Wikipedia

Luther Simjian

Luther George Simjian (January 28, 1905 – October 23, 1997) was an Armenian-American inventor and entrepreneur. A prolific and professional inventor,[2] he held over 200 patents, mostly related to optics[2] and electronics.[3] His most significant inventions were a pioneering flight simulator, arguably the first ATM and improvement to the teleprompter.

Luther George Simjian
Simjian holding his self-photographing camera in 1929[1]
Born(1905-01-28)January 28, 1905
Aintab, Ottoman Empire (now Gaziantep, Turkey)
DiedOctober 23, 1997(1997-10-23) (aged 92)
Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.
NationalityArmenian
CitizenshipUnited States
Occupations
  • Professional inventor
  • entrepreneur
[2]

Early life edit

Simjian was born in Aintab, Ottoman Empire to Armenian parents on January 28, 1905.[4][a][2] His father, George, was an insurance broker working for an Austrian company. His mother, Josephine (née Zaharian) died when he was only a few months old.[4] His father later remarried and he had two half-sisters. Simjian lived in Aintab until the age of nine.[4] In 1915, during the Armenian genocide, the Simjian family fled to Aleppo, Syria, only to return to Aintab in 1920. His stepmother and half-sisters were killed in Marash.[4] Simjian fled to Beirut, then to France and eventually to the United States by the end of 1920. He first settled in New Haven, Connecticut, living with an uncle.[3] He found a job coloring photographs.[4] He graduated from the Booth Preparatory School in New Haven.[5]

Yale and early inventions edit

Simjian began working as a technician at the Yale School of Medicine in a work-study position at the photography lab.[3][2] While initially having been inclined to pursue medical education, he eventually decided to pursue photography.[6][3] In his position of a medical photographer, Simjian "took pictures of specimens, made lantern slides for doctors, and showed the slides for class lectures."[4] In 1928 Simjian founded and became the first director of the photography department at the Yale School of Medicine, which he headed until 1934.[4][3][7] After resigning from Yale, he moved to New York City and took courses at Columbia University "that he felt would be useful in the promotion of his inventions, focusing on business education, writing, and international banking."[4]

Self-photographing and self-focusing camera edit

 
Simjian's "Self-focusing camera" (1931)[8]

Simjian's interest in portrait photography led to him inventing a self-photographing camera (PhotoReflex). He was inspired to invent it from his unhappiness with the repetitive nature of yearbook portraits.[9] In 1929 he applied for patent for the "Pose-reflecting system for photographic apparatus."[10][11] It was covered early on by the Popular Science magazine in 1929.[1] It allowed the "subject to look into a mirror and see the framed pose the camera would take."[4] To manufacture the new product, Simjian collaborated with Sperry Gyroscope to set up PhotoReflex, a company named after the camera itself.[4] In 1931 the camera was introduced at the Wanamaker's department store in New York City contained within a portrait cabinet.[4] Within the booth, people could see the "reflexive production of images of the self in real time."[9] It was widely covered in the press at the time.[12][13][14][15]

The self-photographing camera led to the invention of the autofocus (self-focusing) camera by Simjian.[4][3] He applied for patent in June 1931 and was granted one for the "Self-focusing camera" in July 1932.[8] It "changed the whole photography industry," but he did not "receive much money for his autofocusing invention, but he did get publicity. He eventually sold the rights to the PhotoReflex camera and name but reserved the rights to use the technology for non-photographic applications."[4]

Color X-ray edit

In June 1934 he was granted a patent for a color X-ray machine.[16][3] He had applied for it in March 1932.[16] He had "conceived the idea at Yale while trying to improve the quality of lecture slides. He decided to apply the new technology of television to X-ray images. Scanning was done in three separate colors, each of which could be enhanced as necessary, and the three scans could then be recombined to form a colored image. The separate scans could also be sent through a wire to another location for analysis. This transformed the field of X-ray technology."[4] This was reported by Time Magazine and The Literary Digest in July 1934.[17][18]

Simjian thereafter traveled to Europe and established a laboratory in London and Miroflex, a company to produce the PhotoReflex camera. However, his plans were disrupted by World War II as the focus of production shifted from commercial to military.[4]

Reflectone and flight simulator edit

In 1939 Simjian founded Reflectone Corporation (later renamed to Reflectone Electronics, Inc.)[4] in Stamford, Connecticut, to develop and manufacture his inventions.[3][6] He served as president and chairman of Reflectone until he sold the company to Universal Match Corporation in 1961.[4] Under his leadership, the company achieved "significant commercial success."[4]

One of the first inventions in Reflectone was a rotating chair with a movable mirror to be used for women when applying cosmetics. "The user could sit in front of a vanity mirror, rotate on this chair and continue to see the back of her head while keeping both hands free." The chair was marketed as Reflectone Mirror Chair and was a "small commercial success."[4] Also during his time at Reflectone, Simjian invented a method to develop a photo "immediately while still preserving the negative."[4]

 
Simjian's "Training apparatus" (1943)[19]

During World War II, Simjian invented a training apparatus for aviators.[4] It was the "first flight simulator of its kind."[3] He filed for patent in February 1943 and was granted a patent for it in January 1946.[19] It was a "mechanism used for training aviators in identifying aircraft or ships, in determining the speed of movement of aircraft, direction of movement, and other related factors that are important in combat flying."[19][4] "He designed the three-dimensional device using synchronized mirrors similar to those on his PhotoReflex camera and mirror chair, an airplane model, and controlled lighting. By remotely changing the speed and angles of the model plane while the pilot or gunner watched through a sight, the instructor could produce the effect of flight, thus training the student to identify an enemy aircraft and judge its motion."[4]

During the war, Reflectone sold over 2,000 of these devices to the U.S. military.[4][6] The company grew exponentially to manufacture the orders for this trainer with the number of employees rising from three to over 100 and to 250 by 1950.[4] The War Department credited the device "with having contributed to the success of the air war." Simjian considered it his "most significant invention of the era because of the many lives it saved."[4] He received a citation from Admiral Bill Halsey saying his device had saved thousands American servicemen's lives.[20]

Reflectone moved its operations to Tampa, Florida, in 1980 and was sold to BAE Systems (British Aerospace) for $90 million in 1997,[3] and renamed BAE Systems Flight Simulation and Training.[21] As of 1997 the company still made "full-flight simulators for commercial and military aircraft."[3] In 2001 BAE Systems sold the subsidiary to CAE Inc. (Canadian Aviation Electronics) for $80 million.[21]

Later inventions edit

After Reflectone, Simjian founded General Research Inc. and Command Automation Inc.,[3] the latter was a research and development lab in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[4] His later inventions were increasingly diverse[4] and eclectic.[3] He noted: "One thing I discovered about myself in the early days of my life is that I can't stick with just one idea for too long."[3] Between 1956 and 1963, he received some 75 patents, making it his most prolific period.[5]

Teleprompter edit

 
Simjian's "Prompting device" (1955)[22]

Simjian held a patent on the teleprompter.[3][7] However, he is not its sole inventor.[2] Its invention is usually credited to Hubert Schlafly, an engineer working with CBS and Fred Barton, an actor, who developed a mechanical cueing device in the 1950s. Simjian and Jess Oppenheimer, the creator and producer of the classic sitcom I Love Lucy, improved it and replaced it with an optical teleprompter. Hayward wrote that the advantage of the optical teleprompter proposed by Simjian and Oppenheimer was "its ability to break down the division between the viewer and person on camera by allowing for direct eye contact on the part of the presenter with the camera aperture."[23] The prompting device was applied for patent in 1955 and it was granted in 1957.[22] Hayward argues that:[24]

In this way, Simjian's contribution must be interpreted as more than simply a contribution to the technological infrastructure of television, but a material shift in those techniques which structure norms about how to present oneself while on screen as natural and comfortable before physically absent audiences.

Bankograph (ATM) edit

Simjian invented what has been described as a precursor of the automated teller machine (ATM).[3][25] For this, Simjian is often considered the inventor of the ATM[26][b] or that he first introduced the concept.[28][29] The entry on Simjian in the American National Biography noted that he is "sometimes referred to as the 'father of the ATM' because he introduced the idea behind these now-ubiquitous machines."[4] According to history.com, "Many experts believe that the first automated banking machine was the creation" of Simjian.[30] According to Konheim, Simjian "came up with the idea of creating a 'hole-in-the wall machine' that would allow customers to make financial transactions."[31] Hayward notes that Simjian's role in the invention of the ATM is disputed, however, he is recognized as the "inventor of a photomechanical automated banking terminal," popularly known as the Bankograph.[32]

 
Simjian's "Subscriber controlled apparatus" (1959)[33]

Simjian was granted over 20 patents for the Bankograph.[4] His "Apparatus for collecting an article for deposit" (filed in 1958) was granted in late March 1960.[34] It was covered by the New York Times, which described it as a "robot bank teller that gives the depositor a picture of the money he puts in. There can never be any question as to the number and bills to be credited to his account."[35] Simjian filed for a patent for "Subscriber controlled apparatus" in 1959.[27][36][33] In 1960 Simjian filed for patent a device that incorporated an ATM photographing the deposited check.[31][37]

Described as "less than a full-function ATM,"[31] the Bankograph was an automatic deposit machine that accepted cash and check deposits at all times. A camera inside the machine took snapshots of the deposits, copies of which were given to the customers as receipts.[30] He introduced it to the wider public in 1961,[4][38] when it was placed in a few City Bank of New York bank lobbies for six months. The company discontinued its use due to limited appeal.[3][4][27] Simjian wrote in his autobiography: "It seems the only people who were using the machines were a small number of prostitutes and gamblers who didn't want to deal with tellers face to face. And the bank said there were not enough of them to make the deal lucrative."[3][30] Hayward argues that the Bankograph was ultimately a failure "because of its evasion of established norms of visuality associated with banking at the time."[32] Konheim described it as "perhaps the first ATM"[39] and "an early and not-very-successful prototype of an ATM."[31] The New York Times wrote in 1998 that it was his most famous invention and "the basis for the now-ubiquitous A.T.M., from which he never made a penny."[40]

The authors of a 2009 study in the journal Marketing Science credited Simjian with the first concept (1957), the first patent (1957), and the first prototype (1960) of the ATM, which they listed as a radical innovation, but credited De La Rue Instruments with mico-commercialization, the first sale of an innovation (1967), and Docutel with macro-commercialization, the first year a firm sells the innovation to a broad market (1969).[41]

Other edit

Simjian's other inventions included an indoor computerized golf practice range (1960s),[4][3] an exercise bicycle that massages the rider (1973),[3] a golf training aid to improve putting (1981),[42] a remotely accessed automatic postage meter (1981)[43] that was purchased by Pitney Bowes,[4] a meat tenderizing method, golf balls, cooking devices, the use of ultrasound as an anticounterfeiting device, an athletic shoe, and a bandage.[4] He also revisited and improved some of his earlier inventions.[4] His eyesight declined significantly in his last years. However, he still made inventions with his last patent being granted several months before his death,[3][4] in March 1997.[7]

Personal life and death edit

Simjian spoke Arabic and French, and English with a "thick accent".[5] His interests included golf, backgammon, Mark Twain's works, porcelains, Middle Eastern food.[5]

Simjian became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1929, nine years after his arrival.[44][45]

He married Gladys (née Cannon) in April 1936.[4][3][46] They had met at a party in New York's Greenwich Village in 1935.[5] They had two children: Maryjo Garre and Ronald Simjian.[20][4]

Simjian died aged 92 on October 23, 1997, at his beachfront apartment[20] in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[3][4][47][48]

Legacy and recognition edit

The American National Biography describes him as a "pioneer in photographic and optical inventions."[4]

Simjian avoided publicity and never became a public figure. He was "so private few people would recognize his name," wrote Ardy Friedberg in the Sun-Sentinel in 1997.[5] Simjian self-published Portions of an Autobiography in 1997 just before his death.[3][2] During his seven-decade long career as a professional inventor, Simjian received over 200 American and foreign patents.[3][20] After his death, he was compared to Thomas Edison.[5][3][49] Times Union wrote on his death: "Simjian was Jeffersonian, Edisonian, da Vincian — take your pick. His motley inventions enriched life and gave jobs to untold thousands."[50]

Friedberg described his life as "a bona fide American success story".[5] His long-time patent agent, Ervin Steinberg, noted that Simjian was "one of the most prolific inventors of [the 20th] century."[5] Hayward argued that his "career as an inventor highlights the extent to which the optical retains significance in the contemporary era."[2]

Awards edit

  • The Award of Appreciation from the State of Florida, 1961[20]
  • In June 1963 the Science Digest magazine named Simjian Inventor of the Month.[51]
  • In 1978 Simjian received the Eli Whitney Award by the Connecticut Patent Law Association (currently the Connecticut Intellectual Property Law Association, CIPLA) "in recognition of significant contribution to law or science."[52][3][4]
  • In 2019 Simjian was inducted into the Florida Inventors Hall of Fame.[53][6] His "numerous inventions [...] have advanced technology throughout Florida theme parks."[6] For that occasion, he was named by Rep. Gus Bilirakis (R-FL) on House floor on July 24, 2019.[54]

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ "An obituary on Sunday about Luther G. Simjian [...] referred imprecisely to his nationality. While he was born in Turkey, he was of Armenian descent."[3]
  2. ^ According to Bátiz-Lazo and Reid, it is James Goodfellow who holds the "first and perhaps most compelling claim to the original innovation," which was filed in 1966. It was Goodfellow's invention that "clearly had a profound influence on the industry as a whole."[27]
Citations
  1. ^ a b "Automatic Photographer Lets You Pose Yourself". Popular Science Monthly: 69. September 1929.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Hayward 2013, p. 196.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Gilpin, Kenneth N. (November 2, 1997). "Luther Simjian Is Dead at 92; Held More Than 200 Patents". New York Times. p. 45.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap King, Elizabeth H. (2005). "Simjian, Luther". In Carnes, Mark C. (ed.). American National Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. 514-516. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1302651. ISBN 9780198606697.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Friedberg, Ardy (November 10, 1997). "Edison of Our Time". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  6. ^ a b c d e "2019 Inductees: Luther George Simjian". floridainvents.org. Florida Inventors Hall of Fame. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020.
  7. ^ a b c Stevenson, Helen (November 3, 1997). "Luther Simjian". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Self-focusing camera: US1866581A". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  9. ^ a b Hayward 2013, p. 199.
  10. ^ "US1830770A: Pose-reflecting system for photographic apparatus". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  11. ^ Hayward 2013, p. 200.
  12. ^ "Pose Yourself For Your Portrait". Scientific American. 145 (3): 177. September 1931. Bibcode:1931SciAm.145..177.. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0931-177.
  13. ^ Nation's Business - Volume 19 - Page 19. 1931 "... proper lighting effects. Self-photography is now possible by means of the so-called “photo-reflex” device perfected by Luther Simjian of Yale University. The image of the subject is seen in a mirror in the exact size it will be in the finished print."
  14. ^ Photo-era Magazine - Volume 67 - Page 52. 1931 "... invited guests by Luther J. Simjian, director of the photographic laboratory of the School of Medicine at Yale University. Although the studio and apparatus embody new ideas in photography, Mr. Simjian says that the most important advance ..."
  15. ^ The Popular Science Monthly - Volume 119 - Page 46. 1931 "A studio in which you can pose your own portrait was demonstrated in New York City recently by its inventor, Luther G. Simjian, photographic director of the Yale medical School. Visitors enter a small room alone and try the effect of different ..."
  16. ^ a b "X-ray observation apparatus: US1961713A". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  17. ^ "Medicine: Colored X-Rays". Time. July 9, 1934.
  18. ^ "Science Snap-shots". The Literary Digest. 118 (11): 16. July 14, 1934. Combining the X-ray with television, and adding improvements of his own, Luther G. Simjian, young inventor of photographic devices, has produced an X-ray capable of showing the organs of the body in color..
  19. ^ a b c "Training apparatus: US2392781A". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  20. ^ a b c d e Maines, John (October 26, 1997). "Luther George Simjian, Prolific Inventor". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  21. ^ a b "BAE sells former Reflectone to Canada's CAE". FlightGlobal. (via Flight International). 20 February 2001. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020.
  22. ^ a b "US2796801A: Prompting device". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  23. ^ Hayward 2013, p. 197.
  24. ^ Hayward 2013, p. 198.
  25. ^ White, Matt (19 August 2015). "1967: First Cash Dispenser". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Pre-dating the lot was Luther Simjian's Bankograph, trialled in the US by the City Bank of New York as early as 1961. Unpopular with customers, the machine, essentially a deposit box without a cash-dispensing facility, survived no longer than six months.
  26. ^ Boot, Max (September 13, 2018). "Sorry, Tucker Carlson, but there are plenty of reasons diversity really is America's strength". The Washington Post. The list of indispensable inventions from immigrants includes the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), the electric escalator (David Lindquist), basketball (James Naismith), blue jeans (Levi Strauss) and ATMs (Luther George Simjian).
  27. ^ a b c Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo; Reid, Robert J.K. (2008). "Evidence from the patent record on the development of cash dispensing technology" (PDF). 2008 IEEE History of Telecommunications Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. pp. 110–114. doi:10.1109/HISTELCON.2008.4668724. ISBN 978-1-4244-2530-3. S2CID 1155127.
  28. ^ Jeffries, Stuart (20 January 2005). "Pins and needle". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. ...on atmmachine.com. In fact it is not. The relevant section says: "Who invented the idea of an ATM? We believe it was Luther George Simjian. Who invented the ATM as we know it? We have to think it was James Goodfellow in Scotland for holding a patent date of 1966. Who invented the free-standing ATM design we recognise today? We think it was John D White for Docutel in the US."
  29. ^ McRobbie, Linda Rodriguez (January 8, 2015). "The ATM is Dead. Long Live the ATM!". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Professor Bernardo Batiz-Lazo, professor of business history and bank management at Bangor University, and the co-author of a book on the history of the ATM. [...] Moreover, ATM innovation had a number of clear predecessors. Batiz-Lazo pointed to American Luther George Simjian's invention of the Bankograph in 1960, machine that would allow bank customers to deposit checks and cash into a machine and that spent a short time in the lobby of a New York bank...
  30. ^ a b c "Automated Teller Machines". History.com. April 20, 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020.
  31. ^ a b c d Konheim 2016, p. 3.
  32. ^ a b Hayward 2013, p. 202.
  33. ^ a b "US3039582A: Subscriber controlled apparatus". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  34. ^ "US2930296A: Apparatus for collecting an article for deposit". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  35. ^ Jones, Stacy V. (April 2, 1960). "Robot Bank Teller Is Invented To Give Photograph as a Receipt". The New York Times.
  36. ^ Konheim 2016, pp. 1, 3.
  37. ^ "US3038157A: Deposit exchange machine including image recording means". patents.google.com. Google Patents.
  38. ^ "ATMs". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  39. ^ Konheim 2016, p. 1.
  40. ^ Bandon, Alexandra (January 4, 1998). "The Lives They Lived; Make It New". The New York Times. p. 40.
  41. ^ Golder, Peter N.; Shacham, Rachel; Mitra, Debanjan (January–February 2009). "Innovations' Origins: When, By Whom, and How Are Radical Innovations Developed?". Marketing Science. 28 (1). Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences: 170. doi:10.1287/mksc.1080.0384. JSTOR 23884229.
  42. ^ US4278254A, Simjian, Luther G., "Golf putting device", issued 1981-07-14 
  43. ^ Jones, Stacy V. (March 28, 1981). "Postage Meter Controlled, By a Coded Bank Check". The New York Times.
  44. ^ "Connecticut, District Court Naturalization Indexes, 1851-1992," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QKYT-W2K5 : 16 March 2018), Luther George Simjian, 1929; citing roll 16, NARA microfilm publication M2081 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 2,380,555.
  45. ^ "United States, New England Petitions for Naturalization Index, 1791-1906," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VX5T-4BZ : 4 March 2021), Luther George Simjian, 1929; citing Connecticut, NARA microfilm publication M1299 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.), roll 34; FHL microfilm 1,429,704.
  46. ^ "New York, New York City Marriage Records, 1829-1940," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:244G-G9L : 10 February 2018), Luther G. Simjian and Gladys L. Cannon, 15 Apr 1936; citing Marriage, Manhattan, New York, New York, United States, New York City Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 1,674,326.
  47. ^ Siegel, Robert; Wertheimer, Linda (November 3, 1997). "Simjian Obit". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020.
  48. ^ "DIED: Eclectic inventor". Maclean's. November 17, 1997. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019.
  49. ^ World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc. - 1998, p. 176 "Simjian, Luther G. (1905-October 23), inventor regarded as "the second Thomas Edison," who held more than 200 patents that included the automated teller machine and the self-focusing camera..."
  50. ^ "Simjian: The man is everywhere". Times Union. November 5, 1997. p. 4A. Archived from the original on 31 July 2023.
  51. ^ Science Digest (1963) Volume 54, Issue 6, page 56. "Luther G. Simjian has 132 U.S. patents to his credit. The Science Digest Inventor of the Month is also president of Reflectone Electronics, and is on the board of Universal Match Corp."
  52. ^ "Eli Whitney Award". cipla.net. Connecticut Intellectual Property Law Association (CIPLA). Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. 1978 Luther G. Simjian
  53. ^ "University of Florida computer graphics pioneer and chemistry professor among 2019 inductees into Florida Inventors Hall of Fame". University of Florida, Gainesville. March 26, 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020.
  54. ^ Bilirakis, Gus (July 24, 2019). "Florida Inventors Hall of Fame 2019 Inductees". Congressional Record: E976.
Bibliography

Further reading edit

External links edit

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