# Kazuhiko Nishijima

Kazuhiko Nishijima (西島 和彦, Nishijima Kazuhiko) (4 October 1926 – 15 February 2009) was a Japanese physicist who made significant contributions to particle physics. He was professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University until his death in 2009.[1]

Kazuhiko Nishijima
Born4 October 1926
Tsuchiura, Japan
Died15 February 2009
Tokyo, Japan
NationalityJapanese
Alma materUniversity of Tokyo
Osaka University
Known forStrangeness
Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
Scientific career
FieldsTheoretical physics
Particle physics
InstitutionsOsaka City University
Max Planck Institute for Physics
Institute for Advanced Study
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
University of Tokyo
Kyoto University
Chuo University

He was born in Tsuchiura, Japan. He is most well known for his work on the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula, and the concept of strangeness, which he called the "eta-charge" or "η-charge", after the eta meson (
η
).[1][2][3]

He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1960 and 1961.[4]

## Life

Nishijima was born in Tsuchiura, Japan on 4 October 1926.[3] He obtained his diploma in physics at the University of Tokyo in 1948, and his PhD from Osaka University in 1955 for his thesis on the nuclear potential.[3]

In 1950, while at Osaka University, Nishijima was hired by Yoichiro Nambu to work on the theory of strong interactions and of strange particles (then called V particles).[3] While studying the decay of these particles, Nishijima developed, with Tadao Nakano [ja], and independently of Murray Gell-Mann, a formula that would relate the quantum numbers of these particles, the Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula (or sometimes the NNG formula, for Nishijima, Nakano, and Gell-Mann).[3]

${\displaystyle Q=I_{\text{3}}+{\frac {B+S}{2}}}$

where Q is the electric charge, I3 is the isospin projection, B is the baryon number, and S is the strangeness quantum number of the particle. This formula was pivotal for the later development of the quark model by Gell-Mann[5] and George Zweig[6][7] in 1964 (independently of each other).

From 1956 to 1958, Nishijima worked in Göttingen, Germany, upon the invitation of Werner Heisenberg.[3] In 1958, he moved to the United States and joined the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.[3] A year and a half later, he became a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[3] In 1966, he returned to the University of Tokyo, where he founded a theoretical physics research group and served in some administrative positions.[3] From 1986 until 1989, he served as the director of the Research Institute for Fundamental Physics at Kyoto University, and from 1995 until 2005, he was the president of the Nishina Memorial Foundation, a foundation that promotes physics in Japan, and in 1955 he was the first recipient of the physics prize awarded by the foundation.[3]

Nishijima kept active in research until near the end of his life. His last subjects of research were color confinement and noncommutative quantum field theory.[3] He died of leukemia on 15 February 2009 at the age of 82.[1][3]

## Books

• Nishijima, K (1963). Fundamental Particles. W. A. Benjamin. OCLC 536472.
• Nishijima, K (1998) [1974]. Fields and Particles: Field Theory and Dispersion Relations (4th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-7399-3.

## References

1. ^ a b c "Particle Physicist Kazuhiko Nishijima dies at 82". The Japan Times. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
2. ^ Nishijima, K (1955). "Charge Independence Theory of V Particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 13 (3): 285–304. Bibcode:1955PThPh..13..285N. doi:10.1143/PTP.13.285.
3. Nambu, Y. (2009). "Kazuhiko Nishijima". Physics Today. 62 (8): 58. Bibcode:2009PhT....62h..58N. doi:10.1063/1.3206100.
4. ^ 東京新聞:朝永氏、受賞前に7回「候補」 ノーベル賞選考資料:国際 Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine 東京新聞、2014年8月14日夕刊
5. ^ Gell-Mann, M (1964). "A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons". Physics Letters. 8 (3): 214–215. Bibcode:1964PhL.....8..214G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3.
6. ^ Zweig, G (1964). "An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking". CERN Report No.8181/Th 8419.
7. ^ Zweig, G (1964). "An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II". CERN Report No.8419/Th 8412.
8. ^
9. ^ 本学名誉教授の西島和彦先生が平成15年度の文化勲章を受章 (in Japanese). University of Tokyo. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
10. ^ "Kazuhiko Nishijima, Guggenheim Fellow 1965". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2009.

## Further reading

• Kawarabayashi, K (1987). A, Ukawa (ed.). Wandering in the Fields: Festschrift for Professor Kazuhiko Nishijima on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday. World Scientific. ISBN 9971-5-0363-8.