This is a purported list of ancient humans remains, including mummies, that may have been DNA tested. Provided as evidence of the testing are links to the mitochondrial DNA sequences, and/or to the human haplogroups to which each case has been assigned. Also provided is a brief description of when and where they lived.[according to whom?] Entries lacking a citation should be viewed with skepticism; in particular, cases with no sequence or haplogroup links, with citation, have no evidentiary basis for appearing.
mtDNA and YDNA tests edit
The following mummies have undergone mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) and YDNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:
| Name | Original Location of Remains |
Date Lived (years ago) |
Mitochondrial DNA sequence | mtDNA Haplogroup | Y-DNA Haplogroup |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paglicci 23 | Italy | 28,000[1] | CRS [2] | H[citation needed] | |
| Paglicci 25 | Italy | 23,000[3] | 7,025 AluI, 00073A, 11719G, 12308A [4] | HV[4] | |
| TAF009
TAF010 TAF011 TAF012 TAF013 TAF014 TAF015 |
Morocco | 15,100-13,900[5]
15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] 15,100-13,900[5] |
U6a6b[5]
U6a7b[5] U6a7[5] U6a7[5] U6a7b[5] |
E1b1b1a1b1[5]
E1b1b1a1[5] E1b1b1a1[5] N/A[5] E1b1b1a1[5] E1b1b1a1[5] | |
| Cheddar Man | England | >9,000[citation needed] | 16192T,[citation needed] 16270T[citation needed] | U5b1[6] | I2-L38 (I2a2)[7] |
| Ötzi the Iceman | Austria/Italy | 5,300 [8] | K.[9][10] | G2a2b[11] | |
| Nakht-Ankh | Egypt | 4,000[12] | M1a1[12] | ||
| Khnum-Nakht | Egypt | 4,000[12] | M1a1[12] | ||
| Djehutynakht (10A) | Egypt | 4,000[13] | U5b2b5[13] | ||
| Queen Tiye | Egypt | 3,390[14] | K[14] | ||
| JK2887
JK2134 JK2911 JK2888 |
Egypt | 3,410-3,333[15]
2,798-2,591[15] 2,791-2,582[15] 2,119-2,024[15] |
J2a1a1[15] | N/A[15] | |
| Tel Shadud Canaanite Nobelman | Israel | 3,300[16] | R1b[16] | ||
| Tel Shadud specimen L126 | Israel | 3,300[16] | Haplogroup I5a1[16] | J[16] | |
| Tutankhamun | Egypt | 3,342[14] | K[14] | R1b[14] | |
| Ramesses III | Egypt | 3,200[17] | E1b1a[18] | ||
| Pentawer | Egypt | 3,200[17] | E1b1a[18] | ||
| Takabuti | Egypt | 2,600[19] | H4a1[19] | ||
| OM:KMM A 64
YM:KMM A 63 |
Egypt | 2,320[20]
2,300[20] |
T2c1a[20] | ||
| The Norwich Anglo-Saxon | England | 1,000[citation needed] | 16189A,[citation needed] 16223T,[citation needed] 16271C,[citation needed] 16278T[citation needed] | X[citation needed] | |
| Juanita the Ice Maiden | Peru | 500[citation needed] | 16111T, 16223T, 16290T, 16319A[21] | A[citation needed] | |
| Young Man of Byrsa | Tunisia | late 6th century BCE | U5b2c1[22] | ||
| 500-year-old Inca child | Argentina | 500[23] | C1b[23] |
DNA tests edit
The following mummies have undergone DNA tests, of remains with the indicated name, from the indicated locations:[citation needed]
| Name | Original Location of Remains |
Date Lived (years ago) |
DNA sequence | Y-DNA Haplogroup |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thuya | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Yuya | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Tiye (Elder Lady KV35) | Egypt | 3,370 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Amenhotep III | Egypt | 3,370 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV55 mummy | Egypt | 3,350 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV35 Younger Lady | Egypt | 3,390 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| Tutankhamun | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV21 Mummy A | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV21 Mummy B | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D2S1338,
D16S539, CSF1PO [24] |
|
| KV62 Fetus 1 | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
|
| KV62 Fetus 2 | Egypt | 3,340 | D13S317, D7S820, D2S1338, D21S11,
D16S539, D18S51, CSF1PO, FGA [24] |
See also edit
References edit
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- ^ Caramelli, David; Vai, Stefania (July 2008). "A 28,000 Years Old Cro-Magnon mtDNA Sequence Differs from All Potentially Contaminating Modern Sequences". PLoS ONE. 3 (7): e2700. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2700C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002700. PMC 2444030. PMID 18628960.
- ^ Mallegni, F; Bertoldi, F; Manolis, S.K. (1999). "The Gravettian female human skeleton from Grotta Paglicci, south Italy". HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology. 50 (2): 127–148.
- ^ a b Caramelli, David; Lalueza-Fox, Carles; et al. (May 27, 2003). "Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans". PNAS. 100 (11): 6593–6597. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.6593C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1130343100. PMC 164492. PMID 12743370.
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- ^ Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; et al. (1994). "AMS 14
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- ^ Endicott, Phillip; Sanchez, Juan J; et al. (2009). "Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: The singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman". BMC Genetics. 10: 29. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-29. PMC 2717998. PMID 19545382.
- ^ Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; et al. (February 28, 2012). "New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing". Nature Communications. 3: 698. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3..698K. doi:10.1038/ncomms1701. PMID 22426219.
- ^ a b c d Ancient DNA results end 4,000-year-old Egyptian mummy mystery
- ^ a b Loreille, Odile; Ratnayake, Shashikala; Bazinet, Adam L.; Stockwell, Timothy B.; Sommer, Daniel D.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Johnson, Philip L. F.; Skoglund, Pontus; Onorato, Anthony J.; Bergman, Nicholas H. (March 2018). "Biological Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head to Assess the Potential of Nuclear DNA Recovery from the Most Damaged and Limited Forensic Specimens". Genes. 9 (3): 135. doi:10.3390/genes9030135. PMC 5867856. PMID 29494531.
- ^ a b c d e Gad, Yehia Z; Hassan, Naglaa Abu-Mandil; Mousa, Dalia M; Fouad, Fayrouz A; El-Sayed, Safaa G; Abdelazeem, Marwa A; Mahdy, Samah M; Othman, Hend Y; Ibrahim, Dina W; Khairat, Rabab; Ismail, Somaia (2020-10-15). "Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R24–R28. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa223. ISSN 0964-6906. PMID 33059357.
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Further reading edit
- Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen (August 3, 2005). "Mosaics of ancient mitochondrial DNA: positive indicators of nonauthenticity". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (10): 1106–1112. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201476. PMID 16077732.
- The Seven Daughters of Eve by Bryan Sykes.[clarification needed][full citation needed][pages needed]