A manade (prov. menada, originally from lat. manus = hand)[1] is a term used mainly in the Camargue area in France for a semi-feral group of Camargue cattle or horses led by a gardian, or herder.[1][2] In French, the word manade dates from 1867.[1] In older texts it also referred to herds of sheep,[3]: 101 but modern use of the term is limited only to raising groups of larger livestock.
Raising animals in manades is specific for the Crau, Camargue (Provence) and Petite Camargue (Languedoc) regions of France,[3]: 101 and therefore the term itself is strongly associated with the same area.
Defining a manade edit
Conditions of breeding edit
In 1967 the Camargue Horse Breeders' Association of France (Association des éleveurs de chevaux de race Camargue or AECRC) defined the term manade to refer to the "extensive breeding" of horses at liberty and out of doors in groups of at least four mares of reproductive age and grazing on at least 20 hectares (49 acres).[4]
"Extensive breeding" means that the animals move around freely looking for suitable vegetation for their feed and that no extra feed in provided. As a rule the role of the gardian is minimal: with the exception of emergencies, the animals are gathered up only once a year for a health check, branding and gelding of selected males.
Since both cattle and horses have long been raised in the same fashion in the same areas, inter-species herds are often formed. Even the terminology referring to animals of different age as well as some terms of herding apply to both horses and cattle. Each individual breeder has their unique brand for marking the animals on the left haunch.[5][6]
Today, the Haras Nationaux, the French national association of horse breeders, has further refined the definition of living conditions for animals in a manade: "a manade means raising Camargue horses in freedom with at least four mares in reproductive age stationed the year long in the native area of the breed (berceau de la race), in an area with only one animal over 18 months of age per two hectares in an area of at least 20 hectares owned or rented by an individual."[7]
The rules for raising Camargue cattle in a way meriting the use of the AOC-label (Taureau de Camargue Appellation d'origine contrôlée, "controlled designation of origin" ), are much in the same vein: both dry and humid areas necessary, six months of grazing in a humid area obligatory each year, "extensive breeding," less than 1 grown animal per 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres) of heath or pasture.[8]
Names of breeding establishments edit
The term manade is often seen in names of different establishments related to cattle and horse breeding. A manade is led by a manadier (bayle in Provençal).[9] As regards horse breeding, only breeders who raise their animals in manades in the native area of the breed are entitled to use the word Manade in the name of their establishment. All others must be called Élevage or ranch.[5] Horses are always present even if a Manade specialises in cattle, since by tradition the Camargue horse is the only mount of a gardian.
Further development edit
By tradition all manades have to do with raising large animals, but a Paris-based trade name for a manufacturer of office items such as desk accessories and lamps seems to indicate a trend towards additional uses for the term.[10]
References edit
- ^ a b c Paul Robert (1976). Le Petit Robert, dictionnaire (in French). Paris: S.N.L.
- ^ Macaire, Pierre (2003). Saint- Gilles, Aigues-Mortes, Le Grau-du-Roi et la Camargue (Au cours du Vidourle) (in French). Le Plein des sens. ISBN 87-90493-73-7.
- ^ a b Casanova, Paul; Dupuy, Pierre (1981). Dictionnaire tauromachique (in French). Marseille: Jeanne Laffitte. ISBN 2-86276-043-9.
- ^ "1967: Recensement des élevages et définition d'une "Manade"" (in French). Terre Equestre. Archived from the original on 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
- ^ a b "Les élevages en manade" (in French). Association des Éleveurs de Chevaux de Race Camargue (A.E.C.R.C.). Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
- ^ "Ferrades" (in French). Manade Devaux. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
- ^ "Zone d'élevage" (PDF). Chevaux du sang Camargue (in French). Haras Nationaux français. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2011. Official description of the Camargue breed by the French national association of horse breeders (‘Haras Nationaux’)
- ^ "Présentation de la Filière bovine" (PDF) (in French). Chambre d’agriculture Bouches du Rhône. 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-11-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Archived 14 November 2008. - ^ "Les traditions camarguaises" (in French). Office de Tourisme Communauté de Communes du Pays de Lunel. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Archived 22 March 2012. - ^ "Manade, Paris".