Lappawinsoe[1] /ˌlæpəˈwɪnzoʊ/ was a Lenape chief. His name signifies "gathering fruit" or "going away to gather food".[2][3][4][5] Lappawinsoe sold the land of his tribe to Thomas Penn (1702-1775), and John Penn ("the American") (1700-1746), the sons of William Penn (1644-1718), the founder, with moderate Quaker philosophies of the Colony and Province of Pennsylvania in 1681 (later the American state – Commonwealth of Pennsylvania after 1776), through the controversial and disputed Walking Purchase treaty agreement of 1737.[6] Three other Lenape-Delaware chiefs also signed the agreement: Tishecunk (sometimes referred to as Tishcohan, "tash-suk-amen" meaning "he never blackens himself"), Nutimus ("striker of fish with a spear") and Menakihikon ("a King of the Minissincks").[7][8][5] Documentation shows that Nutimus was considered the principal Indian leader of the tribes located further southeast in the future State of Delaware.[9]
Lappawinsoe | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Lappawinsoe, painted by Gustavus Hesselius | |
| Lenape (Delawares) leader | |
| Personal details | |
| Known for | Signing the Walking Purchase agreement for land cession of 1737 with the sons of William Penn |
Portrait edit
It is documented that Lappawinsoe was the first Native American who was portrayed in an oil painting.[5] Lappawinsoe and Tishecunk are considered "the only two chiefs of the Lenni Lenape whose portraits have been preserved".[2] In his portrait, Lappawinsoe is shown as a muscular man of about 40 years of age.[2] Further descriptions of the painting focus on the tattoos on Lappawinsoe's face and neck as well as on the pouch he is wearing.[5] The pouch is compared to the one worn by Tishcohan in his respective painting.[5] The tattoos on Lappawinsoe's forehead symbolize two thunderbirds and a snake or serpent.[10] Body tattoos are used to represent information about the person's character and their beliefs.[10] The Thunderbird is considered a "powerful spirit being" and signifies an "active and swift-footed warrior".[10]
Walking Purchase Agreement edit
In 1737, Lappawinsoe signed the Walking Purchase agreement to sell part of his tribe's land in the eastern border area of the colonial Province of Pennsylvania along the upper northern reaches of the Delaware River with the neighboring West New Jersey colonial grant further east of the Province of New Jersey (later after the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) as the State of New Jersey) "extending as far west as a man could walk in a day and a half". An attributed quote states: "Chief Lappawinsoe, believing the treaty genuine and assuming a man could only walk about 40 miles, agreed to the Walk!".[11] William Penn's sons, Thomas Penn (1702–1775) and John Penn (1700–1746), convinced the Lenape that their father had already bought the land from them.[12] Contrary to Lenape belief, the two brothers Thomas Penn, John Penn - ("the American") and provincial official James Logan had arranged and hired fast runners to run a prepared path which resulted in a scheme for a bigger landloss for the Lenape than they had ever imagined.[13] Edward Marshall, one of the three walkers and the only one who completed the full walk, states in a testimony in 1751 that Lappawinsoe was living in the Indian town Hockendocqua (also referred to as Hociundoquen).[8] When he was passing the place during the walk asking Lappawinsoe for an Indian to come with him, he said "they had got all the best land, and they might go to the Devil for the bad" and that he would send no Indian with them.[8] Furthermore, Lappawinsoe is said to have described the walk as not "fairly performed" and "no sit down to smoke, no shoot a squirrel, but lun, lun, lun all day long!"[2][12][14]
The Lenni Lenape had a longtime friendly relationship with William Penn, including several fair treaties they made with him.[13] Over the years, this led to a good reputation of the Pennsylvania government among the Lenape people.[13] Part of the reason the Lenape chiefs signed the Walking Purchase treaty was also to honor this peaceful relationship with William Penn who had died 19 years before.[14]
Quotation edit
[The white runners] should have walkt along by the River Delaware or the next Indian path to it… should have walkt for a few Miles and then have sat down and smoakt a Pipe, and now and then have shot a Squirrel, and not have kept up the Run, Run all day.[15]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Also spelled Lappawinzo, Lapowinzo, or Lapowinsa.
- ^ a b c d Buck, William J. (1883). "Lappawinzo and Tishcohan, Chiefs of the Lenni Lenape". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 7 (2): 215–218. JSTOR 20084604.
- ^ Penn, William (1970). William Penn's own account of Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. Myers, Albert Cook, 1874–1960,, Pomfret, John E. (Rev. ed.). Moorestown, N.J.: Middle Atlantic Press. ISBN 0912608137. OCLC 233931836.
- ^ "Walking Purchase | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
- ^ a b c d e Becker, Marshall J. (1982). "Search for the Lenape Indians". Archaeology. 35 (3): 10–19. JSTOR 41727825.
- ^ "The State Museum of Pennsylvania Presents An Image of Peace: The William Penn Treaty". statemuseumpa.org. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
- ^ Kraft, Herbert C. (1986). The Lenape : archaeology, history, and ethnography. Newark: New Jersey Historical Society. ISBN 0911020144. OCLC 13062917.
- ^ a b c Weslager, C. A. (1972). The Delaware Indians; a history. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813514940. OCLC 282073.
- ^ Kenny, Kevin (2009). Peaceable kingdom lost : the Paxton Boys and the destruction of William Penn's holy experiment. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195331509. OCLC 245598485.
- ^ a b c Lenik, Edward J. (2012). "The Thunderbird Motif in Northeastern Indian Art". Archaeology of Eastern North America. 40: 163–185. JSTOR 23265141.
- ^ "Walking Purchase - Pennsylvania Historical Markers on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Illinois Indians. St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Somerset Publishers, Inc. 1998. ISBN 040309335X. OCLC 40804721.
- ^ a b c "The Pennsylvania Center for the Book – The Walking Purchase". pabook2.libraries.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
- ^ a b "The Pennsylvania Center for the Book – The Walking Purchase". pabook2.libraries.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
- ^ "The Walking Purchase". Delaware (Lenape) Tribe of Indians: Home Page. Archived from the original on 2012-07-27. Retrieved 2012-10-05.