List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay

The list of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay is a list of marine and shore-based invertebrate animal species that form a part of the fauna of South Africa and that have been recorded from this geographical range. In some cases they are an important part of the ecological community, and others may have been passing through, or were carried out of their natural ranges by the vagaries of ocean currents or winds. Some of the animals are deep within their range of endemism, or near its borders, while others are cosmopolitan or recently arrived aliens. This list includes animals which live entirely marine lives, or which spend critical parts of their lives at sea, or rely on the sea or intertidal shore for the major part of their diet.

Astronaut photo of Cape Town showing the Cape Peninsula, and surrounding waters, including False Bay.
Map showing approximate extent of the range of the article and identifying key locations and the borders of the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone
Marine species distribution reference map of the Southern African coastline, showing key range locations

The geographical range is from Bloubergstrand at the north of Table Bay to Cape Hangklip, the south eastern limit of False Bay, in the Western Cape province of South Africa and includes the Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area (TMNP MPA),[1] the Helderberg Marine Protected Area, and part of the Robben Island Marine Protected Area.

Most of the shore is within the City of Cape Town, except for a section of the east coast of False Bay, south of Kogel Bay, which is in the Overstrand Local Municipality

The region is near to several universities and research institutions in Cape Town and Stellenbosch, which has led to many studies of the organisms and of the marine ecology, particularly those organisms that are easily or incidentally collected. The popularity of these waters for recreational diving has led to an increase in reported underwater photographic observations in recent years.[2]

Sponges edit

Calcarea – lime sponges edit

Order Leucosolenida

Family Sycettidae

Family Leucosoleniidae

Demospongiae – fibre or horny sponges edit

Order Astrophorida

Family Ancorinidae

Order Hadromerida

Family Clionaidae

Family Polymastiidae

Family Trachycladidae

Family Suberitidae

  • Dusty sponge, Suberites aff. ficus (both side of the Cape Peninsula, also southern Namibia, Mediterranean, Pacific and north Atlantic)[5][4]

Family Tethyidae

Order Halichondrida

Family Halichondriidae

Order Poecilosclerida

Family Chondropsidae

Family Crambeidae

Family Latrunculiidae

Family Isodictyidae

Family Microcionidae

Family Desmacellidae

Order Haplosclerida

Family Chalinidae

Order Dictyoceratida

Family Irciniidae

  • Black stink sponge, Ircinia arbuscula (Hyatt, 1877) (syn. Sarcotragus australis) (Cape Peninsula to Cape Agulhas, also Australia)[6] Note: Ircinia arbuscula (Lendenfeld, 1888) is syn. of Sarcotragus australis (Lendenfeld, 1888), so this needs to be clarified.
  • Sand cup sponge, Psammocinia cf. arenosa (Orange River to Cape Peninsula)[6]

Cnidarians edit

Anthozoa edit

Hexacorallians edit

Order: Actiniaria – Anemones

Family Actiniidae

Family Halcampidae

Family Haloclavidae

Family Hormathiidae

Family Sagartiidae

Family Preactiidae

Family Isanthidae

Order Corallimorpharia
Family Corallimorphidae

Order Zoanthids
Family Parazoanthidae

Order Cerianthids
Family Cerianthidae

Order Scleractinia
Family Dendrophylliidae

Family Caryophylliidae

Octocorallians edit

Order Malacalcyonacea[20]

Family Alcyoniidae

Family Eunicellidae

Family Gorgoniidae

Family Leptophytidae

Family Malacacanthidae

Family Melithaeidae

Family Nephtheidae

Order Pennatulacea – sea pens
Family Echinoptilidae

Family Virgulariidae

Order Scleralcyonacea – sea fans
Family Parasphaerascleridae

Family Spongiodermidae

Medusozoa edit

Staurozoa edit

Order Stauromedusae
family Depastridae

Family Kishinouyeidae

Family Lipkeidae

Scyphozoa – true jellyfish edit

Order Semaeostomeae
Family Pelagiidae

  • Compass jellyfish, Benguela compass jelly, redbanded jellyfish, Chrysaora fulgida (Reynaud, 1830), recorded as Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus, 1767), which is now known to be restricted to the north Atlantic. (pelagic, Atlantic Ocean).[3][4][33]
  • Night-light jellyfish, Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskal, 1775) (pelagic, Atlantic Ocean, also Mediterranean and Pacific)[3][4]

Family Ulmaridae

Order Rhizostomeae
Family Rhizostomatidae

Order Carybdeida
Family Carybdeidae

  • Box jellyfish, sea wasp, Carybdea murrayana Haeckel, 1880 recorded as syn. Carybdea branchi Gershwin & Gibbons, 2009 (north of Namibia to Port Elizabeth)[3][4][36]

Hydrozoans edit

Order Anthoathecata

Family Candelabridae

Family Eudendriidae

Family Hydractiniidae

Family Porpitidae

Family Solanderiidae

Family Stylasteridae

Family Tubulariidae

Order: Leptothecata
Family Aequoreidae

Family Aglaopheniidae

Family Campanulariidae

Family Halopterididae

Family Kirchenpaueriidae

Family Plumulariidae

Family Sertulariidae

Order Siphonophorae
Family Apolemiidae

Family Forskaliidae

Family Physaliidae

  • Bluebottle, Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758), recorded as syn. Physalia utriculus (La Martiniere, 1787) (pelagic, whole coast)[3][4][45]

Ctenophora – comb jellies edit

Order Beroida
Family Beroidae

Order Cestida
Family Cestidae

Order Cydippida
Family Pleurobrachiidae

Order Lobata
Family Bolinopsidae

Order Platyctenida
Family Coeloplanidae

Platyhelminthes – flatworms edit

Order Polycladida
Family Notocomplanidae

Family Planoceridae

Family Pseudocerotidae

Incertae sedis

  • Acoel flatworm, sponge flatworm. Undescribed. (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula)[14]
  • Striped flatworm. Undescribed. (Cape Peninsula and Port Elizabeth)[14][4]
  • Freckled flatworm. Undescribed. (Both sides of the Cape Peninsula)[14][4]

Annelida edit

Order Myzostomida
Family Myzostomatidae

Order Sipuncula
Family Golfingiidae

Class Clitellata edit

Subclass Hirudinea – Leeches edit

Order Rhynchobdellida
Family Piscicolidae

Class Polychaeta – bristleworms edit

Subclass Echiura edit

Order Echiuroidea
Family Thalassematidae

  • Opaque tongue worm Listriolobus capensis (Jones & Stephen, 1954), recorded as syn. Ochetostoma capense Jones & Stephen, 1954, (TMNP MPA).[4][51] (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[6]

Subclass Errantia edit

Order Amphinomida Family Euphrosinidae

Order Eunicida
Family Eunicidae

Family Lumbrineridae

Family Oenonidae

Family Onuphidae

Order Phyllodocida
Family Glyceridae

Family Nephtyidae

  • Nephtys' sand worms Nephtys spp. (TMNP MPA)[4] (North Namibia to Richard's Bay)[6]

Family Nereididae

Family Polynoidae

Family Sigalionidae

Family Syllidae

Subclass Sedentaria edit

Family Arenicolidae

Family Capitellidae

Family Chaetopteridae

Family Maldanidae

Family Orbiniidae

Family Sabellariidae

  • Cape reef worms Gunnarea gaimardi (Quatrefages, 1848), also recorded as syn. Gunnarea capensis (Schmarda, 1861), (TMNP MPA).[4][71] (North Namibia to North KZN)[6]

Order Terebellida
Family Cirratulidae

Family Flabelligeridae

Family Pectinariidae

  • Cone-tube worm, Amphictene capensis (Pallas, 1766), recorded as syn. Pectinaria capensis (Pallas, 1766), (TMNP MPA).[4][73] (Lüderitz to Cape Peninsula)[6]

Family Terebellidae

Order Sabellida
Family Sabellidae

Family Serpulidae

Order Spionida
Family Spionidae

Arthropods edit

Pycnogonida – sea spiders edit

Order Pantopoda
Family Ammotheidae

Family Nymphonidae

Superfamily Ascorhynchoidea family incertae sedis

Crustacea edit

Order Amphipoda edit

Family Amaryllididae

Family Ampeliscidae

Family Caprellidae

Family Cyamidae

Family Cyproideidae

Family Dexaminidae

Family Hyalidae

Family Hyperiidae

Family Iphimediidae

Family Ischyroceridae

Family Leucothoidae

Family Lysianassidae

Family Maeridae

Family Melitidae

Family Ochlesidae

Family Phoxocephalidae

Family Phronimidae

Family Pontogeneiidae

Family Talitridae

Family Urothoidae

Order Cumacea edit

Family Bodotriidae

Order Decapoda edit

Infraorder Achelata edit

Family Palinuridae

  • West Coast rock lobster, Jasus lalandii (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) (Walvis Bay to Port Elizabeth)[3][4]

Family Scyllaridae

Infraorder Anomura – hermit crabs edit

Family Diogenidae

Superfamily Galatheoidea

  • Squat lobster, Galatheoidea sp.(TMNP MPA)[4]

Family Paguridae

Infraorder Axiidea edit

Family Callichiridae

Infraorder Brachyura – true crabs edit

Family Calappidae

Fanuly Camptandriidae

Family Dromiidae

Family Epialtidae

  • Toothed decorator crab, Acanthonyx dentatus H. Milne Edwards, 1834 recorded as syn. Dehaanius dentatus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1834) (Saldanha Bay to Richards Bay)[3][119][4]
  • Agulhas spider crab, Maja capensis (Ortmann, 1894) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth)[114] syn. Mamaia capensis (not listed on WoRMS, possibly Maja cornuta (Linnaeus,[4] 1758) reported as syn. Maja squinado var. capensis Ortmann, 1894)[4]

Family Grapsidae

Family Hexapodidae

Family Hymenosomatidae

Family Inachidae

Family Leucosiidae

Family Nautilocorystidae

Family Ovalipidae

Family Pilumnoididae

Family Pinnotheridae

Family Plagusiidae

  • Cape rock crab, Guinusia chabrus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lüderitz to Sodwana Bay)[3] also reported as syn. Plagusia chabrus[4]

Family Portulinidae

Family Varunidae

Infraorder Caridea – benthic prawns edit

Family Alpheidae

Family Hippolytidae

Family Palaemonidae

Family Penaeidae

Infraorder Gebiidea edit

Family Upogebiidae

Order Euphausiacea edit

Family Euphausiidae

Order Isopoda edit

Family Anthuridae

Family Cirolanidae

Family Cymothoidae

Family Holidoteidae

Family Idoteidae

Family Janiridae

Family Joeropsididae

Family Ligiidae

Family Paranthuridae

Family Sphaeromatidae

Family Tylidae

Order Leptostraca edit

Family Nebaliidae

Order Mysida – mysid shrimps edit

Family Mysidae

Order Stomatopoda – mantis shrimps edit

Family Lysiosquillidae

Order Tanaidacea edit

Family Leptocheliidae

Family Tanaididae

Infraclass Cirripedia – barnacles edit

Order Balanomorpha
Family Balanidae

Family Coronulidae

Family Tetraclitidae

Order Scalpellomorpha
Family Lepadidae

Order Sessilia

Family Balanidae

Family Chthamalidae

Class Copepoda edit

Order Calanoida
Family Centropagidae

Order Harpacticoida
Family Porcellidiidae

Class Hexapoda edit

Family Neanuridae

Bryozoans – moss animals, lace animals edit

Order Cheilostomatida
Family Adeonidae

Family Beaniidae

Family Bugulidae

Family Calwelliidae

Family Candidae

Family Celleporidae

Family Chaperiidae

Family Electridae

Family Exochellidae

Family Flustridae

Family Gigantoporidae

Family Lanceoporidae

Family Lepraliellidae

Family Margarettidae

Family Membraniporidae

Family Phidoloporidae

Family Steginoporellidae

Family Watersiporidae

Order Ctenostomatida
Family Alcyonidiidae

Order Cyclostomatida
Family Diaperoeciidae

  • Beauteous bryozoan, pore-tubed bryozoan, Nevianipora pulcherrima (Kirkpatrick, 1890) syn. Tubulipora pulcherrima (Cape Peninsula to Mossel Bay, Indo-Pacific)[6][14][4]

Family Tubuliporidae

Molluscs edit

Gastropoda – slugs and snails edit

Patellogastropoda – true limpets edit

Family Patellidae – true limpets

Vetigastropoda edit

Family Calliostomatidae

Family Haliotidae – abalone

  • Perlemoen or abalone, Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal South coast)[3][4]
  • Spiral-ridged siffie, Haliotis parva Linnaeus, 1758 (Cape Point to Eastern Cape)[3][4]
  • Siffie or Venus ear, blood-spotted abalone, Haliotis spadicea Donovan, E., 1808 (Cape Point to KwaZulu-Natal north coast)[3][4]

Family Fissurellidae – keyhole limpets

  • Saddle-shaped keyhole limpet, Dendrofissurella scutellum (Gmelin, 1791) also recorded as syn. Amblychilepas scutella (Gmelin, 1791) (Namibia to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][222][4]
  • Conical keyhole limpet, Diodora parviforata (G.B. Sowerby III, 1889) (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[3] also recorded as syn. Fissurella parviforata G.B. Sowerby III, 1889.[4]
  • Diodora elevata (Dunker, 1846) (Saldanha Bay to western Transkei)[223]
  • Cape keyhole limpet, Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby, 1834 (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[3][4]
  • Mantled keyhole limpet, Pupillaea aperta (G.B. Sowerby I, 1825) (Orange River to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[3][4] also recorded as syn. Fissurellidea aperta G.B. Sowerby, 1825.

Family Phasianellidae

Family Trochidae

Family Turbinidae

Caenogastropoda edit

Family Epitoniidae

Family Janthinidae

Family Turritellidae

Littorinimorpha edit

Family Aporrhaidae – pelican foot shells

Family Assimineidae

Family Calyptraeidae – slipper limpets

Family Cassidae – helmet shells

Family Charoniidae

  • Pink lady, Charonia lampas Linnaeus, 1758, also recorded as Charonia lampas pustulata (Cape Point to Mozambique)[3][4]

Family Cymatiidae

Family Cypraeidae – true cowries

Family Hipponicidae – hoof limpets

  • Horse's hoof, Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817), recorded as syn. Hipponix conicus (Schumacher, 1817), (Cape Point to Mozambique)[3][237]

Family Littorinidae

Family Naticidae – necklace shells

Family Ranellidae

  • Single-ridged triton, Ranella gemmifera Euthyme, 1889 also recorded as syn.Ranella australasia gemmifera (Cape Point to Durban)[3][4]

Family Tonnidae

Family Triviidae – trivia

Family Velutinidae

Family Vermetidae – worm shells

  • Colonial worm shell, Dendropoma corallinaceum (Tomlin, 1939) (Orange river to Transkei)[3] also recorded as syn. Vermetus (Stoa) corallinaceus Tomlin, 1939.[4]
  • Solitary worm shell, Thylacodes natalensis Mörch, 1862, recorded as syn. Serpulorbis natalensis (Mörch, 1862), (Namaqualand to central Kwa-Zulu-Natal)[3][242][4]
Neogastropoda edit

Family Ancillariidae

Family Babyloniidae

Family Buccinidae

Family (unassigned), superfamily Buccinoidea

Family Columbellidae

Family Conidae – cone shells

  • Algoa cone, Conus algoensis G. B. Sowerby II, 1834 (Cape Columbine to Cape Agulhas)[3][4]
    • Conus algoensis algoensis (West Coast)[3]
    • Yellow Algoa cone, Conus algoensis simplex G. B. Sowerby II, 1858 (Cape Point to Hermanus)[3]
  • Elongate cone, Conus mozambicus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792 (Orange river to Eastern Cape)[3][4]

Family Cystiscidae

Family Fasciolariidae

  • Short-siphoned whelk, Lugubrilaria lugubris (A. Adams & Reeve, 1847) (Saldanha to False Bay)[3][4] (syn? Pleuroploca lugubris lugubris (Adams, A. & L.A. Reeve in Reeve, L.A., 1847)), Fasciolaria lugubris lugubris
  • Long-siphoned whelk, Africofusus ocelliferus (Lamarck, 1816), recorded as syn. Fusinus ocelliferus Lamarck, 1816 (Namaqualand to central KwaZulu-Natal)[3][246][4]

Family Marginellidae – marginellas

Family Mitridae – mitres

  • Brown mitre, Isara picta (Reeve, 1844), recorded as syn. Mitra picta Reeve, 1844 (Cape Columbine to KwaZulu-Natal south coast)[3][249][4]

Family Muricidae

Family Nassariidae

Dogwhelks

Subfamily Bulliinae – Plough shells

Family Clavatulidae

Heterobranchia edit

Order Ellobiida
Family Trimusculidae

Order Systellommatophora Family Onchidiidae

clade Cephalaspidea – head shield slugs edit

Family Cylichnidae

Family Retusidae

  • Retusa truncatula (Bruguiere, 1792) (False Bay to Durban, also northern Europe, Mediterranean, Canary Islands)[257]

Family Philinidae

Family Aglajidae

Family Gastropteridae

Family Haminoeidae

Family Bullidae

clade Aplysiomorpha – sea hares edit

Family Aplysiidae

clade Sacoglossasap-sucking slugs edit

Family Oxynoidae

Family Plakobranchidae

  • Plant-sucking nudibranch, Elysia spp. (Orange River to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][257][258]
  • Sap-sucker, Elysia rubropunctata, not listed om WoRMS, but might refer to Elysia punctata var. rubropunctata, Macnae, 1954. (TMNP MPA).[4][262]

Family Hermaeidae

Family Limapontiidae

clade Pleurobranchomorpha – sidegill slugs edit

Family Pleurobranchidae

Family Pleurobranchaeidae

clade Nudibranchia – nudibranchs edit

subclade Doridaceadorid nudibranchs
Family Aegiridae

Family Cadlinidae

Family Dorididae

Family Discodorididae

Family Cadlinidae

Family Chromodorididae

Family Dendrodorididae

Family Mandeliidae

Family Onchidorididae

Family Goniodorididae

Family Corambidae

Family Polyceridae

subclade Dendronotida
Family Scyllaeidae

Family Tethydidae

Family Dotidae

Family Tritoniidae

subclade Euarminida
Family Arminidae

subclade Cladobranchia
Family Coryphellidae

  • White-edged nudibranch, Coryphella capensis Thiele, 1925, also recorded as syn. Fjordia capensis (Thiele, 1925), and syn. Flabellina capensis (Thiele, 1925), (Atlantic coast Cape Peninsula to Port Elizabeth)[257][258][4][273]

Family Cuthonidae

Family Fionidae

Family Janolidae

Family Lemindidae

Family Tergipedidae

Family Trinchesiidae

subclade Aeolididaaeolid nudibranchs
Family Aeolidiidae

Family Embletoniidae

Family Eubranchidae

Family Flabellinidae

Family Facelinidae

Family Myrrhinidae

Family Glaucidae

  • Sea swallow, blue glaucus, Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1777 (False Bay to KwaZulu-Natal, circumtropical).[4]
Order Siphonariida edit

Family Siphonariidae

Bivalvia edit

Order Arcida
Family Arcidae – ark clams

Order Cardiida
Family Donacidae

Order Carditida
Family Carditidae

Order Limida
Family Limidae – file shells

Order Mytilida
Family Mytilidae

Order Ostreida
Family Ostreidae – true oysters

Family Pinnidae – pen shells

Order Pectinida
Family Pectinidae – scallops

Order Venerida
Family Mactridae – trough shells

Order Venerida
Family Lasaeidae

Family Tellinidae

Family Veneridae – Venus shells

Order unassigned, Euheterodonta
Family Solenidae

Polyplacophora – chitons edit

Order Chitonida
Family Acanthochitonidae

Family Chitonidae

Family Callochitonidae

  • Broad chiton, Callochiton dentatus Spengler, 1797 recorded as syn. Callochiton castaneus (Wood, 1815) (Orange river to northern KwaZulu-Natal)[3][4]

Family Chaetopleuridae

Family Ischnochitonidae

Cephalopoda edit

Order Octopoda – octopus
Family Enteroctopodidae

Family Octopodidae

Family Argonautidae

Order Teuthidasquid
Family Loliginidae

  • Chokka or calimari, Loligo reynaudii d'Orbigny [in Ferussac & d'Orbigny], 1839-1841, recorded as syn. Loligo vulgaris reynaudi (Orbigny, 1845) (Orange River to Eastern Cape)[3][294][4]

Order Sepiolidabobtail squid

  • Unidentified species (Cape Peninsula, both sides)

Order Sepiidacuttlefish Family Sepiidae

  • Beautiful cuttlefish, Sepia pulchra Roeleveld & Liltved, 1985, also recorded as syn. Sepia (Hemisepius) pulchra Roeleveld & Liltved, 1985.[295][4]
  • Tuberculate cuttlefish, Sepia tuberculata Lamarck, 1798 (Cape Columbine to Eastern Cape)[3][4]
  • Common cuttlefish, patchwork cuttlefish, Sepia vermiculata Quoy and Gaimard, 1832 (Orange River to Mozambique)[3][4]
  • Pore-bellied cuttlefish, Hemisepius typicus Steenstrup, 1875, recorded as syn. Sepia typica (Steenstrup, 1875), (TMNP MPA).[4][296]

Brachiopoda – lampshells edit

Order Lingulida
Family Discinidae

Order Terebratulida
Family Kraussinidae

Family Cancellothyrididae

Echinoderms edit

Crinoidea – feather stars edit

Order Comatulida
Family Antedonidae

Family Comatulidae

Family Tropiometridae

Asteroidea – starfish edit

Order Paxillosida
Family Astropectinidae

Order Valvatida
Family Goniasteridae

Family Goniasteridae

  • Granular starfish, Fromia schultzei Döderlein, 1910, recorded as syn. Austrofromia schultzei (Doderlein, 1910) (False Bay to Port Elizabeth)[3][302][4]

Family Asterinidae

Order Forcipulatida
Family Asteriidae

Order Spinulosida
Family Asterinidae

Family Stichasteridae

Order Velatida
Family Pterasteridae

Order Spinulosida
Family Echinasteridae

Ophiuroidea – brittlestars edit

Order Euryalida
Family Gorgonocephalidae

Order Amphilepidida
Family Amphiuridae

Family Ophiactidae

Order Ophiurida
Family Ophiotrichidae

Family Amphiuridae

  • Equal-tailed brittle star, Amphiura (Amphiura) capensis Ljungman, 1867, recorded as syn. Amphiura capensis Ljungman 1867 (whole coast)[3][4]

Family Ophionereididae

Family Ophiodermatidae

Echinoidea – sea urchins edit

Order Echinoida
Family Echinidae

Order Echinolampadacea
Family Echinolampadidae

Order Spatangoida
Family Brissidae

Family Loveniidae

Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers edit

Order Dendrochirotida
Family Cucumariidae

Family Phyllophoridae

Chaetognatha – Arrow worms edit

Family Sagittidae

Hemichordata edit

Class Enteropneusta

Family Ptychoderidae

Tunicates edit

Order Aplousobranchia

Family Clavelinidae

Family Didemnidae

Family Holozoidae

Family Polycitoridae

Family Polyclinidae

Order Phlebobranchia

Family Ascidiidae

Family Cionidae

Order Pyrosomatida

Family Pyrosomatidae

Order Salpida

Family Salpidae

Order Stolidobranchia

Family Pyuridae

Family Styelidae

Cephalochordata – Lancelets edit

Family Branchiostomatidae

Geographical position of places mentioned in species ranges edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "South African National Parks – SANParks – Official Website – Accommodation, Activities, Prices, Reservations". sanparks.org. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  2. ^ a b Kock, Alison; Stanbridge, Debbie; Brink, Rene; Holness, Stephen; Harris, Linda; Gardner, Kathryn; van Wilgen-Bredenkamp, Nicola; Mayekiso, Sisanda; Jones, Georgina. Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area – State of Knowledge Report March 2022 (PDF). Internal Report 01 / 2022 (Report). Pretoria: Scientific Services, South African National Parks. Chapter 8: Research and monitoring.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E (2005): Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa ISBN 0-86486-672-0
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