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List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level

List of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level. List based on Fearon's analysis

This page contains lists of countries ranked by ethnic and cultural diversity level.

Contents

MethodologyEdit

The lists are commonly used in Economics literature to compare the levels of ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious fractionalization in different countries.[1][2] Fractionalization measures are computing the probability that two randomly drawn individuals (from a country) are not from the same group (ethnic, religious, or whatever the criterion is). The two lists have been described by Alesina and Ferrara as follows:[1]

"Fearon[3] and Alesina et al.[4] have compiled various measures of ethnic heterogeneity which try to tackle the fact that the difference amongst groups manifests itself in different ways in different places. The two classifications are constructed differently. Alesina et al.[4] do not take a stand on what ethnicity (or language or religion) are more salient than others and adopt the country breakdown suggested by original sources, mainly the Encyclopædia Britannica. Fearon[3] instead is trying to construct the ”right list” of ethnic groups which ”depends on what people in the country identify as the most socially relevant ethnic groupings”. This approach has the advantage of being closer to what the theory would want and the disadvantage of having to make judgement calls (or adopt others’ judgement calls) about what is the ”right list”."

List based on Fearon's analysisEdit

In the Fearon list, cultural fractionalization is approximated by a measure of similarity between languages, varying from 1 = the population speaks two or more unrelated languages to 0 = the entire population speaks the same language.[3] This index of cultural diversity is biased towards linguistic variations as opposed to genetic diversity and other variations.

Ethnic and Cultural diversity (2003)[3]
Rank Country Ethnic Fractionalization Index Cultural Diversity Index
1   Papua New Guinea 1.000000 —
2   Tanzania 0.953000 0.564000
3   Democratic Republic of Congo 0.933000 0.628000
4   Uganda 0.930000 0.647000
5   Liberia 0.899000 0.644000
6   Cameroon 0.887000 0.733000
7   Togo 0.883000 0.602000
8   South Africa 0.880000 0.530000
9   Congo 0.878000 0.562000
10   Madagascar 0.861000 0.192000
11   Gabon 0.857000 0.382000
12   Kenya 0.852000 0.601000
13   Ghana 0.846000 0.388000
14   Malawi 0.829000 0.294000
15   Guinea-Bissau 0.818000 0.568000
16   Somalia 0.812000 0.290000
17   India 0.811000 0.667000
18   Nigeria 0.805000 0.660000
19   Yugoslavia (1943–1992) 0.801000 0.385000
20   Central African Republic 0.791000 0.511000
21   Ivory Coast 0.784000 0.557000
22   Lebanon 0.780000 0.195000
23   Chad 0.772000 0.727000
24   Indonesia 0.766000 0.522000
25   Mozambique 0.765000 0.285000
26   Gambia 0.764000 0.548000
27   Sierra Leone 0.764000 0.534000
28   Ethiopia 0.760000 0.562000
29   Angola 0.756000 0.242000
30   Mali 0.754000 0.590000
31   Afghanistan 0.751000 0.679000
32   Bolivia 0.743000 0.662000
33   United Arab Emirates 0.737000 0.650000
34   Senegal 0.727000 0.402000
35   Zambia 0.726000 0.189000
36   Namibia 0.724000 0.589000
37   Soviet Union (1922–1991) 0.711000 0.596000
38   Sudan (1955–2011) 0.708000 0.698000
39   Kuwait 0.708000 0.540000
40   Burkina Faso 0.704000 0.354000
41   Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.681000 0.146000
42   Kyrgyzstan 0.679000 0.624000
43     Nepal 0.677000 0.542000
44   Iran 0.669000 0.542000
45   Guinea 0.669000 0.490000
46   Kazakhstan 0.664000 0.620000
47   Colombia 0.656000 0.020000
48   Ecuador 0.655000 0.480000
49   Eritrea 0.647000 0.398000
50   Trinidad and Tobago 0.647000 0.380000
51   Peru 0.638000 0.506000
52   Niger 0.637000 0.600000
53   Mauritius 0.632000 0.448000
54   Mauritania 0.625000 0.272000
55   Benin 0.622000 0.400000
56   Guyana 0.620000 0.460000
57   Djibouti 0.606000 0.404000
58   Bhutan 0.605000 0.518000
59   Malaysia 0.596000 0.564000
60   Canada 0.596000 0.499000
61   Latvia 0.585000 0.441000
62   Syria 0.581000 0.235000
63    Switzerland 0.575000 0.418000
64   Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1943) 0.575000 0.392000
65   Belgium 0.567000 0.462000
66   Fiji 0.566000 0.553000
67   Saudi Arabia 0.553000 0.413000
68   Bahrain 0.551000 0.460000
69   Iraq 0.549000 0.355000
70   Brazil 0.549000 0.020000
71   Mexico 0.542000 0.434000
72   Macedonia 0.535000 0.432000
73   Pakistan 0.532000 0.289000
74   Tunisia 0.526000 0.246000
75   Burma 0.522000 0.419000
76   Tajikistan 0.513000 0.492000
77   Estonia 0.511000 0.492000
78   Moldova 0.510000 0.401000
79   Jordan 0.509000 0.049000
80   Panama 0.507000 0.168000
81   Czechoslovakia (1918–1992) 0.505000 0.290000
82   Spain 0.502000 0.263000
83   Chile 0.497000 0.167000
84   Guatemala 0.493000 0.493000
85   United States 0.491000 0.271000
86   Georgia 0.490000 0.404000
87   Uzbekistan 0.485000 0.442000
88   Venezuela 0.483000 0.020000
89   Laos 0.481000 0.020000
90   Morocco 0.479000 0.360000
91   Oman 0.439000 0.404000
92   Thailand 0.431000 0.431000
93   Sri Lanka 0.428000 0.386000
94   Ukraine 0.419000 0.258000
95   Nicaragua 0.402000 0.095000
96   Turkmenistan 0.392000 0.328000
97   Singapore 0.388000 0.388000
98   Dominican Republic 0.387000 0.000000
99   Croatia 0.375000 0.185000
100   Belarus 0.372000 0.228000
101   Zimbabwe 0.366000 0.141000
102   New Zealand 0.363000 0.363000
103   Cyprus 0.359000 0.359000
104   Botswana 0.351000 0.161000
105   Lithuania 0.338000 0.259000
106   Russia 0.333000 0.311000
107   Slovakia 0.332000 0.293000
108   Burundi 0.328000 0.040000
109   United Kingdom 0.324000 0.184000
110   Czech Republic 0.322000 0.064000
111   Algeria 0.320000 0.237000
112   Romania 0.300000 0.265000
113   Turkey 0.299000 0.299000
114   Bulgaria 0.299000 0.250000
115   Swaziland 0.280000 0.143000
116   Taiwan 0.274000 0.169000
117   France 0.272000 0.251000
118   Mongolia 0.272000 0.227000
119   Lesotho 0.255000 0.057000
120   Argentina 0.255000 0.000000
121   Costa Rica 0.238000 0.078000
122   Vietnam 0.233000 0.210000
123   Slovenia 0.231000 0.170000
124   Bangladesh 0.223000 0.141000
125   Uruguay 0.218000 0.000000
126   Cuba 0.213000 0.020000
127   El Salvador 0.198000 0.180000
128   Sweden 0.189000 0.189000
129   Azerbaijan 0.188000 0.187000
130   Hungary 0.186000 0.185000
131   Cambodia 0.186000 0.150000
132   Honduras 0.185000 0.167000
133   Rwanda 0.180000 0.000000
134   Ireland 0.171000 0.157000
135   Jamaica 0.166000 0.027000
136   Egypt 0.164000 0.000000
137   Philippines 0.161000 0.116000
138   China 0.154000 0.154000
139   Libya 0.151000 0.127000
140   Australia 0.149000 0.147000
141   Armenia 0.134000 0.124000
142   Finland 0.132000 0.132000
143   Paraguay 0.132000 0.039000
144   Denmark 0.128000 0.128000
145   Austria 0.126000 0.100000
146   Norway 0.098000 0.098000
147   Albania 0.097000 0.082000
148   Germany 0.095000 0.090000
149   Haiti 0.095000 0.000000
150   Yemen 0.078000 0.078000
151   Netherlands 0.077000 0.077000
152   Greece 0.059000 0.050000
153   Poland 0.047000 0.041000
154   Portugal 0.040000 0.040000
155   Italy 0.040000 0.040000
156   Israel 0.039000 0.033000
157   Japan 0.012000 0.012000
158   South Korea 0.004000 0.004000
159   North Korea 0.002000 0.002000

List based on Alesina et al's analysisEdit

This list is based on the analysis of Alesina and others,[4] they develop fractionalization scores based on ethnicity, religious and linguistic data directly from the Encyclopædia Britannica lists. This list is biased by how the Britannica chooses to list ethnic groups, but it does not make a judgement call on which identities are more salient than others. According to Patsiurko et al.

"One of the most ambitious and widely used of these new [fractionalization] indices was created by Alesina et al. (2003) who developed measures of ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization in 190 countries using more current data from the Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year (2001) ... and other sources. But again scholars offered criticisms (e.g. Fearon 2003; Posner 2004). First, there is inconsistency in terms of the years covered. For instance, the Encyclopædia Britannica provides ethnicity data for only 124 of 190 countries, so Alesina had to resort to other sources for the rest. Hence, his ethnicity data covered years ranging from 1979 to 2001, depending on the country. Second, he offered one-time measures of fractionalization, thereby being unable to say anything about change over time"[2]
Ethnic, Linguistic and Religious Fractionalization[4]
Country Ethnic Fractionalization Linguistic Fractionalization Religious Fractionalization
  Afghanistan 0.769300 0.614100 0.271700
  Albania 0.220400 0.039900 0.471900
  Algeria 0.339400 0.442700 0.009100
  American Samoa 0.000000 0.173300 0.639500
  Andorra 0.713900 0.684800 0.232600
  Angola 0.786700 0.787000 0.627600
  Antigua and Barbuda 0.164300 0.106300 0.684000
  Argentina 0.255000 0.061800 0.223600
  Armenia 0.127200 0.129100 0.457600
  Aruba 0.000000 0.388900 0.410700
  Australia 0.092900 0.334900 0.821100
  Austria 0.106800 0.152200 0.414600
  Azerbaijan 0.204700 0.205400 0.489900
  Bahamas 0.422800 0.185500 0.681500
  Bahrain 0.502100 0.434400 0.552800
  Bangladesh 0.045400 0.092500 0.209000
  Barbados 0.142300 0.092600 0.693400
  Belarus 0.322200 0.466600 0.611600
  Belgium 0.555400 0.540900 0.212700
  Belize 0.701500 0.630300 0.581300
  Benin 0.787200 0.790500 0.554400
  Bermuda 0.000000 0.000000 0.711200
  Bhutan 0.605000 0.605600 0.378700
  Bolivia 0.739600 0.224000 0.208500
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.630000 0.675100 0.685100
  Botswana 0.410200 0.411000 0.598600
  Brazil 0.540800 0.046800 0.605400
  Brunei 0.541600 0.343800 0.440400
  Bulgaria 0.402100 0.303100 0.596500
  Burkina Faso 0.737700 0.722800 0.579800
  Burundi 0.295100 0.297700 0.515800
  Cambodia 0.210500 0.210400 0.096500
  Cameroon 0.863500 0.889800 0.733800
  Canada 0.712400 0.577200 0.695800
  Cape Verde 0.417400 0.000000 0.076600
  Central African Republic 0.829500 0.833400 0.791600
  Chad 0.862000 0.863500 0.641100
  Chile 0.186100 0.187100 0.384100
  China 0.153800 0.132700 0.664300
  Colombia 0.601400 0.019300 0.147800
  Comoros 0.000000 0.010300 0.013700
  Democratic Republic of Congo 0.874700 0.870500 0.702100
  Congo 0.874700 0.687100 0.664200
  Costa Rica 0.236800 0.048900 0.241000
  Ivory Coast 0.820400 0.784200 0.755100
  Croatia 0.369000 0.076300 0.444700
  Cuba 0.590800 0.000000 0.505900
  Cyprus 0.093900 0.396200 0.396200
  Czech Republic 0.322200 0.323300 0.659100
  Denmark 0.081900 0.104900 0.233300
  Djibouti 0.796200 0.655800 0.043500
  Dominica 0.200300 0.000000 0.462800
  Dominican Republic 0.429400 0.039500 0.311800
  East Timor 0.000000 0.526100 0.425400
  Ecuador 0.655000 0.130800 0.141700
  Egypt 0.183600 0.023700 0.197900
  El Salvador 0.197800 0.000000 0.355900
  Equatorial Guinea 0.346700 0.322000 0.119500
  Eritrea 0.652400 0.653000 0.425300
  Estonia 0.506200 0.494400 0.498500
  Ethiopia 0.723500 0.807300 0.624900
  Faroe Islands 0.000000 0.000000 0.314700
  Fiji 0.547900 0.547900 0.568200
  Finland 0.131500 0.141200 0.253100
  France 0.103200 0.122100 0.402900
  French Guiana 0.000000 0.115400 0.495900
  French Polynesia 0.000000 0.607800 0.581300
  Gabon 0.769000 0.782100 0.667400
  Gambia, The 0.786400 0.807600 0.097000
  Gaza Strip 0.000000 0.010400 0.034200
  Georgia 0.492300 0.474900 0.654300
  Germany 0.168200 0.164200 0.657100
  Ghana 0.673300 0.673100 0.798700
  Greece 0.157600 0.030000 0.153000
  Greenland 0.000000 0.218800 0.459200
  Grenada 0.266100 0.000000 0.589800
  Guadeloupe 0.000000 0.093300 0.306900
  Guam 0.000000 0.732000 0.408200
  Guatemala 0.512200 0.458600 0.375300
  Guinea 0.738900 0.772500 0.264900
  Guinea-Bissau 0.808200 0.814100 0.612800
  Guyana 0.619500 0.068800 0.787600
  Haiti 0.095000 0.000000 0.470400
  Honduras 0.186700 0.055300 0.235700
  Hong Kong 0.062000 0.212800 0.419100
  Hungary 0.152200 0.029700 0.524400
  Iceland 0.079800 0.082000 0.191300
  India 0.418200 0.806900 0.326000
  Indonesia 0.735100 0.768000 0.234000
  Iran 0.668400 0.746200 0.115200
  Iraq 0.368900 0.369400 0.484400
  Ireland 0.120600 0.031200 0.155000
  Isle of Man 0.000000 0.000000 0.472900
  Israel 0.343600 0.552500 0.346900
  Italy 0.114500 0.114700 0.302700
  Jamaica 0.412900 0.109800 0.616000
  Japan 0.011900 0.017800 0.540600
  Jersey 0.000000 0.000000 0.547900
  Jordan 0.592600 0.039600 0.065900
  Kazakhstan 0.617100 0.662100 0.589800
  Kenya 0.858800 0.886000 0.776500
  Kiribati 0.051100 0.023700 0.554100
  Korea, South 0.039200 0.002800 0.489100
  Korea, North 0.002000 0.002100 0.660400
  Kyrgyzstan 0.675200 0.594900 0.447000
  Kuwait 0.660400 0.344400 0.674500
  Laos 0.513900 0.638200 0.545300
  Latvia 0.586700 0.579500 0.555600
  Lebanon 0.131400 0.131200 0.788600
  Lesotho 0.255000 0.254300 0.721100
  Liberia 0.908400 0.903800 0.488300
  Libya 0.792000 0.075800 0.057000
  Liechtenstein 0.572600 0.224600 0.334300
  Lithuania 0.322300 0.321900 0.414100
  Luxembourg 0.530200 0.644000 0.091100
  Macau 0.000000 0.251900 0.551100
  Macedonia 0.502300 0.502100 0.589900
  Madagascar 0.879100 0.020400 0.519100
  Malawi 0.674400 0.602300 0.819200
  Malaysia 0.588000 0.597000 0.665700
  Mali 0.690600 0.838800 0.182000
  Malta 0.041400 0.090700 0.122300
  Marshall Islands 0.060300 0.073400 0.520700
  Martinique 0.000000 0.000000 0.233600
  Mauritania 0.615000 0.326000 0.014900
  Mauritius 0.463400 0.454700 0.638500
  Mayotte 0.000000 0.721200 0.062000
  Mexico 0.541800 0.151100 0.179600
  Micronesia 0.700500 0.748300 0.646900
  Moldova 0.553500 0.553300 0.560300
  Monaco 0.683800 0.730500 0.304700
  Mongolia 0.368200 0.373400 0.079900
  Morocco 0.484100 0.468300 0.003500
  Mozambique 0.693200 0.812500 0.675900
  Burma 0.506200 0.507200 0.197400
  Namibia 0.632900 0.700500 0.662600
  Nauru 0.583200 0.616100 0.619400
    Nepal 0.663200 0.716700 0.141700
  Netherlands Antilles 0.000000 0.250800 0.386600
  Netherlands 0.105400 0.514300 0.722200
  New Caledonia 0.000000 0.663300 0.546200
  New Zealand 0.396900 0.165700 0.811000
  Nicaragua 0.484400 0.047300 0.429000
  Niger 0.651800 0.651900 0.201300
  Nigeria 0.850500 0.831600 0.742100
  Northern Mariana Islands 0.000000 0.775400 0.481100
  Norway 0.058600 0.067300 0.204800
  Oman 0.437300 0.356700 0.432200
  Pakistan 0.709800 0.719000 0.384800
  Palau 0.431200 0.315700 0.714700
  Panama 0.552800 0.387300 0.333800
  Papua New Guinea 0.271800 0.352600 0.552300
  Paraguay 0.168900 0.597500 0.212300
  Peru 0.656600 0.335800 0.198800
  Philippines 0.238500 0.836000 0.305600
  Poland 0.118300 0.046800 0.171200
  Portugal 0.046800 0.019800 0.143800
  Puerto Rico 0.000000 0.035200 0.495200
  Qatar 0.745600 0.480000 0.095000
  Reunion 0.000000 0.157800 0.195200
  Romania 0.306900 0.172300 0.237300
  Russian Federation 0.245200 0.248500 0.439800
  Rwanda 0.323800 0.000000 0.506600
  Saint Lucia 0.176900 0.316900 0.332000
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.306600 0.017500 0.702800
  Western Samoa 0.137600 0.011100 0.787100
  San Marino 0.292700 0.000000 0.197500
  Sao Tome and Principe 0.000000 0.232200 0.186600
  Saudi Arabia 0.180000 0.094900 0.127000
  Senegal 0.693900 0.708100 0.149700
  Serbia 0.573600 0.000000 0.000000
  Seychelles 0.202500 0.160600 0.232300
  Sierra Leone 0.819100 0.763400 0.539500
  Singapore 0.385700 0.383500 0.656100
  Slovak Republic 0.253900 0.255100 0.565500
  Slovenia 0.221600 0.220100 0.286800
  Solomon Islands 0.111000 0.525400 0.670800
  Somalia 0.811700 0.032600 0.002800
  South Africa 0.751700 0.865200 0.860300
  Spain 0.416500 0.413200 0.451400
  Sri Lanka 0.415000 0.464500 0.485300
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.184200 0.000000 0.661400
  Sudan 0.714700 0.719000 0.430700
  Suriname 0.733200 0.331000 0.791000
  Swaziland 0.058200 0.172200 0.444400
  Sweden 0.060000 0.196800 0.234200
   Switzerland 0.531400 0.544100 0.608300
  Syria 0.539900 0.181700 0.431000
  Taiwan 0.274400 0.502800 0.684500
  Tajikistan 0.510700 0.547300 0.338600
  Tanzania 0.735300 0.898300 0.633400
  Thailand 0.633800 0.634400 0.099400
  Togo 0.709900 0.898000 0.659600
  Tonga 0.086900 0.378200 0.621400
  Trinidad and Tobago 0.647500 0.125100 0.793600
  Tunisia 0.039400 0.012400 0.010400
  Turkey 0.320000 0.221600 0.004900
  Turkmenistan 0.391800 0.398400 0.232700
  Tuvalu 0.162900 0.137200 0.252400
  Uganda 0.930200 0.922700 0.633200
  Ukraine 0.473700 0.474100 0.615700
  United Arab Emirates 0.625200 0.487400 0.331000
  United Kingdom 0.121100 0.053200 0.694400
  United States 0.490100 0.564700 0.824100
  Uruguay 0.250400 0.081700 0.354800
  Uzbekistan 0.412500 0.412000 0.213300
  Vanuatu 0.041300 0.579400 0.704400
  Venezuela 0.496600 0.068600 0.135000
  Vietnam 0.238300 0.237700 0.508000
  United States Virgin Islands 0.000000 0.314000 0.635900
  West Bank 0.000000 0.143800 0.309500
  Yemen 0.000000 0.008000 0.002300
  Yugoslavia 0.809200 0.606400 0.553000
  Zambia 0.780800 0.873400 0.735900
  Zimbabwe 0.387400 0.447200 0.736300

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ a b A. Alesina, E. La Ferrara (2005). "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature: 762–800. Retrieved December 15, 2016. 
  2. ^ a b Natalka Patsiurko, John L. Campbell and John A. Hall (2012). "Measuring cultural diversity: ethnic, linguistic and religious fractionalization in the OECD" (PDF). Ethnic and Racial Studies. 35 (2): 195–217. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.579136. Retrieved September 13, 2012. 
  3. ^ a b c d James Fearon (2003). "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country". Journal of Economic Growth. 8: 195–222. doi:10.1023/A:1024419522867. 
  4. ^ a b c d Alberto Alesina; et al. (2003). "Fractionalization" (PDF). Journal of Economic Growth. 8: 155–194. doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938. Retrieved September 13, 2012. 
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