10 January 2015. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  356. ^ "Medio Oriente, Netanyhau: 'Dirò a Kerry e Renzi che Israele respinge il ritiro ai confini del 1967'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 14 December 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  357. ^ "Renzi in visita in Israele e Palestina" (in Italian). Council of Ministers. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  358. ^ "Renzi incontra Netanyahu: 'Diversità di vedute sul nucleare iraniano'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 21 July 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  359. ^ Worley, Will (26 January 2016). "Italy is hiding statue genitals from Iran's visiting president". Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  360. ^ Lombardi, Pietro (26 January 2016). "Iran's President in Italy: Nude statues covered". CNN. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  361. ^ "Renzi vola per primo a Teheran. Obiettivo: assicurarsi la leadership sul tesoro iraniano". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). 11 April 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  362. ^ "Renzi a Teheran incontra Rohani: 'Molte occasioni di business. Follia dire che tutti islamici sono terroristi'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 12 April 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  363. ^ "Renzi in America Latina dal 23 al 28 ottobre". Yahoo! Sports. Reuters. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  364. ^ "Dal Cile a Cuba, Renzi e le imprese volano in Sudamerica" (in Italian). ANSA. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  365. ^ "Renzi: 'C'è un'Italia di cui essere orgogliosi, e non è l'Italietta delle polemiche di parte'". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 25 October 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  366. ^ "Prime Minister of Italy Visits Paranal Observatory". European Southern Observatory. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  367. ^ "Le foto di Matteo Renzi in Sudamerica". Il Post (in Italian). 30 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  368. ^ "Peru PM: Italian Prime Minister Visit strengthens bonds". ANDINA. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  369. ^ "In a first, Italian PM Renzi visits Cuba". Yahoo! News. Agence France-Press. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  370. ^ "Renzi a Cuba incontra Raúl Castro" (in Italian). Rai. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  371. ^ "Renzi a Cuba, footing sul Malecon". La Repubblica (in Italian). 28 October 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  372. ^ "Renzi in Argentina" (in Italian). Council of Ministers. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  373. ^ Soltys, Michael (16 February 2016). "Renzi: a young visitor from the old world". Buenos Aires Herald. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  374. ^ "Renzi in Messico e negli Stati Uniti" (in Italian). Council of Ministers. 23 April 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  375. ^ Mauro, Angela (11 December 2016). "'Tutto da costruire'. La nuova vita di Renzi segretario del Pd". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  376. ^ "Il passaggio della campanella tra Renzi e Gentiloni". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 12 December 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  377. ^ "Italy ex-PM Matteo Renzi wins Democratic Party election". BBC. 30 April 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  378. ^ "Matteo Renzi resigns as leader of Democratic party after poll defeat". The Guardian. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  379. ^ Fusaro, Carlo (22 September 2019). "Italia Viva, Party System Reform Morta: What Matteo Renzi's split from the PD means for democracy and stability in Italy and beyond". Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional. doi:10.17176/20190922-232352-0. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  380. ^ Pianta, Mario (April 2021). "Italy's Political Turmoil and Mario Draghi's European Challenges". Intereconomics. 56 (2): 82–85. doi:10.1007/s10272-021-0958-9. PMC 8021634. PMID 33840824. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  381. ^ Bertini, Carlo; Carugati, Andrea (19 February 2017). "Rossi, Emiliano e Speranza: 'Renzi ha scelto'". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  382. ^ "Renzi, rimettiamoci in cammino insieme" (in Italian). ANSA. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  383. ^ Stefanoni, Franco (25 February 2017). "Ecco il nome degli ex Pd: Articolo 1 Movimento dei democratici e progressisti". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  384. ^ Gagliardi, Andrea (25 February 2017). "'Democratici e progressisti' il nuovo nome degli ex Pd. Speranza: lavoro è nostra priorità". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  385. ^ Binelli, Raffaello (25 February 2017). "Nasce il Movimento democratici e progressisti". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  386. ^ "Renzi riparte, e registra lo slogan-brand 'In Cammino'". Il Messaggero (in Italian). 7 March 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  387. ^ "Ecco la sintesi della mozione congressuale di Matteo Renzi". L'Unità (in Italian). 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  388. ^ Franco, Maria (15 March 2017). "Maurizio Martina: chi è il vice (di sinistra) scelto da Matteo Renzi". Panorama (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  389. ^ Rubino, Monica (10 March 2017). "Lingotto, Renzi apre la kermesse del Pd: 'Rivendichiamo il futuro contro la paura'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  390. ^ "Pd, ultimo giorno kermesse Lingotto. Renzi: partita inizia ora, scrivere progetto Paese" (in Italian). ANSA. 9 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  391. ^ "Al Lingotto conto gli euroburocrati". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). 10 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  392. ^ Strippoli, Sara (8 March 2017). "Torino, da Padoan a Lotti parata di ministri con Renzi al Lingotto". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  393. ^ "Emma Bonino: 'Vado al Lingotto per contaminare Renzi'". La7 (in Italian). 8 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  394. ^ Zampano, Giada (13 March 2017). "'Soft revolution' threatens Matteo Renzi's Italian comeback". Politico. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  395. ^ "Orlando contro Emiliano: 'Scorretto e populista'". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). 1 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  396. ^ "Segreteria Pd, il ministro Orlando apre la sua campagna a Genova". Il Secolo XIX (in Italian). 25 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  397. ^ De Angelis, Alessandro (23 February 2017). "Il figlio del partito". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  398. ^ "I dati definitivi dei congressi di circolo" (in Italian). Democratic Party. 30 April 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  399. ^ Custodero, Alberto (30 April 2017). "Primarie Pd, Renzi vince nettamente: 'Al fianco del governo: nuovo inizio, niente rivincite'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  400. ^ "I dati definitivi delle primarie: Renzi 70%, Orlando 19,5%, Emiliano 10,49%". L'HuffPost (in Italian). 1 May 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  401. ^ "Primarie" (in Italian). Democratic Party. 1 May 2017. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  402. ^ "Primarie PD". La Repubblica (in Italian). 1 May 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  403. ^ Rubino, Monica (18 May 2017). "Legge elettorale, il 5 giugno in aula. Il Pd spinge sul Rosatellum, ma i numeri in Senato restano incerti". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  404. ^ "Legge elettorale, cosa prevede il 'Rosatellum'" (in Italian). Adnkronos. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  405. ^ "Arriva il 'Rosatellum', Renzi: a giugno la nuova legge elettorale" (in Italian). Rai. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  406. ^ Falci, Giuseppe Alberto (10 July 2017). "Rosatellum, come funziona la legge elettorale e cosa prevede". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  407. ^ Patta, Emilia (20 September 2017). "Rosatellum 2.0, tutti i rischi del nuovo Patto del Nazareno". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  408. ^ "Il patto a quattro Pd-Ap-Lega-Fi regge. Primo ok al Rosatellum, martedì in Aula alla Camera". L'HuffPost (in Italian). 7 October 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  409. ^ "Rosatellum approvato alla Camera. Evitata la trappola dello scrutinio segreto. Via libera al salva-Verdini". La Repubblica (in Italian). 12 October 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  410. ^ Buzzanca, Silvio; Gallori, Paolo (26 October 2017). "Il Rosatellum bis è legge dello Stato: via libera definitivo al Senato con 214 sì". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  411. ^ "Più forte, più giusta. L'Italia – Il programma del Pd" (in Italian). Democratic Party. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  412. ^ "Italy". Center for Strategic and International Studies. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  413. ^ Toygür, Ilke (16 March 2018). "A guide to understanding Italy: the 2018 elections and beyond". Elcano Royal Institute. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  414. ^ "Porta a porta – S2017/18 – Puntata del 10/01/2018 – Video". RaiPlay (in Italian). 10 January 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  415. ^ "Pd, Renzi ecco il programma elettorale: 240 euro al mese per figlio. 'Taglio contributi tempo indeterminato'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 2 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  416. ^ "Renzi: il futuro sono gli Stati Uniti d'Europa". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 20 January 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  417. ^ Matteucci, Piera (4 March 2018). "Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  418. ^ Sala, Alessandro (3 April 2018). "Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  419. ^ Ciriaco, Tommaso (5 March 2018). "Renzi: 'Lascerò dopo nuovo governo. Pd all'opposizione'. Ma è scontro nel partito: 'Via subito'. Orfini: 'Percorso previsto dallo statuto'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  420. ^ Casadio, Giovanna; Custodero, Alberto (12 March 2018). "Direzione Pd, Martina: 'Governino Lega e M5s'. Renzi assente: 'Mi dimetto ma non mollo'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  421. ^ "La Lega presenta al Senato una mozione di sfiducia a Conte. M5S attacca Salvini: 'Giullare'" (in Italian). Rai. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  422. ^ Squires, Nick (9 August 2019). "Italy's League files no confidence motion in prime minister in bid to trigger election". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  423. ^ Hall, Ben (20 August 2019). "Conte resignation shows stakes are high in Italy's political crisis". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  424. ^ Giuffrida, Angela (20 August 2019). "Italian PM resigns with attack on 'opportunist' Salvini". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  425. ^ Horowitz, Jason (28 August 2019). "Italy's Government Collapses, Turning Chaos Into Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  426. ^ "Renzi contro Gentiloni: 'Ha provato a far saltare l'accordo con i 5Stelle'. Zingaretti: 'Accuse offensive'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 August 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  427. ^ D'Emilio, Frances; Zampano, Giada (28 August 2019). "Italy's Conte might be back at helm with Salvini shut out". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  428. ^ "Conte wins crucial support for likely new Italian coalition". VOA News. Reuters. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  429. ^ "C'è l'accordo tra M5s e Pd. Governo giallorosso ai nastri di partenza" (in Italian). AGI. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  430. ^ "Crisi, tutti contro Salvini. Adinolfi: 'Zingaretti-M5S? Nel Pd comanda Renzi'". Affari Italiani (in Italian). 22 August 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  431. ^ Cuzzocrea, Annalisa (16 September 2019). "Renzi lascia il Pd: 'Uscire dal partito sarà un bene per tutti. Anche per Conte'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  432. ^ "Renzi: 'Il nome della nuova sfida che stiamo per lanciare sarà Italia viva'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  433. ^ "A un passo dalla crisi di governo: Renzi pronto a ritirare le ministre. Ecco gli scenari possibili". Open (in Italian). 3 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  434. ^ Balmer, Crispian (4 January 2021). "Italian government totters as Conte, Renzi divide deepens". Reuters. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  435. ^ Ciriaco, Tommaso (30 December 2021). "Governo, Conte sfida Renzi: 'Se si sfila andiamo in aula. Sul Recovery non va bene: dobbiamo correre'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  436. ^ Napolitano, Pasquale (3 January 2021). "Renzi, tam-tam continuo 'Il 7 ritiro le ministre'". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  437. ^ "Matteo Renzi annuncia dimissioni ministre IV e attacca il governo" (in Italian). ANSA. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022. 'We asked the Prime Minister three questions. The first is methodical: we will not allow anyone to have full powers, we have started this government not to give them to Salvini'. ... 'There is a dramatic emergency to face but it cannot be the only element that keeps the government alive. Responding to the pandemic means having the desire and need to unblock construction sites and act on industrial policies' ... . 'There is a reason if Italy is the country with the highest number of deaths and GDP that collapses'.
  438. ^ Cerami, Gabriella (13 January 2021). "Conte offre un patto, Renzi ritira le ministre. La crisi è servita". L'HuffPost (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  439. ^ Horowitz, Jason (9 February 2021). "Renzi's Power Play Is a 'Masterpiece.' He'll Be the First to Tell You". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  440. ^ Amaro, Silvia (3 February 2021). "Italy: Renzi says country will be in good hands with Mario Draghi". CNBC. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  441. ^ "Mario Draghi secures support from key parties to form new Italian government". The Guardian. Associated Press. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  442. ^ Johnson, Miles (10 February 2021). "'Italy is back': Renzi hails prospect of Draghi government". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  443. ^ Preziosi, Daniela (23 January 2022). "Quirinale, la solita ambizione di Matteo Renzi di fare il kingmaker". Domani (in Italian). Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  444. ^ Ianaccone, Stefano (26 January 2022). "Renzi continua a puntare su Casini. Il segnale nelle urne: 52 voti per l'ex Dc". L'HuffPost (in Italian). Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  445. ^ Jakhnagiev, Alexander (29 January 2022). "Quirinale, Renzi boccia Belloni: 'Solo in un Paese anti-democratico il capo dei servizi segreti diventa presidente della Repubblica'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  446. ^ "Renzi a Sky TG24: 'Draghi e Mattarella: squadra che vince non si cambia'". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 3 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  447. ^ "Elezioni 2014" (in Italian). Ministry of the Interior. 25 May 2014. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  448. ^ Rubino, Monica (26 May 2014). "Elezioni europee, il Pd: 'Abbiamo vinto noi, risultato straordinario'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  449. ^ Scherer, Steve (26 May 2014). "Renzi's triumph in EU vote gives mandate for Italian reform". Reuters. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  450. ^ Ferrara, Domenico (26 May 2014). "Renzi rottama pure la Dc (in termini di consensi)". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  451. ^ "Dalla Dc degli anni 50 al Pci di Berlinguer. Tutti i risultati record nella storia delle elezioni in Italia". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 2 May 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  452. ^ D'Alimonte, Roberto (28 May 2014). "Il Pd vince dappertutto, anche nel Nord-Est" (in Italian). Italian Center for Electoral Studies. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  453. ^ "Nomine Ue, Renzi la spunta: Mogherini è Alto Rappresentante agli esteri". La Repubblica (in Italian). 30 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  454. ^ "PM backs anti-mafia figure for Italy President". Yahoo! News. 29 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  455. ^ Politi, James; Segreti, Giulia (31 January 2015). "Sergio Mattarella to be Italy's next president". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  456. ^ Sappino, Luca (11 January 2016). "Riforme, alla Camera il sì passa senza problemi: e ora si pensa già al referendum". L'Espresso (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  457. ^ Sgherza, Alessio (12 October 2015). "Scheda / La nuova Costituzione e il nuovo Senato (versione solo testo)". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  458. ^ Balmer, Crispian (12 April 2016). "Italy passes Renzi's flagship reform, opening way for referendum". Reuters. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  459. ^ "Matteo Renzi's referendum defeat risks Italy political crisis". BBC. 5 December 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  460. ^ Verderami, Francesco (13 December 2017). "Elezioni 2018, si punta al 27 dicembre per lo scioglimento delle Camere: si vota il 4 marzo". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  461. ^ Berlini, Alberto (2 February 2018). "Elezioni 2018, il programma del Pd (e del centrosinistra)". Today (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  462. ^ Franchi, Massimo (3 December 2017). "Liberi e Uguali, Grasso si presenta bene". il manifesto (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  463. ^ Matteucci, Piera (4 March 2018). "Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  464. ^ Sala, Alessandro (3 April 2018). "Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  465. ^ Galli, Carlo (6 September 2013). "La cura omeopatica Renzi per battere Berlusconi". Europa (in Italian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  466. ^ De Gregori, Concita (31 October 2011). "Il populista di centro". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  467. ^ Meli, Maria Teresa (11 November 2013). "Ma Renzi pensa che il premier punti a un futuro in Europa". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  468. ^ Foster, Peter; Squires, Nick; Vogt, Andrea (4 December 2016). "Europe holds its breath as Italy heads for a crucial referendum". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  469. ^ Franceschini, Enrico; Lloyd, John (3 April 2014). "Tony Blair: 'Renzi mio erede, con la sua corsa alle riforme cambierà l'Italia'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  470. ^ "Intervista a Matteo Renzi di Claudio Sardo". L'Unità (in Italian). 22 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  471. ^ "Irpef, Imu e la terza via di Gutgeld, 'guru' economico di Renzi". Formiche (in Italian). 9 June 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  472. ^ "#Renzi la presidenza Clinton ha cambiato l'America ed è punto di riferimento per la sinistra riformista mondiale". Che tempo che fa. Retrieved 11 February 2022 – via Twitter.
  473. ^ "Italy's Renzi: I'm Rooting for Hillary Clinton". VOA News. Associated Press. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  474. ^ "Unioni civili, pressing su Renzi, ma governo va avanti. Martedì primo scoglio sulle pregiudiziali". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). 31 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  475. ^ Poli, Simona (10 May 2007). "Family day disertato dai Ds Radicali e Sdi in piazza Navona". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  476. ^ Nicolaidis, Kalypso (3 July 2014). "Merkel and Renzi are the partners who can reshape Europe". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  477. ^ Mauro, Angela (2 September 2014). "Matteo Renzi coi leader del Pse a Bologna per il lancio della nuova 'terza via'. In dote, il Jobs act". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  478. ^ "Italy's Reformist Prime Minister Is the Type of Leader Europe Needs". The Huffington Post. 12 April 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  479. ^ Gasbarri, Monica (22 February 2015). "Sondaggio Ipsos per il Corriere della Sera, un anno di Governo Renzi: risale la fiducia nell'esecutivo e nel premier". Data 24 News (in Italian). Archived from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  480. ^ Orlando, Carmine (8 June 2015). "Sondaggi elettorali Ixè 06/2015: crolla Forza Italia, in ascesa i partiti di opposizione". Blasting News (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  481. ^ Rubino, Monica (2 April 2020). "Sondaggi: aumenta la fiducia nel governo Conte, calano Renzi e la Lega". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  482. ^ Bordignon, Fabio (January 2014). "Matteo Renzi: A 'Leftist Berlusconi' for the Italian Democratic Party?". South European Society and Politics. 19: 1–23. doi:10.1080/13608746.2014.887240. S2CID 154739617.
  483. ^ "Matteo Renzi – 40 Under 40 2014". Forbes. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  484. ^ "Renzi, al terzo posto tra gli under 40 più influenti al mondo". La Repubblica (in Italian). 9 October 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  485. ^ "A World Disrupted: The Leading Global Thinkers of 2014". Foreign Policy. No. 209. 18 November 2014. JSTOR i24577370. Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
  486. ^ "Renzi among the world's best 'decision-makers'". The Local Italy. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  487. ^ "Twitter Renzi". L'HuffPost (in Italian). Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  488. ^ "Buzzmeter: Matteo Renzi vince anche su Twitter, tra i candidati alla segreteria Pd è il più citato". L'Huffington Post (in Italian). 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  489. ^ Ceron, Andrea; Curini, Luigi; IAcus, Stefano Maria (2016). Politics and Big Data: Nowcasting and Forecasting Elections with Social Media. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-3171-3413-8.
  490. ^ "House of Cards, l'autore a Renzi: 'Il mio libro non è un manuale di istruzioni'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 30 September 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  491. ^ "Letta: 'Renzi, che squallore. È peggio di House of Cards'". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 30 July 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  492. ^ Macioce, Vittorio (31 July 2015). "Quegli intrighi da 'House of cards' che tolgono il sonno a Enrico Letta". Il Giornale (in Italian). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  493. ^ "Renzi: 'Letta incapace, Berlusconi è con me'. La strategia per Palazzo Chigi spiegata al generale Adinolfi". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 10 July 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  494. ^ Guerzoni, Monica (11 July 2015). "Letta: siamo finiti nello squallore sul modello di 'House of Cards'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  495. ^ De Marchis, Goffredo (20 October 2016). "Renzi rottama House of cards: 'Ho smesso di guardarla già dalla seconda stagione'". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 4 February 2022.
  496. ^ "Enrico Letta, chi è il nuovo segretario del Pd". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 14 March 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  497. ^ "Letta riparte dal Pd: 'Renzi? Grazie alla brutalità di quel momento ho cambiato vita'". Sky TG24 (in Italian). 20 May 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  498. ^ Suttora, Mauro (10 March 2021). "Letta-Renzi, vite segnate (all'inverso) dall'arte della scomparsa". L'HuffPost (in Italian). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  499. ^ "'Firenze secondo me': arriva sul Nove il documentario di Matteo Renzi". La Repubblica (in Italian). 13 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  500. ^ "Renzi presenta il documentario su Firenze: 'Parlo di bellezza, non di congresso e chiacchiericcio politico'". La Repubblica (in Italian). 13 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  501. ^ "Italian ex-PM Renzi to face trial over political funding". The Local Italy. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  502. ^ Vasques, Eleonora (7 February 2022). "Senator Renzi received €1.1 million from consultancies in Saudi Arabia". Euractiv. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  503. ^ Vasques, Eleonora (10 February 2022). "Prosecutors request trial against Renzi over funding irregularities". Euractiv. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  504. ^ Coppola, Alessio (14 May 2022). "Matteo Renzi, la biografia del leader di Italia Viva". True News. (in Italian). Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  505. ^ Thubron, Dario (21 February 2014). "Matteo Renzi: from Florence mayor to Italy PM". Agence France-Presse. Aged just 39, Italy's new prime minister Matteo Renzi has been catapulted from local government in Florence to national prominence in the space of just a few months. ... Renzi is married to a former fellow Scout, Agnese, a schoolteacher, and the couple have three children.
  506. ^ Allen, John L. Jr. (3 June 2014). "Italy's young leader captures politics of Pope Francis". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  507. ^ "Matteo Renzi : 'Italie et la France doivent engager des réformes structurelles'". YouTube (in French). Europe 1. 7 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  508. ^ "Prime Minister Matteo Renzi on Growth and Jobs in Italy". YouTube. Council on Foreign Relations. 24 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  509. ^ "Brexit: 'British people made bad decision on EU' Matteo Renzi". YouTube. BBC. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  510. ^ "Matteo Renzi: Italy's a kingdom of beauty, wine & food, but not No. 1 for political organization". YouTube. RT. 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  511. ^ "Fiorentina: Renzi-Della Valle scatenati in tribuna. Foto" (in Italian). Virgilio. 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  512. ^ Dirani, Deborah (26 May 2014). "Doppia vittoria in casa Renzi. La sorella Benedetta è assessore a Castenaso". Il Sole 24 Ore (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  513. ^ "Pd, Tiziano Renzi si è autosospeso da segretario del partito a Rignano". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 10 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  514. ^ Giusto, Eliana (21 September 2014). "Tiziano, il papà di Matteo con un passato nella Dc e un reddito da 5mila euro". Libero Quotidiano (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  515. ^ "Iv: consulenze in Arabia Saudita, Renzi ha incassato 1,1 milioni di euro. La replica: "Attività lecite"". repubblica.

Further reading edit

External links edit

Political offices
Preceded by
Michele Gesualdi
President of the Province of Florence
2004–2009
Succeeded by
Andrea Barducci
Preceded by Mayor of Florence
2009–2014
Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Italy
2014–2016
Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Secretary of the Democratic Party
2013–2017
Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary of the Democratic Party
2017–2018
Succeeded by
New political party Leader of Italia Viva
2019–present
Incumbent