Wikipedia

Makati–Taguig boundary dispute

(Redirected from Makati–Taguig–Pateros boundary dispute)

The local city governments of Makati and Taguig of the Philippines were involved in a territorial dispute. The cities claimed jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio, which includes the financial district of Bonifacio Global City (BGC) and Enlisted Men’s Barrios (Embo) barangays.

Makati–Taguig boundary dispute
Part of Internal boundary disputes in the Philippines
Contested territory between Makati and Taguig, and Pateros, including Bonifacio Global City
Date1993–2023
Location
Fort Bonifacio area including Embo barangays and Bonifacio Global City in Metro Manila, Philippines
MethodsLawsuit
Resulted inTaguig victory
  • Supreme Court affirmed Taguig's jurisdiction over Bonifacio Global City which it already administrates
  • Jurisdiction of Embo barangays transferred from Makati to Taguig in 2023
  • Property dispute of Makati-developed assets in the formerly disputed areas remain.
Parties
Lead figures

Mayor of Makati
Jejomar Binay (first)
Elenita Binay
Jejomar Binay Jr.
Romulo Peña Jr.
Abigail Binay (last)
Legal counsels
Pio Kenneth Dasal
Glenda Isabel Biason
Gwyn Gareth Mariano
Makati city administrator
Claro Certeza (last)

Mayor of Taguig
Ricardo Papa Jr. (first)
Isidro Garcia
Sigfrido Tiñga
Lino Cayetano
Lani Cayetano (last)
Legal counsel
Arturo Corvera
Taguig city administrator
Jose Luis Montales (last)

Taguig has administration over Bonifacio Global City and some territory to its south as part of its Fort Bonifacio barangay. In addition, Pinagsama exercises control over the McKinley Hill area and Palar Village, while Barangay Ususan controls some exclaves along Circumferential Road 5 (C-5), such as Logcom Village, Wildcat Village, and Aranai.

Makati claims the main Bonifacio Global City area, Bonifacio Capital District that includes McKinley Hill, Manila American Cemetery, the lands along C-5, and most parts of Palar Village and Fort Andres Bonifacio to be under the jurisdiction of its barangays, Post Proper Northside and Post Proper Southside, while Ususan's exclaves along the eastbound portion of C-5 are also claimed by Barangays Rizal and Pembo.

Pateros also claims to control the Embo barangays of Makati and some barangays in Taguig. Pateros's claim includes Bonifacio Global City. However, the legal case it filed is separate from the case involving Makati and Taguig.[1]

In 2023, the Supreme Court ruled with finality that Taguig has jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio and the Embo barangays. The Embo barangays were now transferred and ceded to Taguig. However, dispute regarding the ownership and management of Makati-developed assets in the Embo barangays, especially public schools and health facilities, still persists.

Background edit

The claims of Makati and Taguig over Fort Bonifacio and the surrounding Enlisted Men’s Barrios (Embo) barangays are deeply linked with historical events, land acquisitions, and legal proclamations, forming the basis of a complex territorial dispute.

Makati's claim is based on land ownership records indicating that the disputed areas and Fort William McKinley (now Fort Andres Bonifacio) were not under Taguig's jurisdiction, along with legal proclamations and various official documents such as censuses since 1918, elections since 1975, cadastral mappings, and presidential decrees. Furthermore, a directory of Rizal province, which encompassed Makati and Taguig (Tagig) at that time, showed that those areas are part of Makati as of 1934.[2]: 79 

On the other hand, Taguig's claim traces its existence since being a pueblo of the province of Tondo (later Manila) during the Spanish colonial rule, with legislative acts in the early 1900s enacted to revise its territory, including the annexation of the adjacent municipalities of Pateros (which also had claims on the disputed area) and Muntinlupa. It is also underscored by the establishment of Fort William McKinley within Taguig's territory, as confirmed by presidential proclamations and cadastral mappings. Key documents such as the Proclamation No. 423 of 1957 and cadastral mappings exclude the disputed areas, reinforcing Taguig's territorial claim over Fort Bonifacio.

On November 22, 1993, Taguig filed a complaint before the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Pasig against Makati, Executive Secretary Teofisto Guingona Jr., Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Secretary Angel Alcala, and Lands Management Bureau (LMB) Director Abelardo Palad Jr. The complaint arose from Taguig's territorial dispute with Makati over the entirety of Fort Bonifacio and the Enlisted Men's Barangays (EMBOs). Taguig averred that these areas were within its territory and jurisdiction. It also alleged that Presidential Proclamation Nos. 2475, s. 1986 and 518, s. 1990 were unconstitutional because they altered Taguig's boundaries without the required plebiscite. The trial court also imposed a 20-day temporary restraining order (TRO) against Makati, Alcala, and Palad.[3]

Supreme Court edit

On June 27, 2008, through Associate Justice Leonardo Quisumbing, the suit of Makati was dismissed, seeking to nullify Special Patent Nos. 3595 and 3596 signed by President Fidel V. Ramos in 1995, conveying to the Bases Conversion and Development Authority public land in Fort Bonifacio. Due to a pending civil case filed by the Taguig city government asking the court to define its territorial boundaries, Makati cannot halt Taguig from collecting taxes on land located in Fort Bonifacio because it does not have any other source of sufficient income.[4][5][6]

Further rulings and appeals edit

On August 5, 2013, after a year and a half of deliberations, the 20-year-long battle was decided in a 37-page decision written by Justice Marlene Gonzales-Sison of the Court of Appeals. The ruling says that jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio has reverted to Makati from Taguig. The court upheld the constitutionality of Presidential Proclamation Nos. 2475 and 518, both of which confirmed that portions of the aforementioned military camps are under the jurisdiction of Makati. The decision also cited the fact that voters from the barangays that are subject to the dispute between Makati and Taguig have long been registered as voters of Makati, thus bolstering the former's jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio.[7] Taguig Mayor Lani Cayetano, however, maintained that this decision was not yet final and executory, and asked Justice Gonzales-Sison to recuse herself from the case as it was discovered that her family has close ties with the Binays of Makati.[8]

On August 22, 2013, the Taguig city government filed a motion for reconsideration before the Court of Appeals' Sixth Division, affirming its claim on Fort Bonifacio.[9] With the filing of the motion, Taguig asserted jurisdiction over Fort Bonifacio. According to Taguig's legal department, jurisprudence, and the rules of procedure in the country's justice system, all say that the filing of a motion for reconsideration suspends the execution of a decision and puts it in limbo.[citation needed] On June 15, 2016, in a 27-page decision by the Second Division of the Supreme Court, the court found Makati guilty of direct contempt for forum shopping.[10]

On October 3, 2017, the Court of Appeals upheld its final decision in favor of the city government of Taguig and not Makati. The Supreme Court also found Makati guilty of forum shopping after simultaneously appealing the Pasig Regional Trial Court (RTC) ruling and filing a petition before the Court of Appeals, both seeking the same relief.[11][12] However, Makati maintained its claim over the disputed area.[13]

In a decision released on April 27, 2022, the Supreme Court upheld the 2011 Pasig RTC ruling that declared that the 729 hectares (1,800 acres) Bonifacio Global City complex, along with several surrounding barangays of Makati (Pembo, Comembo, Cembo, South Cembo, West Rembo, East Rembo, and Pitogo), was under the jurisdiction of the Taguig city government.[14] However, Makati released a statement saying that it would continue exercising jurisdiction over areas it controlled until it received an official copy of the decision.[15]

Result edit

 
The 1909 Survey Plan of Psu-2031, which illustrates the extent of the Military Reservation of Fort Bonifacio (formerly Fort McKinley), was presented by Taguig as evidence to support their claims.

On April 3, 2023, the Supreme Court junked the motion for reconsideration that was filed by Makati to override the court's earlier decision, siding with Taguig. The city government of Taguig released a statement "welcoming the new Taguigeños", referring to the residents of the affected barangays, and saying that the Taguig LGU will start working on the transition and handover of such barangays.[16]

Makati appeal attempt edit

Makati Mayor Abigail Binay claimed that the dispute is "not yet over", stating that her office has received a notice that the Supreme Court has set its case with Taguig for oral arguments. This was contradicted by Supreme Court spokesperson Brian Keith Hosaka, who stated that there are no such documents.[17]

The Taguig City Government slammed Binay's comment and also expressed belief that her meeting with President Bongbong Marcos, First Lady Liza Araneta Marcos and Chief Justice Alexander Gesmundo was meant to "undermine the probity of our highest officials and subvert the people's trust in the impartiality of justice".[17] Taguig's mayor sought sanctions against Makati for the statement.[18]

On June 29, the SC rejected Makati's motion to file a second appeal, saying that it is generally prohibited under their rules. It also said its en banc "is not an appellate court" and will not entertain further pleadings in the case. Makati's had filed an earlier motion for reconsideration, which was rejected in 2022.[19]

On October 5, Makati City Mayor Abigail Binay filed a motion for clarification with the petition for the issuance of a status quo ante order before the Taguig City Court Branch 153 to facilitate the proper transition of territory. This is the same court where the Taguig-Makati land row started, which was eventually resolved by the Supreme Court in favor of Taguig. The petition came after Taguig and Makati engaged in a dispute over schools and health facilities in Embo barangays, prompting national agencies to intervene.[20]

Aftermath and transition edit

Taguig issued a statement welcoming the ten Embo barangays to its jurisdiction.[21] Meanwhile, Makati Mayor Abigail Binay conceded defeat after the Supreme Court denied Makati's second appeal.[22]

Initial reactions from the residents of the Embo barangays about the Supreme Court ruling are negative.[23] As a response to the ruling, some residents launched a series of motorcade protests. The first motorcade protest was held on August 20, 2023, followed by three more on August 27, 2023, November 5, 2023, and January 30, 2024.[24][25][26]

Taguig would extend its scholarship program to residents of the formerly disputed area.[27] Mayor Binay, on the other hand, pledged to continue to provide assistance to residents in the area. She claimed that Taguig would not be able to do so immediately, noting that its scholarship program has a residency requirement.[28]

Students studying at the University of Makati and other Embo public schools, as well as residents served by the Ospital ng Makati who are beneficiaries of Makati's social programs, are affected.[29] Taguig claims that Makati should now pay rent and taxes and process permits for facilities of Makati now within Taguig.[30][31]

Taguig proposed the formation of a joint transition body and later conducted a meeting with officials of the affected barangays for transition.[32][33] Makati also suggested holding a plebiscite covering the contested area if both city governments agree.[30] Both city governments have engaged in a series of feuds in regards to the transition.

The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) reminded various government agencies to comply with the SC ruling with regard to budget planning and allocation.[34]

Businesses edit

Business establishments in the Embo barangays are now advised to register in Taguig. The local government of Taguig will accommodate and process the replacement of Makati business permits.[35]

Court jurisdiction edit

The Supreme Court of the Philippines is set to transfer the jurisdiction of civil and criminal cases committed within the Embo barangays from Makati courts to Taguig courts effective January 1, 2024.[36] It also named seven Makati courts and four Metropolitan Trial Courts to assist their Taguig counterparts, which are pending an increase in numbers.[37][38]

Transfer of local government edit

The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) ordered the transfer of the ten Embo barangays, formerly under Makati, to the jurisdiction of its Taguig field office, through a memorandum circular dated October 26, 2023. Meanwhile, the DILG National Capital Region was ordered to furnish reports to DILG Taguig of the ten barangays on the conduct of line inventory and turnover of the Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan properties, financial records, documents and money accountabilities.[39][40]

Makati has excluded the ten barangays from its national tax allotment (NTA) beginning fiscal year 2024, transferring them to Taguig by virtue of a memorandum issued by the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) dated December 28, 2023.[41] Makati Mayor Abigail Binay stated that the city expects big savings following the transfer of the ten barangays to Taguig,[42] with each of the 23 remaining barangays in Makati receiving ₱10.085 million share from the city’s basic real property tax collection (RPT) for the fiscal year 2024.[43]

Postal codes edit

Effective February 2024, the Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPOST) assigned the range of 1640 to 1649 as the new ZIP codes to the Embo barangays,[44] replacing the range of 1214 to 1218, leaving Pinagkaisahan, Makati as the only barangay under 1213, and deconsolidating the Post Proper barangays from 1200 of the Makati Central Post Office (CPO).[45][46]

ZIP codes of Embo barangays
Barangay Old New
Cembo 1214[a] 1640
Comembo 1217 1641
Pembo 1218[b] 1642
East Rembo 1216 1643
West Rembo 1215 1644
South Cembo 1214[a] 1645
Pitogo 1213[c] 1646
Post Proper Northside 1200[d] 1647
Post Proper Southside 1200[d] 1648
Rizal 1218[b] 1649
Notes
  1. ^ a b ZIP code of Cembo shared with South Cembo, which was part of the barangay until separation in 1966
  2. ^ a b ZIP code of Pembo shared with Rizal, which was part of the barangay until separation in 1996
  3. ^ ZIP code shared with Pinagkaisahan, Makati
  4. ^ a b ZIP code of Makati CPO and Buendia Avenue (Makati segment only), where the Post Proper barangays were consolidated

Land registration edit

The Land Registration Authority (LRA) issued an order, dated January 1, 2024, to transfer all transactions related to the properties in the Embo barangays from Makati's Registry of Deeds to Taguig's Registry of Deeds.[47]

Emergency services edit

 
West Rembo Police and Fire Sub-Station are among those affected by the dispute.

In August 2023, the Philippine National Police has started preparations to realign its police forces in the Embo barangays.[48] According to its initial plan, incumbent police officers assigned in the area would remain but would be turned over from Makati Central Police Station to Taguig Central Police Station.[49]

On November 29, 2023, Makati City Government recalled old ambulances deployed to barangay Comembo for battery replacement and subsequent repairs lasting until January 2024. They claimed repairs were necessary before returning them to their donor, the Department of Health (DOH), as per terms in the Deed of Donation executed in September 2021. In January 2024, another Comembo ambulance was temporarily recalled for inventory and licensing until redeployment on February 8. An ambulance was also transferred from barangay Rizal to Guadalupe Nuevo due to the former's proximity to Ospital ng Makati shared with Comembo. However, the Taguig City Government accused Makati of “summarily pulling out” those old ambulances as they announced the turnover of new ambulances to Comembo and Rizal on February 11, 2024.[50][51] Makati insisted that an official Notice of Revocation is required before handing them to Taguig.[52]

Fire substations in the Embo barangays were initially closed down by the Makati City Government, but were later reopened on January 5, 2024, by the DILG, which assumed direct supervision. National government-owned fire equipment would be supplied to the substations and Taguig firefighters would be stationed there.[53] The decision to close the substations drew criticism from Senator Alan Peter Cayetano, husband of Taguig Mayor Lani Cayetano.[54]

2023 BSKE elections edit

Ahead of the Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections (BSKE) held in October 2023, the COMELEC transferred the ten Embo barangays to Taguig.[55] The DILG has instructed both the cities of Makati and Taguig to assist COMELEC regarding the upcoming BSKE.[56] COMELEC has also instructed the Office of the Election Officer (OEO) of both Taguig and Makati (second district) to prepare a new list of qualified electoral boards, to print new voter's list reflecting the change to Taguig, and to ensure that voting centers would be available. Voters in the affected barangays were automatically transferred to Taguig.[55][56]

On November 12, newly elected Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) officials from the Embo barangays, along with other newly elected barangay and SK officials from Taguig, took their oath before Taguig Mayor Lani Cayetano in Bonifacio Global City.[57] However, on November 25, newly elected barangay officials and SK chairpersons from the Embo barangays opted to take their oath before Makati Mayor Abigail Binay at the Makati City Hall.[58][59]

Administration of schools edit

 
The Makati Science High School in Cembo is one of the 14 Embo public schools affected by the dispute.

The Regional Office of the Department of Education–National Capital Region has issued a memorandum ordering the transfer of the affected 14 Embo public elementary and high schools from the Schools Division Office (SDO) of Makati City to the Schools Division Office of Taguig City and Pateros. A meeting was held between the officials of the SDO of Taguig City and Pateros, local officials of Taguig, and the principals of the affected Embo public schools and tackled that Taguig is ready for the opening of classes in the affected schools on August 29.[60]

The schools would be later placed under the direct supervision of the national Department of Education.[61] Meanwhile, the Makati City Government stated that it is willing to lease 11 out of 14 public schools in the Embo area, in an effort to reinforce their claim on the properties.[62] Transfer of administration, management, and facilities of the 14 affected schools from Makati to Taguig was expedited, completing it by January 1, 2024 when those were finally placed under the supervision of Taguig City's SDO.[63][64] The Makati City Government later appealed to the DepEd to retain Makati Science High School, Fort Bonifacio Elementary School, and Fort Bonifacio High School under the SDO of Makati City and to integrate both Fort Bonifacio-named schools with the adjacent University of Makati, owned by the city government, as laboratory schools.[65][66]

Additionally, starting from the academic year 2024–2025, students from the Embo barangays enrolled at the University of Makati will be reclassified as non-Makati residents. The waived tuition fees exclusively for Makati residents remain in place for them for the remainder of the academic year 2023–2024.[67]

Daycare centers edit

 
Palar Integrated School in Pinagsama is designated by Taguig as the temporary location of two Post Proper Southside daycare centers.

Originally scheduled to close on December 31, 2023, the Makati City Government decided to extend the operations of daycare centers in the Embo barangays until January 31, 2024, at which point they were closed.[68] On February 1, 2024, the Taguig City Government designated the nearest public elementary schools as temporary daycare centers, while new daycare centers are being set up in the barangays. Free transportation services will also be provided for daycare students living far away from the daycare centers.[69]

Taguig, on a statement dated February 1, 2024, criticized Makati for shutting down the daycare centers without prior notice and allegedly removing daycare equipment.[70] As a response, Makati City Administrator Claro Certeza stated that Taguig officials were already informed about the closure but chose to blame Makati for their lack of action. He argued that Taguig violated the memorandum of agreement signed with the DepEd in such designation of public elementary schools as temporary daycare centers, asserting that daycare centers are not within the scope of the DepEd.[68] Taguig later refuted claims of receiving prior notice from Makati and asserted that Makati did not coordinate with them.[71]

Healthcare edit

 
The Comembo Health Center, located inside the barangay hall building, is among the healthcare facilities that closed following the dispute.

On September 25, 2023, Makati City Administrator Claro Certeza alleged that the Taguig City Government rejected the deals regarding the transfer of health facilities, services and data in the areas affected by the territorial dispute between the cities. The Makati City Government proposed a credit line for Taguig and offered Taguig the option to lease or purchase the facilities it built on the contested areas. However, Taguig countered the proposed deals and memorandums with Makati, asserting that they are founded on the misconception that Makati owns the land and the health centers erected on it. Taguig also accused Makati of violating the agreement with the Department of Health (DOH), which stated that both Taguig and Makati shall not take up ownership of existing land and buildings while the transition discussions are ongoing.[72][73]

On January 1, 2024, the Makati City Government announced the discontinuation of Yellow Card benefits, which includes healthcare subsidies, for Embo residents (excluding city employees), and closed down health centers and lying-in clinics due to expired licenses.[74][75][76][77] On January 3, the Taguig City Government commenced providing free teleconsultation, free dialysis, and personal medical consultation in its health centers to residents of the Embo barangays and designated catchment health centers for them in Fort Bonifacio, Pinagsama, and Ususan.[78] It later opened its new satellite pharmacy in East Rembo for them on January 5.[79] Additional services like Home Health for bedridden patients and Doctor on Call were made available to Embo residents on January 11. Makati also announced that the Ospital ng Makati offers free consultations to Embo outpatients, with laboratory services free for senior citizens aged 60 and above.[80] Residents of the Embo barangays still have access to free consultations at health centers in Makati,[81] as well as Lingkod Bayan Caravan, the city government's health caravan.[82]

In early January 2024, the Taguig City Government claimed that Makati declined to turn over the facilities and also accused it for "deceit and fraud" in closing down the health centers in the Embo barangays.[78] In response, Makati said that Taguig had long been aware of the situation before the announcement but didn't act upon it.[83][84] As a result, the DILG invited Mayors Binay and Cayetano and the DOH for a meeting over such closures.[85]

Social welfare edit

On September 28, 2023, the residents of the Embo barangays are now eligible to receive scholarships from the Taguig City Government. The city said it received 5,000 scholarship applications, with 387 recipients already receiving their cash allowance within the first two days.[86] Taguig also started giving out cash gifts to senior citizens of the Embo barangays.[87]

However, in late 2023, the Makati City Government continues its annual tradition of distributing Pamaskong Handog (lit. transl. Christmas Gift) bags, containing grocery items, to the residents of Embo barangays in anticipation of Christmas.[88] They also provided free rides to the residents of the Embo barangays for Ayala Avenue New Year’s Eve Countdown to 2024: A Grand Showcase of Filipino Talent, a New Year's Eve street party held in the Makati Central Business District, designating six pick-up and drop-off points in the area.[89]

On January 1, 2024, the Makati City Government discontinued the benefits and incentives of the Blu Cards of senior citizens in the Embo barangays, while clarifying that their Makatizen card may still be used as a debit card and valid ID.[76][90] Weeks later, it announced that the Solo Parent Cards that it issued to single parents from the Embo barangays are no longer valid.[91]

Road and traffic management edit

 
The section of J.P. Rizal Avenue passing through the Embo barangays is now included in Taguig's exemption from the MMDA's expanded number coding scheme.

As of November 14, 2023, the Embo barangays were placed under the jurisdiction of Taguig's Traffic Management Office (TMO). Consequently, the area is now covered by the exemption under the expanded number coding scheme by the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) that is also applied in Taguig, having been previously under Makati's full number coding scheme (Monday to Friday, 7:00 am to 7:00 pm PHT).[35][92] However, the MMDA's coding scheme (Monday to Friday, 7:00 am to 10:00 am and 5:00 pm to 8:00 pm PHT) is still enforced on Circumferential Road 5 (C-5), which traverses the formerly disputed area. Both schemes are not implemented on holidays.

The national roads in the Embo barangays remain under the jurisdiction of Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) – Metro Manila 2nd District Engineering Office that covers Makati, Parañaque, and the outskirt of Bonifacio Global City, while those in the rest of Taguig are under DPWH – Metro Manila 1st District Engineering Office.[93]

Makati-developed assets edit

 
The Makati Park and Garden is one of the Makati-developed assets affected by the dispute ruling.

Since September 2023, the construction of the Makati Intra-city Subway has been stalled for a required reworking, as its planned depot and some stations were initially intended to be located in the formerly disputed area.[94][95]

On March 1, 2024, Taguig TMO members attempted to seize control of Makati Park and Garden, but was prevented by the Makati Public Safety Department (PSD).[96] Taguig later closed the park and the adjacent Makati Aqua Sports Arena (MASA) on March 3, 2024, citing lack of permits. However, Makati, the owner of both facilities, contended that the closure order did not include MASA and also accused Taguig of continuously land-grabbing their facilities.[31][97] It also argued against needing permits or paying taxes to Taguig, citing Presidential Proclamation No. 1916 series of 2009.[98] The closure of MASA affected 4,400 Makati public school students who use it for their swimming lessons.[99] Taguig, for its part, cited that under the Local Government Code, it is authorized to regulate any business, trade, and activity within its jurisdiction, and it cited Makati’s “unlawful possession” of the park. [100]

During the park's attempted takeover and closure, Makati city government employees were reportedly trapped inside the park and in MASA, respectively. The incident led to the filing of illegal detention cases against Taguig officials led by Mayor Lani Cayetano before the Taguig City Prosecutor’s Office.[101] The Taguig city government later refuted the accusations as false and labeled Makati a bully as well, denouncing its closures as "illegal and immoral."[102][103][104]

On April 1, 2024, Makati announced that it filed a complaint with the Office of the Ombudsman against three Taguig city government employees, including the treasurer Voltaire Enriquez, for alleged graft, corruption, and neglect of duty. This stemmed from an alleged delay since May 2023 by the treasurer's office in releasing tax clearance documents for three parcels of land acquired by Makati from the Bases Conversion and Development Authority.[105] Taguig denounced Makati's actions as "harassment."[106]

Legislative districts edit

 
Map of Makati's 2nd congressional district with the barangays ceded to Taguig in light red and the remaining non-contested barangays in red.

With the ruling, the fate of Makati's 2nd district, which covered the disputed area as well as the non-contested barangays of Guadalupe Nuevo, Guadalupe Viejo, and Pinagkaisahan, is uncertain. The remaining barangays in Makati does not satisfy the constitutional requirement of having at least 250,000 residents to be represented by a congressional district.[107]

Makati's 2nd district is expected to remain despite not fulfilling the population constitutional requirements even with three barangays.[108]

With this development, Makati may be reduced to a single district, with the Embo barangays forming as the third district for Taguig.[107] Legislation and plebiscite would be still required.[108]

References edit

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External links edit

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