The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart is a widespread table of nuclides in print.
Characteristics edit
It is a two-dimensional graphical representation in the Segrè-arrangement with the neutron number N on the abscissa and the proton number Z on the ordinate. Each nuclide is represented at the intersection of its respective neutron and proton number by a small square box with the chemical symbol and the nucleon number A. By columnar subdivision of such a field, in addition to ground states also nuclear isomers can be shown. The coloring of a field (segmented if necessary) shows in addition to the existing text entries the observed types of radioactive decay of the nuclide and a rough classification of their relative shares: stable, nonradioactive nuclides completely black, primordial radionuclides partially black, proton emission orange, alpha decay yellow, beta plus decay/electron capture red, isomeric transition (gamma decay, internal conversion) white, beta minus decay blue, spontaneous fission green, cluster emission violet, neutron emission light blue. For each radionuclide its field includes (if known) information about its half-life and essential energies of the emitted radiation, for stable nuclides and primordial radionuclides there are data on mole fraction abundances in the natural isotope mixture of the corresponding chemical element. Furthermore, for many nuclides cross sections for nuclear reactions with thermal neutrons are quoted, usually for the (n, γ)-reaction (neutron capture), partly fission cross sections for the induced nuclear fission and cross sections for the (n, α)-reaction or (n, p)-reaction. For the chemical elements cross sections and standard atomic weights (both averaged over natural isotopic composition) are specified (the relative atomic masses partially as an interval to reflect the variability of the composition of the element's natural isotope mixture). For the nuclear fission of 235U and 239Pu with thermal neutrons, percentage isobaric chain yields of fission products are listed.[1][2]
History, editions edit
The first printed edition of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart of 1958 in the form of a wall chart was created by Walter Seelmann-Eggebert and his assistant Gerda Pfennig. Walter Seelmann-Eggebert was director of the Radiochemistry Institute in the 1956 founded "Kernreaktor Bau- und Betriebsgesellschaft mbH" in Karlsruhe, Germany (a predecessor institution of the later "(Kern-)Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe", nowadays Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) and appointed professor of radiochemistry at the Karlsruhe Technical University. Radiochemical isotope courses were held at the institute, and in the context of these teaching courses the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart arose, which was intended to be a well-structured overview of the essential properties of the nuclides already known at that time.
In the following decades, the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart was published and revised several times. In addition to other co-authors, Seelmann-Eggebert († 1988) was involved up to the 5th edition in 1981, Pfennig († 2017) up to the 9th edition in 2015. In 2006, the management of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart changed over from Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe to the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission (EC), then in 2012 to Nucleonica GmbH, a spin-off company of the JRC-ITU.
The following summary table[2][3] regarding the individual editions of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart also expresses the scientific progress in the field of discovery/exploration of the nuclides and new chemical elements.
| edition | year | number of included chemical elements |
number of included nuclides | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| total | ground states | nuclear isomers | |||
| 1. | 1958 | 102 | ca. 1520 | ca. 1300 | ca. 220 |
| 2. | 1961 | 103 | ca. 1590? | ? | ? |
| 3. | 1968 | 105 | ? | ca. 1600? | ? |
| 4. | 1974 | 105? | ? | ca. 1900? | ? |
| 5. | 1981 | 107 | ? | 2224? | ? |
| 6. | 1995 1998 (rev. 1) |
111 112 |
? 3361? |
ca. 2690? ? |
? ? |
| 7. | 2006 | 117 | 3654 | 2962 | 692 |
| 8. | 2012 | 118 | 3847 | 3128? | 719? |
| 9. | 2015 | 118 | 3992 | 3248 | 744 |
| 10. | 2018 | 118 | 4039? | 3285? | 754? |
? = Sources incongruent or explicit/implicit numerical data missing or inclusion of nuclear isomers in figures unclear.
Versions edit
The Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart is primarily published as a fold-out chart (size A4) or as a wall chart (size 0.96 m × 1.40 m).[2][3] There are also larger sizes (roll map, auditorium chart and "carpet").[3] Since 2014, an internet-based version "Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Online (KNCO)" with regular updates is offered via the Nucleonica nuclear science internet portal.[4]
The largest known version of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart is located in the Reactor Institute Delft, being 13 m × 19 m in size.[5]
References edit
- ^ Zs. Sóti, J. Magill, R. Dreher: Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart – New 10th edition 2018, EPJ Nuclear Sci. Technol. Volume 5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2019004
- ^ a b c J. Magill, R. Dreher, Zs. Sóti: Karlsruher Nuklidkarte / Chart of the Nuclides. 10th edition. Nucleonica GmbH, Karlsruhe 2018, ISBN 978-3-943868-51-7 (wall chart) or ISBN 978-3-943868-54-8 (fold-out chart), ISBN 978-3-943868-50-0 (accompanying booklet). Multilingual (German, English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese).
- ^ a b c "Category:KNC". Homepage of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart in the Nucleonica wiki, with subpages. Nucleonica GmbH. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
- ^ "Help:Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart Online, KNCO++". Description page of the online version of the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart in the Nucleonica wiki. Nucleonica GmbH. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
- ^ "Nuclidenkaart op gigaformaat". TU Delft. Retrieved 31 January 2024.