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List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships

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This is a list of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships. This type of ship has been in use with the US Navy since World War I.

Three US amphibious warfare ships in 2011 - the Landing Helicopter Dock USS Makin Island (LHD 8) leading the Landing Platform Dock USS New Orleans (LPD 18), rear, and the Landing Ship Dock USS Pearl Harbor (LSD 52), fore
Ships of the
United States Navy
Ships in current service
Ships grouped alphabetically
Ships grouped by type

Ship status is indicated as either currently active [A] (including ready reserve), inactive [I], or precommissioning [P]. Ships in the inactive category include only ships in the inactive reserve, ships which have been disposed from US service have no listed status. Ships in the precommissioning category include ships under construction or on order.

Historical overviewEdit

There have been four generations of amphibious warfare ships, with each generation having more capability than the previous:

  • The first generation simply landed troops and equipment ashore with standard (i.e., non-specialized) boats and barges. These ships are not listed in this article since they were indistinguishable from the troopships and other surface combatants of their day, and as such were not assigned specialized hull classification symbols.
  • The second generation was designed during World War II to land personnel and vehicles ashore, either directly or via carried specialized landing craft.
  • The third generation was designed beginning in the 1950's to use helicopters for amphibious operations, with the result that such operations were no longer limited to beaches.
  • The fourth generation was designed beginning in the 1980's to use hovercraft (Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) specifically), with the result that the numbers and types of beaches which could be accessed dramatically increased.

The first amphibious warfare ships had a top speed of 12 to 17 knots. With the appearance of higher speed submarines at the end of World War II, the US Navy decided that all new amphibious warfare ships would have to have a minimum speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) to increase their chances of survival. All new ships with a full flight deck (LPH, LHA, LHD), the Landing Platform Docks (LPD) and the High Speed Transport destroyer conversions (APD/LPR) would meet this criteria. The other major types would see relatively small numbers of new ships constructed with this 20 knot requirement, with the last appearing in 1969.[1]

ClassificationsEdit

Amphibious warfare ships were considered by the US Navy to be auxiliaries and were classed with hull classification symbols beginning with 'A' until 1942. Many ships were reclassed at that time as landing ships and received new hull symbols beginning with 'L'; others would retain 'A' hull symbols until 1969 and then receive 'L' symbols. This article pairs the two lists of what are the same ships, with each 'L' list preceding the respective 'A' list. Littoral Combat Ships also use 'L' hull symbols but are not solely intended for amphibious warfare.

In 2015 the US Navy created new hull classification symbols that began with an 'E' to designate 'expeditionary' vessels. Expeditionary vessels are designed to support low-intensity missions, allowing more expensive, high-value amphibious warfare ships to be re-tasked for more demanding missions. Most of these ships are not commissioned warships, but rather are operated by the Military Sealift Command.[2]

Amphibious Assault Ship (General Purpose) (LHA)Edit

 
USS Tarawa (LHA 1)
 
USS America (LHA-6)
Further information: Landing helicopter assault

Tarawa-classEdit

Tarawa-class amphibious assault ship

The Tarawa-class LHA was the first to combine the features of the well deck of the Landing Ship Dock (LSD) or Landing Platform Dock (LPD) and the full flight deck of the Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) into one ship.[3]

America-classEdit

America-class amphibious assault ship

The America-class LHA would be a follow-on to the Wasp-class LHD. The first two ships, America and Tripoli, would not have a well deck, so as to dedicate more space to the support of air operations. This was criticized as a repeat of the mistakes of the LPH concept, and so it was decided that Bougainville and all future ships of this class would have a well deck.[4]

Amphibious Assault Ship (Multi-Purpose) (LHD)Edit

 
USS Wasp (LHD-1)
Further information: Landing helicopter dock

Wasp-classEdit

Wasp-class amphibious assault ship

The well deck of the Tarawa-class LHA was not designed to accommodate the Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC), which came into service just six years after the last of that class was completed. The Wasp-class LHD and the later units of the America-class LHA were designed to be LCAC compatible; the Wasp-class could carry 3 LCACs.[8]

Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH)Edit

 
USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)
 
USS Princeton (LPH-5)
 
Thetis Bay (LPH-6)
Further information: Landing platform helicopter

The Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) would be the first ships to operate helicopters for large scale air assault behind beaches. One major defect of the LPH concept was that these ships did not carry landing craft to disembark Marines when weather or hostile anti-aircraft systems grounded helicopters; only Inchon would be modified to carry two landing craft. In such situations the LPH would be reliant on landing craft supplied by other ships, which proved awkward in practice. This defect would drive the design of the Tarawa-class LHA, in effect a LPH with a well deck.[10]

Commencement Bay-classEdit

Iwo Jima-classEdit

Iwo Jima-class amphibious assault ship

As the 'definitive' LPH design, the Iwo Jima class would be the only class to be built as such, with sufficient 'hotel' accommodations for the embarked Marines. All other LPH ships would be conversions of aircraft carriers, and so had accommodation deficiencies (for example, some Marine units could not bunk together, and water distillation was insufficient to allow all personnel showers within a 24 hour period).[12]

After their retirement as amphibious warfare ships, one (Inchon) would be converted to carry minesweeping helicopters as a mine countermeasures support ship (MCS). All of these ships would be scrapped or sunk as targets by 2018.

Essex-classEdit

The following LPH ships were converted Essex-class aircraft carriers, due to budget constraints with the construction of the Iwo Jima class ships.[13]

Casablanca-classEdit

Thetis Bay was converted from a Casablanca-class escort carrier. Under the hull designation CVHA-1, she was the prototype for the LPH concept.[14]

Landing Platform Dock (LPD)Edit

 
USS Raleigh (LPD-1)
 
USS Austin (LPD-4)
 
USS San Antonio (LPD-17)
Further information: Amphibious transport dock

The Landing Platform Dock (LPD) concept began as a compromise design, an attempt to build a ship with much more capability than a Landing Ship Dock (LSD) - the LPD superficially resembles an LSD with an enlarged flight deck - but without the expense of a LPH. The well deck is smaller than that of an LSD.[15]

Several of these ships were built with space dedicated for command capabilities. Two of these, LaSalle and Coronado, would be redesignated as auxiliary command ships (AGF).

Raleigh-classEdit

Raleigh-class amphibious transport dock

Austin-classEdit

Austin-class amphibious transport dock

Cleveland-subclass

Trenton-subclass

San Antonio-classEdit

San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock

Further information: LX(R)-class amphibious warfare ship

The San Antonio-class were the first LPDs designed to accommodate Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC); two could be carried.[16]

Landing Ship Dock (LSD)Edit

 
USS Ashland (LSD-1)
 
USS Casa Grande (LSD-13)
 
USS Thomaston (LSD-28)
 
USS Anchorage (LSD-36)
 
USS Whidbey Island (LSD-41)
 
USS Harper's Ferry (LSD-49)
Further information: Dock landing ship

The LSD came as a result of a British requirement during World War II for a vessel that could carry large landing craft across the seas at speed. The design was developed and built in the US for the Royal Navy and the US Navy. The first LSDs could carry 36 LCM at 16 knots (30 km/h) in a flooding well deck, the first ships with this capability. After the war they were modified with the addition of a temporary superdeck over the well deck; this could support helicopter operations, carry vehicles, or be removed for outsized cargo.[18]

In December 2020 the U.S. Navy's Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels stated that it was planned that all LSDs would be placed Out of Commission in Reserve by 2027.[19]

Ashland-classEdit

Ashland-class dock landing ship

Casa Grande-classEdit

Casa Grande-class dock landing ship

Thomaston-classEdit

Thomaston-class dock landing ship

The Thomaston class would be the first class of LSDs capable of 20 knots.[20]

Anchorage-classEdit

Anchorage-class dock landing ship

The Anchorage class was basically the Thomaston class with the well deck enlarged (49 feet longer and 2 feet wider) to accommodate the new larger LCU-1610 class. They would later be modified to carry up to 3 LCACs.[21]

Whidbey Island-classEdit

Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship

The Whidbey Island-class were the first LSDs designed to accommodate Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) - up to 5 LCACs could be carried - and the first in which the helicopter deck would not be removable.[22]

Harpers Ferry-classEdit

Harpers Ferry-class dock landing ship

The Harpers Ferry-class is basically the Whidbey Island-class with more cargo capacity at the expense of a shorter well deck which could carry 2 LCACs.[24]

Mechanized Artillery Transports (APM)Edit

The APM hull classification was short-lived; it was changed to Landing Ship Dock (LSD).[25]

  • USS Ashland (APM-1)
  • USS Belle Grove (APM-2)
  • USS Carter Hall (APM-3)
  • USS Epping Forest (APM-4)
  • USS Gunston Hall (APM-5)
  • USS Lindenwald (APM-6)
  • USS Oak Hill (APM-7)
  • USS White Marsh (APM-8)
  • USS Lakehurst (APM-9)

Amphibious Command Ship (LCC)Edit

 
USS Mount McKinley (LCC-7)
 
USS Taconic (LCC-17)
 
USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)
Further information: Amphibious command ship

All Amphibious Force Flagships (AGC) in service in 1969 were reclassed as Amphibious Command Ships (LCC), which should not be confused with the World War II era Landing Craft, Control (LCC).

Mount McKinkey-classEdit

Mount McKinley-class command ship

Adirondack-classEdit

Adirondack-class command ship

Blue Ridge-classEdit

Blue Ridge-class command ship

The Blue Ridge-class would be the only amphibious command ships purposely built as such by the US Navy, and the first and only class capable of exceeding 20 knots. Their hulls were based on the Iwo Jima-class Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) design due to the need for flat deck space for multiple antennas. After the retirement of the fleet flagships [cruisers] these ships would be pressed into that role despite their lack of speed relative to carrier strike groups.[26]

Amphibious Force Flagship (AGC)Edit

 
USS Ancon (AGC-4)
 
USS Catoctin (AGC-5)
 
USS Biscayne (AGC-18)
Further information: Amphibious command ship § World War II

All Amphibious Force Flagships (AGC) in service in 1969 were reclassed as Amphibious Command Ships (LCC).

Appalachian-class command ship

Troop transport conversion

Coast Guard cutter conversions

Mount McKinley-class command ship

Adirondack-class command ship

Barnegat-class seaplane tender conversion

Presidential yacht (never used as a true AGC)

Amphibious Cargo Ship (LKA)Edit

 
USS Libra (LKA-12)
 
USS Thuban (LKA-19)
 
USS Rankin (LKA-103)
 
USS Tulare (LKA-112)
 
USS Charleston (LKA-113)
Further information: Amphibious cargo ship

All Attack Cargo Ships (AKA) in service in 1969 were reclassed as Amphibious Cargo Ships (LKA).

Arcturus-classEdit

Andromeda-classEdit

Andromeda-class attack cargo ship

Tolland-class attack cargo shipEdit

Tolland-class attack cargo ship

Tulare-classEdit

The Tulare would be the first AKA/LKA capable of 20 knots.[27]

Charleston-classEdit

Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship

Attack Cargo Ship (AKA)Edit

Further information: Amphibious cargo ship

All Attack Cargo Ships (AKA) in service in 1969 were reclassed as Amphibious Cargo Ships (LKA).

The Tulare and the Charleston class would be the only AKA/LKAs capable of 20 knots.[28]

Amphibious Transport (LPA)Edit

 
USS Chilton (LPA-38)
 
USS Clinton (LPA-144)
 
USS Francis Marion (LPA-249)
Further information: Attack transport

All Attack Transports (APA) in service in 1969 were reclassed as Amphibious Transports (LPA).

The Paul Revere class would be the first and only class of APA/LPA capable of 20 knots.[29]

Attack Transport (APA)Edit

Further information: Attack transport

Two transports with the hull symbol AP, USS George F. Elliott (AP-13) and USS Leedstown (AP-73), had been configured as attack transports but were sunk in 1942 before the introduction of the APA hull symbol.

All attack transports (APA) in service in 1969 were reclassified as amphibious transports (LPA).

Doyen-classEdit

Doyen-class attack transport

Harris-classEdit

Harris-class attack transport

McCawley-classEdit

McCawley-class attack transport

Heywood-classEdit

Heywood-class attack transport

Harry Lee-classEdit

President Jackson-classEdit

President Jackson-class attack transport

Crescent City-classEdit

Crescent City-class attack transport

Joseph Hewes-classEdit

John Penn-classEdit

Edward Rutledge-classEdit

Arthur Middleton-classEdit

Arthur Middleton-class attack transport

Bayfield-classEdit

Bayfield-class attack transport

Ormsby-classEdit

Ormsby-class attack transport

Sumter-classEdit

Sumter-class attack transport

Windsor-classEdit

Windsor-class attack transport

Gilliam-classEdit

Gilliam-class attack transport

Frederick Funston-classEdit

Frederick Funston-class attack transport

Haskell-classEdit

Haskell-class attack transport

(* cancelled in 1945)

Paul Revere-classEdit

Paul Revere-class attack transport

The Paul Revere class would be the first and only class of APA/LPA capable of 20 knots.[30]

Amphibious Transport, Small (LPR)Edit

 
USS Barber (LPR-57)
 
USS Kirwin (LPR-90)
Further information: High-speed transport

Fast Amphibious Transports with hull symbol LPR were converted destroyer escorts which had originally received the hull classification symbol APD; as of 1969 the remaining ships were reclassified as LPRs.

Charles Lawrence-classEdit

Crosley-classEdit

Crosley-class high speed transport

High-speed Transport (APD)Edit

Further information: High-speed transport

High-speed Transports (APD) were converted destroyers and destroyer escorts; they received the US hull classification symbol APD: "AP" for transport and "D" for destroyer. In 1969, the remaining ships were reclassified as "Fast Amphibious Transports" with hull symbol LPR. This classification is not to be confused with hull code "HST", also for "High Speed Transport", currently assigned only to experimental high-speed catamaran designs, and high-speed catamarans chartered from private ferry companies.

Transport Submarine (LPSS)Edit

 
USS Grayback (LPSS-574)
Main article: List of submarines of the United States Navy

Transport Submarine (APS, ASSP, APSS)Edit

 
USS Perch (ASSP-313)
Main article: List of submarines of the United States Navy
  • USS Argonaut (APS-1), ex-SM-1, sunk by Japanese destroyers off Rabaul on 10 January 1943, 102 killed
  • USS Tunny (APSS-282), ex-SS-282, SSG-282, later LPSS-282
  • USS Perch (APSS-313), ex-SS-313, SSP-313, ASSP-313, later LPSS-313
  • USS Sealion (APSS-315), ex-SS-315, SSP-315, ASSP-315, later LPSS-315
  • USS Grayback (APSS-574), ex-SS-574, SSG-574, later LPSS-574

Inshore Fire Support Ship (LFR)Edit

 
USS Carronade LFS-1

Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC)Edit

Further information: Landing Craft Air Cushion

Landing Craft, Control (LCC)Edit

Not to be confused with the later Amphibious Command Ship (LCC).

During World War II a number of small boats were built to direct the movements of landing craft as they approached beaches. These were 56 feet in length, displaced 30 tons, and ran 13-16 knots in speed. They were equipped with multiple radios and SO radar (the same radar as on PT boats). During the invasion of southern France they were used to control drone minesweepers.[31]

Landing Craft Infantry (LCI)Edit

The United States Navy built 932 Landing Craft Infantry ships in World War II.

Main article: List of United States Navy Landing Craft Infantry (LCI)

Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM)Edit

The United States Navy built 11,144 landing craft Motorized, designated Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) in World War II.[32]

Further information: Landing Craft Mechanized

Landing Craft Support (Large) (Mark 3), a.k.a. LCS(L)(3)Edit

Further information: Landing Craft Support

Landing Craft Tank (LCT)Edit

The United States Navy built 1,394 landing craft tank, designated Landing Craft Tank (LCT) in World War II. Those that were still in use in 1949 were redesignated as Landing Craft, Utility.

Further information: Landing Craft Tank

Landing Craft Utility (LCU)Edit

The United States Navy built the LCU 1466, 1610 and 1627 classes after World War II.[33]

Further information: Landing Craft Utility § LCU 1466, 1610 and 1627 classes

Landing Ship Medium (LSM)Edit

Towards the end of World War II the United States Navy built 558 Landing Ship Medium (LSM) type vessels across three classes.

Main article: List of United States Navy Landing Ship Medium (LSM)

As of February 2023 the US Marine Corps has proposed the purchase of 18 to 35 modern LSMs; this LSM concept was previously known as the Light Amphibious Warship (LAW).[34][35]

Landing Ship, Tank (LST)Edit

 
USS De Soto County (LST-1171)
 
USS Newport (LST-1179)

The United States Navy built nearly 1,200 tank landing ships, classified as "Landing Ship, Tank" or "LST", from the World War II-era up through the early 1970s.[36] The Newport class, which entered service in 1969, would be the last class built and the only class capable of exceeding 20 knots. The 1987 introduction of Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) — which allowed for over-the-horizon amphibious landings onto a far larger number of beaches — made LSTs obsolete, but they remained with the fleet for another decade because they were the only means by which the hundreds of thousands of gallons of motor vehicle fuel needed by a Marine Expeditionary Force could be landed. Only the development of tankers with the Offshore Petroleum Discharge System (OPDS) and the later development of special fuel bladders which gave the LCACs a tanker capability allowed for their retirement.[37]

Main article: List of United States Navy LSTs § By class

Landing Ship, Tank, Hospital (LSTH)Edit

Further information: Landing Ship, Tank (Hospital)

Atlantic Tank Landing Ship (ATL)Edit

The ATL hull classification was short-lived; it was changed to Landing Ship Tank (LST).[38]

  • USS ATL-1, later USS LST-1

Vehicle Landing Ship (LSV)Edit

 
USS Montauk (LSV-6)
 
USNS Comet (T-AK-269)

The World War II LSVs were converted from cruiser minelayers (CM) and netlayers (AN).[39] After the war most were slated to become mine countermeasures ships (MCS), but only two were actually converted.

Further information: Minelayer and Netlayer

The post-WW2 LSVs were among the first roll-on/roll-off cargo ships.[40]

Patrol Craft, Control (PCC)Edit

 
USS PCC-598

Thirty-five PC-461-class submarine chasers were converted into amphibious landing control vessel during World War II and reclassified as Patrol Craft, Control after the war. Extra personnel (eight radiomen, two signalmen, one quartermaster and two communications officers), accommodations and improved radar and communications equipment were added. PCs proved exceptionally adept as Control Vessels, guiding waves of landing craft during numerous amphibious landings in the European and Pacific Theaters.[41]

  • PCC-549, ex-PC-549
  • PCC-555, ex-PC-555
  • PCC-563, ex-PC-563
  • PCC-578, ex-PC-578
  • USS Lenoir (PCC-582), ex-PC-582
  • USS Houghton (PCC-588), ex-PC-588
  • USS Metropolis (PCC-589), ex-PC-589
  • PCC-598, ex-PC-598
  • PCC-802, ex-PC-802, later to Republic of Korea as Sam Gak San (PC-703)
  • PCC-803, ex-PC-803
  • PCC-1136, ex-PC-1136
  • PCC-1137, ex-PC-1137
  • USS Escandido (PCC-1169), ex-PC-1169
  • USS Guymon (PCC-1177), ex-PC-1177
  • USS Kewaunee (PCC-1178), ex-PC-1178
  • USS Martinez (PCC-1244), ex-PC-1244
  • USS Ukiah (PCC-1251), ex-PC-1251

Patrol Craft Sweeper, Control (PCSC)Edit

Thirteen Patrol Craft Sweepers (which were built on 134-foot YMS-1-class minesweeper hulls) were converted into amphibious landing control vessel during World War II and reclassified as Patrol Craft Sweeper, Control.[42]

Expeditionary Fast Transport (EPF)Edit

 
USNS Spearhead (T-EPF-1)
Further information: Expeditionary fast transport

Spearhead-classEdit

Spearhead-class expeditionary fast transport

In January 2023, the Navy announced that three Expeditionary Medical Ships (EMS) had been approved in the 2023 military budget.[44]

  • (T-EPF-17) [P]
  • (T-EPF-18) [P]
  • (T-EPF-19) [P]

Expeditionary Mobile Base (ESB)Edit

 
USS Lewis B. Puller ESB-3
Further information: Expeditionary Transfer Dock § Expeditionary Mobile Base (ESB) variants

Lewis B. Puller-classEdit

Lewis B. Puller-class expeditionary mobile base

Note there is no ESB-1 or ESB-2, the ESB and ESD hulls have one sequence.

Expeditionary Transfer Dock (ESD)Edit

 
USNS Montford Point (T-ESD-1)
Further information: Expeditionary Transfer Dock

Montford Point-classEdit

Montford Point-class expeditionary transfer dock

Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)Edit

Further information: Littoral Combat Ship and Littoral Combat Ship § Irregular warfare and amphibious modules

Freedom-classEdit

Freedom-class littoral combat ship

Independence-classEdit

Independence-class littoral combat ship

Barracks ShipsEdit

Barracks ships are auxiliaries that are used in a variety of roles, not only for amphibious warfare.

Self-Propelled Barracks Ship (APB)Edit

Main article: List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy § Self-Propelled Barracks Ships (APB)

Non Self-Propelled Barracks Ship (APL)Edit

Main article: List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy § Barracks Craft (APL)

Offshore Petroleum Distribution System (OPDS) shipsEdit

 
USNS Vice Adm. K. R. Wheeler (T-AG-5001)
 
SS Chesapeake (AOT-5084)

OPDS ships support amphibious operations by pumping needed fuel ashore without the need for port facilities. They do not have unique hull classification symbols.

Pump vesselsEdit

TankersEdit

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

  1. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 311-345
  2. ^ "U.S. Navy Program Guide 2013" (PDF). United States Navy. 6 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013. See pages 101–102
  3. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 370-372
  4. ^ Jean, Grace V. (September 2008). "Marines Question the Utility of Their New Amphibious Warship". National Defense Magazine. National Defense Industrial Association. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
  5. ^ Shelbourne, Mallory (October 2022). "Navy Awards Ingalls Shipbuilding $2.4B to Start LHA-9". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  6. ^ Mongilio, Heather (December 2022). "SECNAV Names Next Big Deck Amphib USS Fallujah". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  7. ^ a b c LaGrone, Sam (July 2022). "Senate FY 2023 Appropriations Bill Adds $4B to Navy Shipbuilding, Money for New Amphibs". United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  8. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 448-449
  9. ^ "Notable U.S. Navy Ships Lost Since World War II". US Naval Institute. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  10. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 357-358, 370-372
  11. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 355-356
  12. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 357-358, 370-372
  13. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 359-363
  14. ^ Friedman, 2002, p 350
  15. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 364-365
  16. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 458-463
  17. ^ LaGrone, Sam (July 2022). "Navy Commissions Amphibious Warship USS Fort Lauderdale". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  18. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 127-131
  19. ^ "Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels" (PDF). Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. 9 December 2020. p. 16. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  20. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 329-331
  21. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 331-334
  22. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 440-442
  23. ^ Mongilio, Heather (July 2022). "Navy Decommissions USS Whidbey Island". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  24. ^ Friedman, 2002, p 448
  25. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 129-130
  26. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 428-431
  27. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 313-325
  28. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 313-325
  29. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 325
  30. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 325
  31. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 278-283
  32. ^ Colton, Tim. "WWII Construction Records, Landing Craft". Colton Company. Archived from the original on June 22, 2006. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
  33. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 390
  34. ^ Shelbourne, Mallory (February 2023). "Marine Corps Requirements Call for 9 Light Amphibious Ships per Regiment". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  35. ^ Grady, John (February 2023). "SECNAV Del Toro 'Excited' About New Landing Ship Mediums". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  36. ^ Priolo, Gary P. (2005). "Tank Landing Ship (LST) Index". NavSource Online. NavSource Naval History. Retrieved 2007-12-11.
  37. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 339–344
  38. ^ Friedman, 2002, p 117
  39. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 178-182
  40. ^ Friedman, 2002, pp 468-470
  41. ^ "PC World War II Service". Patrol Craft Sailor Association.
  42. ^ Friedman, Small Combatants, pp. 91-93
  43. ^ LaGrone, Sam (February 2023). "Crew-Optional USNS Apalachicola Delivers to the Navy, Ship's Unmanned Future Unclear". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  44. ^ "These Speedy New Navy Medical Ships Are Designed with the Pacific in Mind". military.com. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  45. ^ Shelbourne, Mallory (October 2022). "NASSCO Lays Keel for Future Expeditionary Sea Base USS Robert E. Simanek". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.
  46. ^ Mongilio, Heather (September 2022). "Navy Decommissions Littoral Combat Ship USS Coronado After 8 Years With the Fleet". USNI News. United States Naval Institute.

SourcesEdit

  • Friedman, Norman (1987). U.S. Small Combatants: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 978-0870217135.
  • Friedman, Norman (2002). U.S. Amphibious Ships and Craft: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 1-55750-250-1.

External linksEdit

Museum ships

  • USS LCI(L)-713 - Amphibious Forces Memorial Museum, Portland, OR
  • USS LCI(L)-1091 - Humboldt Bay Naval Sea/Air Museum, Eureka, CA
  • USS LCS(L)(3)-102 - Landing Craft Support Museum, Mare Island, CA
  • USS LST-325 - The USS LST Ship Memorial, Evansville, IN
  • USS LST-393 - USS LST 393 Veterans Museum, Muskegon, MI
  • USS Stark County (LST-1134) - Surat Thani, Thailand
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