Lanihau (June 19, 1852 – October 24, 1914) was a Hawaiian high chiefess of the Hawaiian Kingdom. She served as the Keeper of the Royal Mausoleum of Mauna ʻAla from 1885 to 1886 and was the last Governess (female governor) of the islands of Kauai and Niihau from 1886 to 1888. During her tenure, she was given the honorific Her Excellency, the Governess of Kauai.
Lanihau | |
|---|---|
| Keeper of the Royal Mausoleum | |
| In office March 6, 1885 – July 31, 1886 | |
| Preceded by | Pius F. Koakanu |
| Succeeded by | Keano |
| Governess of Kauai | |
| In office July 31, 1886 – August 23, 1888 | |
| Preceded by | Paul P. Kanoa |
| Succeeded by | William Hyde Rice |
| Personal details | |
| Born | June 19, 1852 Hawaiian Kingdom |
| Died | October 24, 1914 (aged 62) Koloa, Kauai County, Territory of Hawaii |
| Resting place | Koloa |
| Nationality | Hawaiian Kingdom |
| Spouse | Opeka |
| Parent(s) | Pius F. Koakanu and Peke |
| Signature |  |
Name edit
She was sometimes referred to as A. Lanihau in official documents.[1] In the Hawaiian language, the name Lanihau means "cool heaven". An ahupuaʻa (land division) of the same name was located in the district of Kona on the island of Hawaii.[2] Lanihau was also the name of a short-lived son of Kalanimoku and his wife Likelike who died in 1821.[3] She has also been referred to as Ana Lanihau Koakanu,[4] Mary Lanihau[5] or Lanihau Opeka.[6]
Family edit
Lanihau was the daughter of Pius F. Koakanu (sometimes known as John F. Koakanu), an aliʻi (high chief) from the island of Kauai, and his wife Peke. Her father Koakanu served as a member of the House of Representative for Kauai in the Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom from 1868 to 1874 and later as Kahu or Keeper of the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii at Mauna ʻAla until his death in 1885.[7][8]
Through her father, she was a granddaughter of the influential High Chiefess Kuini Liliha, who served as Governor of Oahu from 1829 to 1831. Liliha was descended from the ancient kings of Hawaii Island and the Moi of Maui and was the hānai daughter of Hoapili, a confidante of King Kamehameha I.[5][9] Two of her aunts Jane Loeau and Abigail Maheha studied at the Chiefs' Children's School, also known as the Royal School, a select school for the royal children of the highest rank who were chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom.[5][10][11][12] Another of her aunt Kiliwehi served as lady-in-waiting to Queen Emma of Hawaii, the wife of Kamehameha IV.[5]
Lanihau married a man named Opeka.[5] His name is sometimes given as J. Opeka[13] or Benjamin Opeka.[4] They had a number of children although they are not all known by names. Two known daughters: Hannah Kailinaoa Opeka (1876–1914) and Mary Kiliwehi Opeka (1877–1909) attended the Kawaiahaʻo Seminary for Girls (precursor of the Mid-Pacific Institute).[4]
The United States Census give some more details about her family. In the 1900 census, Lanihau is recorded as the head of her household and listed as being married for 31 years which would place her marriage around 1869. It also listed her as having 16 children with 12 children living at the time.[14][15] In the 1910 census, Lanihau is listed as widowed and living as a lodger in the household of her son-in-law George Kaupiko.[16]
Political career edit
Shortly after Koakanu's death, Lanihau was appointed as kahu of the Royal Mausoleum on March 6, 1885.[17] In 1886, Lanihau was appointed by King Kalākaua as Governess of Kauai and Niihau to succeed Paul P. Kanoa who had resigned to become the Minister of Finance. The appointment was chiefly influenced by the regard to her rank. She served in this position from July 31, 1886 to August 23, 1888.[17][18][19]
On August 21, 1886, the newly appointed Governess visited the town of Waimea (where Captain James Cook first landed) and she was royally entertained by the residents. A grand luau was thrown by the community and the next day she made an address in the local church filled with people. In her first months in office, she made a royal tour of the island of Kauai. Like in Waimea, the people of Niimaulu, Hanalei and Wainiha gave her a positive reception and threw luaus and concerts in her honor. The Advertiser newspaper in Honolulu noted that "[t]he Governess of Kauai has been most enthusiastically received by the people of the Island wherever she has stopped."[20] On August 25, 1886, the newly built steamer Waialeale landed in the Nawiliwili harbor and Governess Lanihau went aboard with more than fifty of her people. Inspecting the vessel, she and her attendants were popularly received. The Advertiser noted, "Music was furnished by the ship's crew and the attendance of the Governess. The people of Kauai were reportedly delighted with the appearance of the steamer and the name given her."[21] In October 1886, the schooner Mary C. Bohm purchased and repaired by the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company was renamed the Lanihau for the Governess.[22] During her governorship, Lanihau established her political seat at Koloa instead of Lihue unlike previous Kauai governors with the exception of John E. Bush who also resided in Koloa. Her gubernatorial mansion was also located at Koloa.[23][24]
Lanihau did not hold the post for long. Island governors traditionally had the power to appoint police officers, manage governmental lands, supervise tax collectors and collect revenues for the Crown. However, by the time of her tenure, the titular positions were mainly given to royal favorites and high ranking persons. The position had been source of corruption and was regarded as a waste of governmental money; her predecessor Paul P. Kanoa simply drew from his gubernatorial salary and made a few appointment recommendations. After the Bayonet Constitution of 1887, the legislature debated abolishing the titles. Because of her gender, Lanihau was viewed as unqualified to appoint the police forces for the island, and in 1887 this duty was transferred to the island sheriffs appointed by the Marshal of the Kingdom. Her authority to appoint chief magistrates were also taken away. In 1888, the royal island governorships were officially abolished by the Hawaiian legislature. Lanihau along with her contemporary Ululani Lewai Baker (Governess of Hawaii Island) became the last female governors of the Hawaiian monarchy.[25][26]
During the funeral of Kalākaua in 1891, Lanihau was in attendance.[27] Prior to Kalākaua's death, the legislature passed another act restoring the island governorships. However, section 5 of the act stated: "No female shall be eligible to the office of Governor". Under this act, Queen Liliuokalani, the sister and successor of Kalākaua, briefly restored the position during the twilight of the monarchy but only appointed males governors, who were all removed shortly after the overthrow in 1893.[25][28]
Later life and death edit
In 1897, Lanihau signed the Kūʻē Petitions, a set of petitions collected over 21,000 residents of the Hawaiian Islands opposing an annexation treaty being discussed on the floors of the United States Senate which would annex the Hawaiian Islands to the United States. These signatures were submitted by a delegation of Native Hawaiians and was used as evidence of the strong resistance of the Hawaiian community to annexation, and the treaty was defeated in the Senate.[29] Lanihau was the first signature on the page for residents of Koloa.[30]
In 1908, Lanihau leased an acre and a quarter of land in Koloa along the Government road to Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole for 30 dollars per year.[6]
Lanihau died of pneumonia, at Koloa, on October 24, 1914. She was buried the following day in Koloa, although her death record does not specify her burial place.[31]
In 1915, the Kauai newspaper The Garden Island remembered Lanihau as an example of female political leadership during the monarchy.[32]
References edit
- ^ "New Appointments". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. October 19, 1886. p. 2.; "By Authority". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. October 20, 1886. p. 3.; "By Authority". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. November 3, 1886. p. 3.; "By Authority". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. November 4, 1886. p. 3.
- ^ Pukui, Elbert & Mookini 1974, p. 128; Lloyd J. Soehren (2010). "lookup of Lanihau". in Hawaiian Place Names. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
- ^ Kamakau 1992, p. 250.
- ^ a b c Winter 2012, p. 368
- ^ a b c d e McKinzie 1983, pp. 41–42
- ^ a b "News in a Nutshell". The Hawaiian Star. Vol. XVI, no. 5119. Honolulu. August 26, 1908. p. 8.
- ^ "Na Nu Hou Hawaii". Ko Hawaii Paeaina. Vol. VIII, no. 10. Honolulu. March 7, 1885. p. 2.
- ^ "Koakanu, P. F. office record" (PDF). state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
- ^ "Nu Hou Hawaii". Ko Hawaii Paeaina. Vol. IX, no. 32. Honolulu. August 6, 1886. p. 2.
- ^ "Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers". The Polynesian. Vol. 1, no. 9. Honolulu. July 20, 1844. p. 1.
- ^ Van Dyke 2008, p. 364.
- ^ Wyllie 1845, pp. 125–139.
- ^ "Passengers". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. August 17, 1886. p. 8.
- ^ "United States Census, 1900", database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MM5N-FTQ : 11 March 2022), Lanihao Opeka, 1900.
- ^ "United States Census, 1900", database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MM5K-Q6D : 10 March 2022), B Opeka in entry for Soloman Punaewa, 1900.
- ^ "United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MLCY-B3M : accessed 11 May 2023), Lanihaui Opeka in household of George Kaupiko, Koloa, Kauai, Hawaii, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 8, sheet 7B, family 95, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll 1752; FHL microfilm 1,375,765.
- ^ a b "Lanihau (w) office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
- ^ "By Authority". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. August 2, 1886. p. 3.
- ^ "Governor of Kauai" (PDF). official archives. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2009.; Cahoon, Ben (ed.). "Hawaiian Governments 1795–1900". worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
- ^ "Island Notes". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. August 23, 1886. p. 2.; "Reception at Waimea". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. August 28, 1886. p. 4.; "Tour of Kauai". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. September 16, 1886. p. 4.
- ^ "Local And General". The Pacific Commercial Advertiser. Honolulu. August 30, 1886. p. 3.; "Local & General News". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu. August 30, 1886. p. 3.
- ^ "Local & General News". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu. October 11, 1886. p. 3.; "Local News". The Daily Herald. Honolulu. October 12, 1886. p. 3.
- ^ Rice, W. H. Jr. (February 25, 1919). "The History of Lihue". The Garden Island. Lihue. p. 2.; "Notes About Koloa, Kauai". The Daily Bulletin. Honolulu. September 13, 1888. p. 2.
- ^ Damon & Isenberg 1931, p. 834.
- ^ a b Newbury 2001, pp. 5, 8, 11, 14–20, 29–30, 38
- ^ An Act To Abolish The Office Of Governor. Honolulu: Gazette Publishing Company. August 23, 1888. p. 101.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "At Rest". The Hawaiian Gazette. Honolulu. February 17, 1891. p. 1.
- ^ An Act To Establish A Governor On Each Of The Islands Of Oahu, Maui, Hawaii and Kauai. Honolulu: Gazette Publishing Company. November 14, 1890. pp. 159–160.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Silva, Noenoe K. (1998). "The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation". The Annexation Of Hawaii: A Collection Of Document. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
- ^ "United States, Hawaii, Anti-Annexation Petitions, 1897", database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6ZJB-YGXH : 23 November 2021), Mrs Lanihau Opeka, 1897.
- ^ "Hawaii, Death Records and Death Registers, 1841-1925," database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:WSGM-2SMM : 23 July 2020), Lanihau Opeka, 24 Oct 1914; citing Death, Hawaii State Department of Health, Honolulu.
- ^ "A New Book". The Garden Island. Lihue. January 19, 1915. p. 6.
Bibliography edit
- Damon, Ethel Moseley; Isenberg, Mary Dorothea Rice (1931). Koamalu: A Story of Pioneers on Kauai and of What They Built in That Island Garden. Vol. 1. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin Press. OCLC 653475.
- Kamakau, Samuel (1992) [1961]. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1. OCLC 25008795.
- McKinzie, Edith Kawelohea (1983). Stagner, Ishmael W. (ed.). Hawaiian Genealogies: Extracted from Hawaiian Language Newspapers. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-939154-28-5. OCLC 12555087.
- Newbury, Colin (2001). "Patronage and Bureaucracy in the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1840–1893". Pacific Studies. 24 (1–2). Laie, HI: Brigham Young University, Hawaii Campus: 1–38. ISSN 0275-3596. OCLC 193272210. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012.
- Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H.; Mookini, Esther T. (1974). Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0524-1. OCLC 1042464.
- Van Dyke, Jon M. (2008). Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaiʻi?. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6560-3. OCLC 257449971 – via Project MUSE.
- Winter, Carrie Prudence (2012). Bonura, Sandra; Day, Deborah (eds.). An American Girl in the Hawaiian Islands: Letters of Carrie Prudence Winter, 1890–1893. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3722-8. OCLC 821735443 – via Project MUSE.
- Wyllie, Robert Crichton (1845). Simmonds, P. L. (ed.). Notes on the Sandwich, Or Hawaiian Islands. London: Simmonds and Ward. pp. 125–139. OCLC 405778069.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)