Wikipedia

List of haplogroups of historic people

This is a list of haplogroups of historic people. Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs or documentaries about this topic; they may be included in this list too.

MtDNA results indicate direct maternal descent while Y-DNA results indicate direct paternal descent; these are only two of many lines of descent. Scientists make inferences of descent as hypotheses which could be disproved or modified by future research.

Ancient samples edit

These are results from 'ancient' samples, those collected from the remains or reputed remains of the person. Because mtDNA breaks down more slowly than nuclear DNA, it is often possible to obtain mtDNA results where other testing fails.

Birger Magnusson edit

Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm, the modern capital of Sweden, belonged to Y Haplogroup I-M253, according to Andreas Carlsson at the National Board of Forensic Medicine of Sweden. Birger Magnusson was the ancestor of a line of kings of both Sweden and Norway, starting with his son, Valdemar, King of Sweden.[citation needed]

Gaodang King Korguz (高唐王=趙王 闊裏吉思) edit

Noble burials of Mongols in the Yuan dynasty in Shuzhuanglou Site (northernmost Hebei, China, 700YBP) were excavated. All three men excavated belong to Y haplogroup Q, with subclade not analysed.

The most principal occupant, Gaodang King Korguz, had mtDNA of haplogroup D4m2. Two others' mtDNA are A[1]

Korguz (Chinese: 高唐王闊裏吉思) was the son of a princess of Kublai Khan and he was the king of the Ongud and a descendant of Gok-Turk. The Ongud claimed descent from the Shatuo, prominent in the era of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. His two wives were all princesses of Yuan Dynasty. It was very important for the Yuan dynasty to maintain marriage-alliance with the Onguds, which had been very important assistant since Genghis Khan. About 16 princesses of Yuan dynasty were married to khans of the Ongud.

Jean-Paul Marat edit

In 2020, a genetic study showed that the figure of the French Revolution Jean-Paul Marat killed in 1793, had the haplogroup H2 (mtDNA).[2]

Luke the Evangelist edit

Luke the Evangelist is a Christian saint and apostle born on 1st century A.D. in Roman Syria and died in Roman Greece. Remains reputed to have been his had haplogroup H2 (mtDNA).[3][4][better source needed]

Louis XVII edit

Louis XVII was the younger son of King of France Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. His maternal haplogroup is H.[5]

Queen Marie Antoinette edit

The maternal haplogroup of Marie Antoinette is H.[5][6]

Mary Magdalene edit

A lock of hair kept at a reliquary at Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume basilica, France, which local tradition holds belonged to the biblical figure Mary Magdalene, was allegedly assigned to mitochondrial haplogroup K. Ancient DNA sequencing of a capillary bulb bore the K1a1b1a subclade according to the author Gérard Lucotte, who concluded that she was likely of Pharisian maternal origin.[7] Gérard Lucotte,[8][circular reference] the controversial geneticist in charge of analyzing the hair material, also publicly claimed in France in 2005 to have "discovered" the DNA of Jesus Christ from the Argenteuil Tunic relic.[9]

Mummy Juanita edit

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[10][11]

Nicholas II of Russia and family edit

The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup T, based on mutations 16126C, 16169Y, 16294T, 16296T, 73G, 263G, and 315.1C. His results matched those of a cousin, Prince Nikolai Trubetskoy, but showed a heteroplasmy – a mix of two different sequences – indicating a recent mutation. To further confirm the identity, the tsar's brother, Grand Duke George, was exhumed and found to have the same mitochondrial heteroplasmy.[12][13]

Empress Alexandra of Russia and her children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei were identified as belonging to mtDNA haplogroup H (16111T, 16357C, 263G, 315.1C). This identity was confirmed by match to that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[12][14]

As part of the same analysis, mitochondrial types were determined for four further individuals, thought to have been the Royal Physician and servants.

Nicholas II has been predicted as having a Y-DNA R1b haplotype.[15][better source needed]

Oseberg ship remains edit

The remains of the younger of the two women buried with the Oseberg Ship were tested and discovered to have mtDNA of U7.[16]

Petrarch edit

The purported remains of Francesco Petrarca, known as Petrarch, were tested for DNA in 2003.[17] Another analysis revealed that purported skull of Petrarca belonged to a woman, the DNA from rib belonged to mtDNA haplogroup J2.[18]

Ramesses III edit

In December 2012, a genetic study conducted by the same researchers who decoded King Tutankhamun's DNA predicted using an STR-predictor that Ramesses III, second pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt and considered to be the last great New Kingdom regent to wield any substantial authority over Egypt, belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E-M2, alternatively known as haplogroup E1b1a.[19]

Richard III of England edit

See also: Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England

Richard III's mitochondrial haplotype was inferred from living descendants and then the identity of his remains confirmed through a multidisciplinary process including genetic analysis of both his mitochondrial and Y-DNA. In 2004 British historian John Ashdown-Hill traced a British-born woman living in Canada, Joy Ibsen (née Brown), who is a direct maternal line descendant of Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, a sister of Richard III of England. Joy Ibsen's mtDNA was tested and belongs to mtDNA haplogroup J.[20][21] Joy Ibsen died in 2008. On 4 February 2013, University of Leicester researchers announced that there was an mtDNA match between that of a skeleton exhumed in Leicester suspected of belonging to Richard III and that of Joy Ibsen's son, Michael Ibsen, and a second direct maternal line descendant named Wendy Duldig.[22][23][24][25] They share mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.[26][27]

The Y haplogroup of Richard III, last king of the House of York and last of the House of Plantagenet, was identified as Y-DNA G-P287, in contrast to the Y haplotypes of the putative modern relatives.[28]

Sweyn II of Denmark edit

In order to verify whether the body of a woman entombed near Sweyn II of Denmark in Roskilde Cathedral is that of his mother Estrid, mtDNA from pulp of teeth from each of the two bodies was extracted and analysed. The king was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H and the woman was assigned to mtDNA haplogroup H5a. Based on the observation of two HVR1 sequence differences, it was concluded that it is highly unlikely that the woman was the king's mother.[29]

Yuya edit

Yuya was Tutankhamun's great grandfather. Predicted Y-DNA haplogroup G2a, based on ancient Y-STR profiles.[30] Yuya served as a key adviser for Amenhotep III, and held posts such as "King’s Lieutenant" and "Master of the Horse"; his title "Father-of-the-god" possibly referred specifically to his being Amenhotep's father-in-law. In his native town of Akhmin, Yuya was a prophet of Min, the chief "god" of the area, and served as this deity's "Superintendent of Cattle".[31]

Tutankhamun edit

There is controversy regarding Tutankhamun's Y-DNA profile. It was not discussed in a 2010 academic study that included DNA profiling of some of the male mummies of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, and was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

The team that analysed the Eighteenth Dynasty mummies disputed a claim later made by the personal genomics company iGENEA regarding Tutankhamun's Y-DNA profile. Staff from iGENEA examined images from news coverage of the above study, that purportedly showed data from Tutankhamun's Y-DNA profile. Based on the unverified images, iGENEA claimed that Tutankhamun belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1a2,[32][33] a claim that was rejected as "unscientific" by members of the team that had actually analysed the Eighteenth Dynasty mummies. The original researchers also stated they had not been consulted by iGENEA before it published the haplogroup information. However, in a 2020 publication, those same researchers confirmed that the y-haplogroup of Tutankhamun was, indeed, R1b.[30][34] However, conflicting DNA analysis on the Amarna royal mummies which included Tutankhamun performed by other researchers had found much closer affinities to Sub-Saharan African populations which in has led to a lack of consensus on the genetic makeup of the ancient Egyptians and their geographic origins.[35][36]

Gleb Svyatoslavich edit

The genetic study "Population genomics of the Viking world" was published September 16, 2020 in Nature, and showed that Gleb Svyatoslavich (sample VK542), an 11th century Rurikid Prince of Tmutarakan and Novgorod in Kievan Rus', was found to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup I2a1a2b1a1a (I-Y3120) and mtDNA haplogroup H5a2a.[37] In YFull's YTree a more detailed position is given for his Y-DNA under I-Y3120's subclades Y4460 > Y3106 > Y91535.[38]

Deduction by testing of descendants or other relatives edit

Because mtDNA is carried through the direct female line, some researchers have identified the haplotype of historic persons by testing descendants in their direct female line. In the case of males, their mother's direct female lineage descendants are tested. Y-DNA testing may be carried out on male relatives.

Bure kinship from Sweden edit

The male lineage of the medieval Bure kinship from Sweden has been identified as Y-DNA haplogroup G2a, based on several BigY tests carried out in 2014 on people living today. Descendants of two of the sons of Old Olof (who was born about 1380) were identified as G-Y12970*, and descendants of his alleged brother Fale as G-Y16788. The test result supports genealogical information recorded in about 1610 by Johannes Bureus. The DNA results also disproved a branch that was later added to the family book.[39]

Cao Cao, the Cao Wei State of Ancient China edit

Chinese warlord Cao Cao, who was posthumously titled Emperor Wu of the state of Cao Wei, belonged to Y-DNA Haplotype O2-M268 according to DNA tests of some documented present-day descendants with lineage records.[40] Ancient DNA analysis of the tooth of Cao Cao's granduncle, Cao Ding, showed that Cao Cao belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175.[41] A followup publication precisely identified the haplogroup more precisely as a subgroup of O-M175, designated O1b1-F1462(xPK4).[42]

Charles Darwin edit

Charles Darwin belonged to Y haplogroup R1b based on a sample from his great-great-grandson.[43]

Edward IV of England edit

Edward IV of England and his brother Richard III of England, both sons of Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, would have shared the same mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c.[26]

Albert Einstein edit

Albert Einstein is alleged to belong to Y Haplogroup E.[44][45] Tested Einsteins from Germany belong to E1b1b1b2* (cluster SNP PF1952, formerly known as the E-Z830-B or "Jewish cluster").[46] A patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein (1733–1799), Albert Einstein's great-grandfather, was tested and belonged to E-M35 (E1b1b1).[47]

Fath Ali Shah Qajar edit

Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (1772–1834), the second emperor and shah of the Qajar dynasty of Iran belonged to Haplogroup J-M267 with DYS388 = 13 as deduced from testing of descendants of several of his sons.[48]

Benjamin Franklin edit

Doras Folger, one of Benjamin Franklin's mother Abiah Lee Folger's six sisters, passed on her mtDNA to her 9th-great-granddaughter, Charlene Chambers King, indicating that Franklin belonged to mitochondrial haplogroup V, with the following mutations: T16298C, 315.1C, 309.1C, A263G, and T72C.[49]

Genghis Khan edit

Main article: Descent from Genghis Khan

Several scientists have created their own theories about the Y-chromosomal haplogroup (and therefore the patrilineal ancestry) of Genghis Khan. The proposed candidates include haplogroup C3, haplogroup Q, haplogroup R1b and haplogroup C2.[50]

Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 1474–1517, Dayan Khan, who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them. This is a different haplogroup from the infamous widespread C2b1a3a1c2-F5481 clade of C2*-ST which is widespread in Central Asia among Kazakhs, Hazaras and ordinary commoner Mongols since Kazakhs and Hazaras were descended from ordinary Mongol soldiers during the Mongol empire conquests but not from Genghis himself.[51] The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general.[52]

Toghan, Genghis Khan's sixth son has claimed descendants who have Y haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 just like the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi's descendants in the Kazakh Tore clan.[50]

Numerous studies by teams of biochemists led by M. V. Derenko (2007), based on the Y-DNA of people who claim to be modern descendants of Genghis Khan, have indicated that Genghis Khan may have belonged to a subclade of Haplogroup C-M217 (C2) such as C-F4002 (C2b1a3).[53]

However, research published in 2016 analyzed DNA from a Borjigin burial site in Mongolia, and suggested that Genghis Khan may have belonged to the West Eurasian haplogroup R-M343 (R1b) instead of haplogroup C. The remains of the burials were described as having an East Asian appearance, which the authors attributed to their East Eurasian mitochondrial DNA haplogroups.[54]

A 2019 study proposed that the Y lineage of Jochi (Genghis Khan's eldest son) may have been haplogroup C2b1a1b1 (C2), which they identify as a new potential candidate for Genghis Khan's true Y-DNA lineage.[50]

Gia Long edit

Gia Long, who was the first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam founded by the Nguyễn-Phuoc family may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 according to the DNA tests of one documented descendant (if paternity matches genealogy).[55] Given the sample size, however, this result cannot be regarded as conclusive and further testing of other documented descendants is necessary to help confirm or refute this finding.

Adolf Hitler edit

In 2010, journalist Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren publicised analysis of samples taken from 39 patrilineal relatives of Adolf Hitler which revealed that Hitler belonged to Y-DNA Haplogroup E (Y-DNA) (E1b1b) the subclade being undisclosed.[56][57]

Mulders contradicted interpretations of his research by some media outlets, which claimed that Hitler definitively had Jewish ancestry. Mulders commented:

I never wrote that Hitler was a Jew, or that he had a Jewish grandfather. I only wrote that Hitler's haplogroup is E1b1b. All the rest are speculations of journalists who didn't even take the trouble to read my article, although I had it translated into English especially for this purpose.[58]

The accuracy of some of the coverage arising from this study was questioned. Professor Michael Hammer of Family Tree DNA said that "scientific studies as well as records from our own database[,] make it clear that one cannot reach the kind of conclusion featured in the published articles." Citing Family Tree DNA's own data that shows that no more than 9% of the German and Austrian population have the Haplogroups E1b1b, and that about 80% of these are not Jewish, Hammer concluded, "[t]his data clearly shows that just because one person belongs to the branch of the Y-chromosome referred to as haplogroup E1b1b, that does not mean the person is likely to be of Jewish ancestry."[58]

In 2019, Leonard Sax published an article titled "Aus den Gemeinden von Burgenland: Revisiting the question of Adolf Hitler’s paternal grandfather". In this article, Sax states that the methods by which the DNA samples were taken from Hitler's relatives in this study would be disqualified from a reputable journal. Sax commented:

Such methods – obtaining material without the consent of the donor – would generally disqualify the study from publication in a reputable journal.[59]

Thomas Jefferson edit

Main article: Jefferson–Hemings controversy

Direct male-line descendants of a cousin of United States president Thomas Jefferson were genotyped to investigate historical assertions that Jefferson fathered children with his slave Sally Hemings.[60]

An extended 17-marker haplotype was published in 2007,[61] and the company Family Tree DNA has also published results for other markers in its standard first 12-marker panel.[62] Combining these sources gives the consolidated 21-marker haplotype below. The Jeffersons belong to Haplogroup T (M184) (formerly known as K2).

Louis XVI edit

Analysis of a handkerchief with blood traces said to have been obtained at the execution of Louis XVI of France, suggested that he may have belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup G-M201. However, testing on some of his supposed relatives show he might have belonged to haplogroup R-U106 (a subclade of R1b).[63]

Martin Luther edit

Tested relatives of Protestant reformer Martin Luther belonged to Haplogroup I2a-Din-N (L147.2+).[64]

Napoleon edit

Analysis of two beard hairs revealed that Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to Y haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*).[65][66]

Niall of the Nine Hostages edit

Main article: Niall of the Nine Hostages

A study conducted at Trinity College, Dublin,[67] found that a striking percentage of men in Ireland (and quite a few in Scotland) share the same Y chromosome.[68] Niall established a royal dynasty which dominated the island for six centuries. Niall belongs to Haplogroup R1b1c7 (M222).[citation needed] Dr. Moore's results examined some different parts of DNA (loci) from the result given here. More recently, however, it has been determined that the emergence of R-M222 predates Niall and may be more than 2,000 years old. Therefore, not all men who belong to this haplogroup are descendants of Niall. A history of the lineage of Irish kings that was compiled by Irish monks, known as "the Annals of the Four Masters" lists "Conn of the Hundred Battles" among the ancestors of Niall. So, it may be that the haplogroup previously attributed to Niall is actually attributable to Conn of the Hundred Battles.

Brian Boru edit

Main article: Brian Boru

The Irish King Brian Boru, founder of the O'Brien Dynasty is associated with the Dalcassian haplogroup R1B-L226.[69]

Nurhaci edit

Y Haplogroup C3b2b1* (C-M401*, (xF5483) has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro (who were founders of the Qing dynasty) and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but completely absent from Han Chinese.[70][71]

Asano Soichiro edit

Asano Sōichirō (浅野 総一郎, April 13, 1848 – November 9, 1930) 's Y-DNA is D1a2a1a2b1a1a8a (D-CTS4093).[72] He was a Japanese businessman responsible for founding a number of companies, including what became today's Sapporo Breweries,[73] Toa Construction Corporation,[74] Oki Electric Industry,[75] JFE Group[76] and Taiheiyo Cement (formerly Asano Cement).[77]

Somerled edit

Main articles: Somerled and Clann Somhairle

In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors, who is credited with driving out the Vikings. He was also paternal grandfather of the founder of Clan Donald. Through clan genealogies, the genetic relation was mapped out.[78] Somerled belongs to haplogroup R1a1.

In 2005 a study by Professor of Human Genetics Bryan Sykes of Oxford University led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants.[79] Sykes deduced that despite Somerled's reputation for having driven out the Vikings from Scotland, Somerled's own Y-DNA closely matched that of the Vikings he fought.

Emanuel Swedenborg edit

Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772), the 18th century scientist and mystic from Sweden likely belonged to the haplogroup I1-BY229,[80] a haplogroup with a common ancestor about 1500 years ago who lived somewhere in central Scandinavia.[81]

Nikola Tesla edit

The testing of actual relatives’ Serb scientist and inventor Nikola Tesla (1856-1943), published on the Serbian DNA Project at Poreklo, showed that his Y-DNA line was R1a-M458 (L1029 subclade).

Rothschild Family edit

Men of the Jewish Rothschild family, who established an international banking business, acquired the largest fortune in modern world history and established a true dynasty in the 19th century, apparently belong to haplogroup J2a1-L210.[82][83]

Haplogroup J2 is commonly found within Asia Minor, Persia, Central Asia and the Caucasus Mountains and is frequent in modern and historical inhabitants of the Levant and Fertile Crescent especially among Jews and in Lebanon. Subclade J2a is very common amongst Ingush, and has been found in West Eurasian corpses discovered in the Altai mountains.[84][85][86]

Queen Victoria edit

mtDNA Haplogroup H (16111T, 16357C, 263G, 315.1C): Empress Alexandra of Russia's identity was confirmed by matching her mtDNA with that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[12] Their common maternal ancestor, Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and her mother, Queen Victoria, must therefore have shared this haplotype. Genealogies show that Charles II of England had the same matrilineal ancestress as Queen Victoria, namely Anne of Bohemia and Hungary. Catherine the Great is 11-knee relation of Queen Victoria on this lineage.

Alexander Hamilton edit

He is one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. His Y-DNA Haplogroup was I1a.[49][87]

John Adams edit

He was the first Vice President and second President of the U.S. His Y-DNA Haplogroup was R1b1.[49]

John Quincy Adams edit

He was the sixth President of the U.S. His Y-DNA Haplogroup was R1b1.[49]

Amir Timur edit

According to FamilyTreeDNA, the Turco-Mongol founder of the Timurid Empire Amir Timur's Haplogroup was J-M172. But Timur's uncle Haji Barlas has R-M512.[88][89]

Hunyadi family edit

Bone samples were collected in the Corvinus grave from the remains of John Corvinus and Christopher Corvinus in the church of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Lepoglava by the Institute of Hungarian Research in 2021 to define their genetic composition. This information will be crucial for possible identification of the remains of King Matthias Corvinus from among the bones stored in the ossuary at Székesfehérvár. The team of Endre Neparáczki successfully identified the DNA profile of the last two male members of the Hunyadi family by next-generation sequencing technology, and the genetic study was published in Heliyon in 2022.[90][91][92][93]

John Corvinus and Christopher Corvinus carried the paternal Y-chromosome haplogroup E1b1b1a1b1a6a1c~ (E-BY4281), which is widespread in Eurasia. This haplogroup belongs to the E-V13 clade which is part of the E-M78 branch. The father-son relationship was also verified. The closest ancient genetic matches to the paternal haplogroup of the Hunyadi descendants are a sample from the Otrar-Karatau culture in the Iron Age Kazakh steppe and a sample from Medieval Sardinia. The closest genetic sample matches from the Carpathian Basin to the Hunyadi genome were detected in Avar individuals, elite Hungarian Conquerors and in a Medieval Hungarian nobleman from the Hungarian Royal Basilica.[94][92]

John Corvinus belongs to the T2b mitochondrial haplogroup, his maternal lineage widespread haplogroup throughout Eurasia. His son Christopher Corvinus belongs to the rare T2c1+146 mitochondrial haplogroup, his maternal lineage was already present in the Neolithic era on the territory of present-day Hungary but most frequent around the Mediterranean. Both maternal lines are consistent with the known origin of their mothers.[94][92]

Archaeogenomic analysis indicated that John and Christopher Corvinus had an ancient European genome composition. The majority genome components of John Corvinus were present in the Carpathian Basin thousands of years ago, the highest shared drift are with European Neolithic samples (which peoples can also be traced back to the Carpathian Basin[92]) and Hungarian Neolithic samples: Transdanubian Lengyel culture, Bodrogkeresztúr culture, Kőrös culture, Alföld Linear Pottery culture. The genome of Christopher Corvinus also has a shared drift with a sample from the Croatian Copper Age Vučedol culture, which was received from his mother. The Corvinus genome contains these admixture components: 50% Neolithic Anatolian, 31% Ancient North Eurasian, 8% Iranian Neolithic, 5% Western Hunter gatherer, 3% Early Bronze Age and 2% Han. At the individual level, the 10 most similar samples were from Russia, Croatia, Romania and Hungary, while at the population level, it clustered with populations from northern Italy, Spain, Basque Country, France, Croatia and Hungary. The greatest similarity to this medieval Corvinus genome is found with today's southern European and Carpathian Basin populations, and also with individuals from the Eastern European steppe.[94][92]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Qui, Y; et al. (2015). "Identification of kinship and occupant status in Mongolian noble burials of the Yuan Dynasty through a multidisciplinary approach". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B370 (1660): 20130378. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0378. PMC 4275886. PMID 25487330.
  2. ^ de-Dios, Toni; van Dorp, Lucy; Charlier, Philippe; Morfopoulou, Sofia; Lizano, Esther; Bon, Celine; Le Bitouzé, Corinne; Alvarez-Estape, Marina; Marquès-Bonet, Tomas; Balloux, François; Lalueza-Fox, Carles (1 June 2020). "Metagenomic analysis of a blood stain from the French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793)". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 80: 104209. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104209. PMC 7615110. PMID 32004756. S2CID 210998343.
  3. ^ https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.211540498. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  4. ^ "H2 – Haplogroup".[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ a b Larmuseau, Maarten H. D.; Delorme, Philippe; Germain, Patrick; Vanderheyden, Nancy; Gilissen, Anja; Van Geystelen, Anneleen; Cassiman, Jean-Jacques; Decorte, Ronny (May 2014). "Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (5): 681–687. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.211. PMC 3992573. PMID 24105374.
  6. ^ https://medical.23andme.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Jamie-Maternal-Haplogroup-summary-and-sci-details.pdf. Retrieved 31 July 2023.[unreliable source?]
  7. ^ Lucotte, Gérard (December 2016). "The Mitochondrial DNA Mitotype of Sainte Marie-Madeleine" (PDF). International Journal of Sciences. 5 (12). Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  8. ^ fr:Gérard Lucotte
  9. ^ "Jésus : La bataille de l'ADN". 10 November 2005.
  10. ^ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American.
  11. ^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover – Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Dsc.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  12. ^ a b c Gill, P; Ivanov, P; Kimpton, C; Piercy, R; Benson, N; Tully, G; Evett, I; Hagelberg, E; Sullivan, K (1994). "Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis". Nature Genetics. 6 (2): 130–35. doi:10.1038/ng0294-130. PMID 8162066. S2CID 33557869.
  13. ^ Ivanov, P; Wadhams, M; Roby, R; Holland, M; Weedn, V; Parsons, T (1996). "Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II". Nature Genetics. 12 (4): 417–20. doi:10.1038/ng0496-417. PMID 8630496. S2CID 287478.
  14. ^ Coble, M; Loreille, O; Wadhams, M; Edson, S; Maynard, K; Meyer, C; Niederstätter, H; Berger, B; Falsetti, A; Gill, P; Parson, W; Finelli, L (2009). "Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis". PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4838. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4838C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838. PMC 2652717. PMID 19277206.
  15. ^ Rogaev, E; Grigorenko, A; Moliaka, Y; Faskhutdinova, G; Goltsov, A; Lahti, A; Hildebrandt, C; Kittler, E; Morozova, I (2009). "Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family". PNAS. 106 (13): 5258–63. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5258R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811190106. PMC 2664067. PMID 19251637.
  16. ^ Holck, Per (2006). "The oseberg ship burial, Norway: new thoughts on the skeletons from the grave mound". European Journal of Archaeology. 9 (2–3): 185–210. doi:10.1177/1461957107086123. S2CID 163082142.
  17. ^ Caramelli, D; Lalueza-Fox, C; Capelli, C; Lari, M; Sampietro, ML; Gigli, E; Milani, L; Pilli, E; Guimaraes, S; Chiarelli, B; Marin, VT; Casoli, A; Stanyon, R; Bertranpetit, J; Barbujani, G. (November 2007). "Genetic analysis of the skeletal remains attributed to Francesco Petrarca". Forensic Science International. 173 (1): 36–40. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.020. PMID 17320326.
  18. ^ Pilli, Elena; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Capelli, Cristian; Lari, Martina; Sampietro, Lourdes; Gigli, Elena; Milani, Lucio; Guimaraes, Silvia; Chiarelli, Brunetto (2008). "Ancient DNA and forensics genetics: The case of Francesco Petrarca". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 1 (1): 469–470. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.11.001. hdl:11381/1867063.
  19. ^ Hawass, Z.; Ismail, S.; Selim, A.; Saleem, S. N.; Fathalla, D.; Wasef, S.; Gad, A. Z.; Saad, R.; Fares, S.; Amer, H.; Gostner, P.; Gad, Y. Z.; Pusch, C. M.; Zink, A. R. (17 December 2012). "Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study". BMJ. 345 (dec14 14): e8268. doi:10.1136/bmj.e8268. hdl:10072/62081. PMID 23247979. S2CID 206896841.
  20. ^ Joy Ibsen's mtDNA sequence: 16069T, 16126C, 73G, 146C, 185A, 188G, 263G, 295T, 315.1C in Ashdown-Hill, John (2010). The Last Days of Richard III. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752454047.
  21. ^ "Richard III dig: 'It does look like him'". BBC News. 4 February 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  22. ^ "Results of the DNA analysis". University of Leicester. 4 February 2013.
  23. ^ "Geneticist Dr Turi King and genealogist Professor Kevin Schürer give key evidence on the DNA testing". University of Leicester. Archived from the original on 6 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  24. ^ Burns, John F (4 February 2013). "Bones Under Parking Lot Belonged to Richard III". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
  25. ^ The Female-line relatives: Michael Ibsen and Wendy Duldig, University of Leicester, retrieved 8 April 2019
  26. ^ a b Rachel, Ehrenberg (6 February 2013). "A king's final hours, told by his mortal remains". Science News. Society for Science & the Public. Archived from the original on 12 September 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  27. ^ Bower, Dick (Director) (27 February 2013). Richard III:The Unseen Story (Television production). UK: Darlow Smithson Productions.
  28. ^ King, Turi E.; Fortes, Gloria Gonzalez; Balaresque, Patricia; Thomas, Mark G.; Balding, David; Delser, Pierpaolo Maisano; Neumann, Rita; Parson, Walther; Knapp, Michael; Walsh, Susan; Tonasso, Laure; Holt, John; Kayser, Manfred; Appleby, Jo; Forster, Peter; Ekserdjian, David; Hofreiter, Michael; Schürer, Kevin (2 December 2014). "Identification of the remains of King Richard III". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5631. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5631K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6631. PMC 4268703. PMID 25463651.
  29. ^ Dissing; et al. (9 May 2006). "The last Viking King: a royal maternity case solved by ancient DNA analysis". Forensic Sci. Int. 166 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.03.020. PMID 16687224.
  30. ^ a b Gad, Yehia Z.; Ismail, Somaia; Fathalla, Dina; Khairat, Rabab; Fares, Suzan; Gad, Ahmed Z.; Saad, Rama; Moustafa, Amal; ElShahat, Eslam; Abu Mandil, Naglaa H.; Fateen, Mohamed; Elleithy, Hesham; Wasef, Sally; Zink, Albert; Hawass, Zahi; Pusch, Carsten M. (2020). "Maternal and Paternal Lineages in King Tutankhamun's Family". In Kamrin, Janice; Bárta, Miroslav; Ikram, Salima; Lehner, Mark; Megahed, Mohamed (eds.). Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Zahi Hawass. Charles University, Faculty of Arts. pp. 497–518. hdl:10863/16388. ISBN 978-80-7308-979-5.
  31. ^ "All Ancient DNA Full". haplogroup.info. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  32. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (19 February 2010). "CSI: Egypt, Complete With DNA Tests of Mummies". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  33. ^ Baghdjian, Alice (1 August 2011). "Half of European men share King Tut's DNA". Reuters. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  34. ^ Pappas, Stephanie (3 August 2011). "King Tut Related to Half of European Men? Maybe Not". LiveScience. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  35. ^ Jr, William H. Stiebing; Helft, Susan N. (3 July 2023). Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture. Taylor & Francis. pp. 209–212. ISBN 978-1-000-88066-3.
  36. ^ "Analysis of the short tandem repeat (STR) data published on Ramesses III and the Amarna ancient royal family (including Tutankhamun) showed a majority to have an affinity with “sub-Saharan” Africans in one affinity analysis, which does not mean that they lacked other affiliations—an important point that typological thinking obscures".Keita, S. O. Y. (September 2022). "Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  37. ^ Margaryan, Ashot (17 July 2019). "Population genomics of the Viking world". Nature. 585 (7825): 390–396. bioRxiv 10.1101/703405. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2688-8. hdl:10852/83989. PMID 32939067. S2CID 221769227.
  38. ^ "I-Y3120 YTree". YFull. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  39. ^ Bure DNA - DNA-research of the medieval Bure family in Sweden (mostly in Swedish)
  40. ^ Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yan, Shi; Yao, Can; Huang, Xiu-Yuan; Ao, Xue; Wang, Zhanfeng; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 238–239. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. PMID 23407348.
  41. ^ Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yan, Shi; Yao, Can; Huang, Xiu-Yuan; Ao, Xue; Wang, Zhanfeng; Han, Sheng; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2013). "Ancient DNA of Emperor CAO Cao's granduncle matches those of his present descendants: a commentary on present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago". Journal of Human Genetics. 58 (4): 238–39. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.5. PMID 23407348.
  42. ^ Shaoqing, W. E. N.; Chuanchao, Wang; Xue, A. O.; Lanhai, W. E. I.; Xinzhu, Tong; Lingxiang, Wang; ZhanFeng, Wang; Sheng, H. a. N.; Hui, L. I. (15 December 2016). "Ancient DNA supports Emperor Cao's paternal genetic lineage belonging to haplogroup O2". Acta Anthropologica Sinica. 35 (4): 617–625.
  43. ^ Marks, Kathy (5 February 2010). "Darwin family DNA shows African origin". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  44. ^ Konrad Yona Riggenmann (3 March 2017). Cross and Child: The Western Learning Tool in 14 Stations from Nazareth to Gaza. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 124–. ISBN 978-3-7431-3445-4.
  45. ^ William Lawrence Lipton (16 September 2011). Grandpa Was A Deity: How a Tribal Assertion Created Modern Culture. iUniverse. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-1-4620-5305-6.
  46. ^ "E-PF1952". Haplozone: E-M35 Project Data. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  47. ^ "G2b-M377 / L72 / L183 / M283 Y Haplogroup Project (formerly G2c) – Y-DNA SNP". FamilyTreeDNA.
  48. ^ "L.A. Ferydoun Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn (Khosrovani), 'Short Report: DNA-evidence versus the Paper Trail. Groundbreaking News on the Origine of the Qajars', in: Qajar Studies VIII (2008)".
  49. ^ a b c d "DNA Analysis of 5 People Who Helped Create America". Thegeneticgenealogist.com. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
  50. ^ a b c Shao-Qing, Wen; Hong-Bing, Yao (5 June 2019). "Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu's family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son". Journal of Human Genetics. 64 (8): 815–820. doi:10.1038/s10038-019-0618-0. PMID 31164702. S2CID 174810181.
  51. ^ Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Lu, Yan; Wen, Shao-Qing; Huang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Li, Shi-Lin; Yang, Ya-Jun; Wang, Xiao-Feng; Zhang, Chao; Xu, Shu-Hua; Yao, Da-Li; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (22 January 2018). "Whole-sequence analysis indicates that the Y chromosome C2*-Star Cluster traces back to ordinary Mongols, rather than Genghis Khan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 26 (2): 230–237. doi:10.1038/s41431-017-0012-3. PMC 5839053. PMID 29358612.
  52. ^ Abilev, Serikbai; Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya (2012). "The Y-chromosome C3* star-cluster attributed to Genghis Khan's descendants is present at high frequency in the Kerey clan from Kazakhstan". Human Biology. 84 (1, Article 12): 79–89. doi:10.3378/027.084.0106. PMID 22452430. S2CID 46684406.
  53. ^ Derenko, M. V.; Malyarchuk, B. A.; Wozniak, M.; Denisova, G. A.; Dambueva, I. K.; Dorzhu, C. M.; Grzybowski, T.; Zakharov, I. A. (March 2007). "Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan's descendants in northern Eurasian populations". Russian Journal of Genetics. 43 (3): 334–337. doi:10.1134/S1022795407030179. PMID 17486763. S2CID 24976689.
  54. ^ Lkhagvasuren, Gavaachimed; Shin, Heejin; Lee, Si Eun; Tumen, Dashtseveg; Kim, Jae-Hyun; Kim, Kyung-Yong; Kim, Kijeong; Park, Ae Ja; Lee, Ho Woon; Kim, Mi Jin; Choi, Jaesung; Choi, Jee-Hye; Min, Na Young; Lee, Kwang-Ho (14 September 2016). "Molecular Genealogy of a Mongol Queen's Family and Her Possible Kinship with Genghis Khan". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161622. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161622L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161622. PMC 5023095. PMID 27627454.
  55. ^ "ySearch". Ysearch.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  56. ^ Mulders, Jean-Paul. "Hitler was verwant met Somaliërs, Berbers en Joden. Knack magazine". Knack magazine. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
  57. ^ Cruciani, Fulvio; La Fratta, Roberta; Santolamazza, Piero; Sellitto, Daniele; Pascone, Roberto; Moral, Pedro; Watson, Elizabeth; Guida, Valentina; Colomb, Eliane Beraud; Zaharova, Boriana; Lavinha, João; Vona, Giuseppe; Aman, Rashid; Calì, Francesco; Akar, Nejat; Richards, Martin; Torroni, Antonio; Novelletto, Andrea; Scozzari, Rosaria (May 2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E1b Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events into the Balkans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964. PMID 15042509.
  58. ^ a b "Family Tree DNA questions reporting about Hitler's origins" (PDF). Familytreedna.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2015.[unreliable medical source?]
  59. ^ Sax, Leonard (June 2019). "Aus den Gemeinden von Burgenland : Revisiting the question of Adolf Hitler's paternal grandfather". Journal of European Studies. 49 (2): 143–162. doi:10.1177/0047244119837477. S2CID 166422400.
  60. ^ Foster, Eugene A.; Jobling, M. A.; Taylor, P. G.; Donnelly, P.; de Knijff, P.; Mieremet, Rene; Zerjal, T.; Tyler-Smith, C. (November 1998). "Jefferson fathered slave's last child". Nature. 396 (6706): 27–28. Bibcode:1998Natur.396...27F. doi:10.1038/23835. PMID 9817200. S2CID 4424562.
  61. ^ King, TE; Bowden, GR; Balaresque, PL; Adams, SM; Shanks, ME; Jobling, MA (2007). "Thomas Jefferson's Y chromosome belongs to a rare European lineage". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (4): 584–89. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20557. PMID 17274013.
  62. ^ Family Tree DNA. "Comparing yourself to the Jefferson DNA". Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2007.[unreliable medical source?]
  63. ^ Larmuseau Maarten H.D. (2013). "Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings". European Journal of Human Genetics. 22 (5): 681–87. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.211. PMC 3992573. PMID 24105374.
  64. ^ "John Doe Premium Combo DNA Ancestry Report" (PDF). DNA consultants. 2016.; "Displaying User ID: YTE6E". Ysearch.[permanent dead link]
  65. ^ Lucotte (2011). "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First". Journal of Molecular Biology Research. 1 (1): 12. doi:10.5539/jmbr.v1n1p12.
  66. ^ https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2012/02/14/napoleon-bonaparte%E2%80%99s-y-dna-haplogroup-belonged-to-e1b1b1c1-e-m34/. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  67. ^ Moore LT, McEvoy B, Cape E, Simms K, Bradley DG (2006). "A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 334–38. doi:10.1086/500055. PMC 1380239. PMID 16358217.
  68. ^ https://help.familytreedna.com/hc/en-us/articles/6246351479695-Discover-if-You-re-a-Niall-of-the-Nine-Hostages-Descendant-. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  69. ^ "FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". www.familytreedna.com.
  70. ^ Xue, Y; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Lim, SK; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; Li, P; Yang, H; Tyler-Smith, C (28 September 2015). "Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77 (6): 1112–16. doi:10.1086/498583. PMC 1285168. PMID 16380921.
  71. ^ "Asian Ancestry based on Studies of Y-DNA Variation: Part 3. Recent demographics and ancestry of the male East Asians – Empires and Dynasties". Genebase Tutorials. Learning Center. Archived from the original on 25 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  72. ^ "Bulletin of non-profit corporation Itagaki-kai." No.10 (2022)
  73. ^ "History|Sapporo Group". Sapporo Holdings.
  74. ^ "A grand vision of land reclamation in Tokyo Bay | Corporate Overview | TOA CORPORATION". www.toa-const.co.jp.
  75. ^ "1874 - 1939 | Corporate Information | OKI Global". www.oki.com.
  76. ^ "JFE Holdings, Inc.WebSite". JFE Holdings, Inc.
  77. ^ "セメント製造業｜渋沢栄一関連会社名・団体名変遷図｜渋沢栄一｜公益財団法人渋沢栄一記念財団". 渋沢栄一関連会社名・団体名変遷図.
  78. ^ "The Norse Code". Electricscotland.com. 28 September 2003. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
  79. ^ "DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots". The Scotsman. 26 April 2006.
  80. ^ "I-BY229 YTree".
  81. ^ Norstedt (3 June 2017). "Emanuel Swedenborg – his origin in haplogroup I1-BY229 | Höijen". Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  82. ^ "Family Tree DNA - J2-M172 Project". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  83. ^ "Family Tree DNA - Rothschild DNA Project". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  84. ^ Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjorn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Frei, Karin; Merkyte, Inga; Orlando, Ludovic; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Brunak, Søren; Willerslev, Eske (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103.
  85. ^ al, J2 Research Team: Rottensteiner et. "J2a2-PH3085,SK1403: Ancient Altai, modern Uygur and Turkish – J2-M172". j2-m172.info.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  86. ^ "Ancient DNA". www.y-str.org. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  87. ^ Jackson, Buzzy (6 July 2010). Shaking the Family Tree: Blue Bloods, Black Sheep, and Other Obsessions of an Accidental Genealogist. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-4926-3.
  88. ^ "FamilyTreeDNA - Mughals". www.familytreedna.com. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  89. ^ UighurDNA (24 April 2020). "Jesus Christ and J2 haplogroup". Soghdilar. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  90. ^ Neparáczki, Endre; Kis, Luca; Maróti, Zoltán; Kovács, Bence; Varga, Gergely I.B.; Makoldi, Miklós; Horolma, Pamjav; Éva Teiszler; Tihanyi, Balázs; Nagy, Péter L.; Maár, Kitti; Gyenesei, Attila; Schütz, Oszkár; Dudás, Eszter; Török, Tibor; Pascuttini-Juraga, Vesna; Peharda, Ivančica; Vizi, László Tamás; Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor; Kásler, Miklós (2022). "The genetic legacy of the Hunyadi descendants". Heliyon. 8 (11): e11731. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11731. PMC 9678726. PMID 36425424.
  91. ^ "Genetic Heritage of Hungarian Royal Bloodline Identified". Hungary Today. 21 November 2022.
  92. ^ a b c d e "Magyarságkutató Intézet: Azonosítottuk a Hunyadiak és a Corvinok genetikai örökségét" [Institute of Hungarian Research: We have identified the genetic heritage of the Hunyadis and the Corvins]. Institute of Hungarian Research (in Hungarian). 18 November 2022.
  93. ^ Horváth, Tibor (18 November 2022). "Azonosították a Hunyadiak és Corvinok genetikai örökségét" [The genetic heritage of the Hunyadis and Corvins was identified]. Index (in Hungarian).
  94. ^ a b c Neparáczki et al. 2022.

External links edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_haplogroups_of_historic_people&oldid=1220277349"