James Freeman (April 22, 1759 – November 14, 1835)[1] was an American Unitarian clergyman and writer, "noteworthy as the first avowed preacher of Unitarianism in the United States". After graduating Harvard and becoming pastor of King's Chapel in Boston, Freeman's revised Book of Common Prayer was adopted by the congregation. This and Freeman's later ordination are credited as the origins of Unitarianism in New England. Later receiving a D.D. from Harvard Divinity School, he was also a founding member of the Massachusetts Historical Society.
James Freeman | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1820–1828 | |
| Born | April 22, 1759 Charlestown, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America |
| Died | November 14, 1835 (aged 76) Newton, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
| Known for | First avowed Unitarian minister in the United States |
| Church | Unitarian |
| Ordained | November 1787 |
Congregations served | King's Chapel |
| Signature | |
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Early life edit
James Freeman was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, on April 22, 1759.[2] After attending the Boston Latin Grammar School,[3] graduated from Harvard University with an A.B. in 1777,[4] and in 1782 became a reader at King's Chapel.[5][6] Though his education at Harvard had been interrupted by the American Revolutionary War, Freeman could read French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese and was considered a scholar.[3]
Ministry edit
Arrival at King's Chapel edit
In 1783, Freeman was invited to become a lay reader at King's Chapel. Here, Freeman wished to use the modifications to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer that had been adopted at Trinity Church and was given the discretion to not say the Athanasian Creed.[2][7]: 60 [8]: 214–215 After completing the six-month term as reader, the King's Chapel congregation voted to make Freeman their pastor.[9]: 135 Freeman differed from many of his Unitarian-minded contemporaries, who were Congregationalists that approached Unitarian teaching through Arianism. Instead, Freeman was in regular correspondence with English Unitarians such as Theophilus Lindsey and first adopted Socinianism.[1][3] William Hazlitt, an English Unitarian that had traveled to the United States, soon convinced Freeman and "several respectable ministers" to cease reciting Trinitarian doxologies.[10]
Prayer book edit
In 1774, Lindsey had created a revised Book of Common Prayer based on alterations made by Samuel Clarke in the latter's copy of the 1662 prayer book. Lindsey would use this liturgy at his Essex Street Chapel, the first Unitarian congregation in England. Hazlitt had been among Lindsey's congregants and gave a copy of Lindsey's prayer book to Freeman in 1784.[8]: 214 [3]
Now 24 years old, Freeman pushed the King's Chapel congregation to adopt their own revision of the 1662 prayer book.[11] The congregation's proprietors voted on February 20, 1785, to create a seven-man committee to report on Freeman's alterations.[9]: 138 Leaning on Clarke's and Lindsey's revisions, Freeman worked with Hazlitt to create his own Nontrinitarian alterations to the prayer book.[12] While he was optimistic that the congregation would adopt his revision, Freeman wrote to his father before the vote, saying that he would resign from his position as pastor should the vote fail.[3] On June 19, Freeman's prayer book was adopted by a 20-7 majority,[8]: 214 with three of the opposing votes coming from proprietors that had exclusively worshipped at Trinity Church since 1776.[9]: 138
Freeman hoped that the new liturgy would have a broad appeal, writing in its preface that "no Christian, it is supposed, can take offence at, or find his conscience wounded" by the 1785 prayer book's contents.[7]: 62 However, his liturgy was met with public rancor.[8]: 215 Among its critics was William White of the newly-founded Episcopal Church, who disapproved of the congregation's independent prayer book adoption and its Nontrinitarian theology.[13]
Ordination and independent congregation edit
Following the adoption of his prayer book, Freeman was still not ordained. The congregation decided against approaching the Church of England to perform such an ordination due in part to its requirement that ordinands swear loyalty to the king. As the congregation also desired to remain episcopal, a Presbyterian ordination was rejected.[14] Freeman applied for ordination in the Episcopal Church in 1786. He was rejected by Bishops Samuel Seabury and Samuel Provoost after Freeman refused to assent to the Episcopalians' own prayer book and its Trinitarian theology.[3] With this rejection, the congregation decided to ordain Freeman themselves. The ordination was performed in November 1787, with the senior church warden performing the laying on of hands.[7] With this and their prayer book, King's Chapel became the first Unitarian church in the United States.[4][12]
Samuel J. May wrote that Freeman was isolated during his early ministry through his exclusion from the Episcopal Church and poor integration with nearby Congregationalist ministers who were "embarrassed" by Freeman's use of a prayer book and liturgies. However, May recalled that Freeman enjoyed a "cordial friendship" with Joseph Eckley, the latter of whose congregation at Old South Meeting House temporarily displaced to King's Chapel during renovations in 1807 or 1808.[3] Freeman retired from ministry at King's Chapel in 1826.[6] King's Chapel continues to worship according to a revised version of Freeman's prayer book, presently in its ninth edition first published in 1986.[8]: 214, 217
Personal life and death edit
On July 17, 1788, Freeman married a woman named Martha, the widow of Boston merchant Samuel Clarke. While Freeman never had any children, Martha had a son from her prior marriage[3] and Freeman raised James Freeman Clarke as his grandson.[15]
Freeman, a member of the local school committee and fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, contributed to the periodicals and collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, which he helped found.[2] Freeman also served as the society's first recording secretary from 1793 to 1812.[5] A teacher at Boston Latin Grammar School, Freeman received an honorary A.M. from Brown University in 1790 and a D.D. from Harvard Divinity School in 1811. Freeman died on November 14, 1835, in Newton, Massachusetts.[6]
References edit
- ^ a b "Freeman, James, 1759–1835". Dartmouth Library. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
- ^ a b c McClintock, John; Strong, James, eds. (1887). "Freeman, James". Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Freeman, James (1759–1835)". Cambridge, MA: Harvard Square Library, First Parish in Cambridge. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
- ^ a b "King's Chapel". The Pluralism Project. Harvard University. September 17, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ a b "James Freeman to Thomas Jefferson, 2 October 1816". National Archives. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
- ^ a b c "Student mathematical textbook of James Freeman, 1774: James Freeman's manuscript, September 25, 1774". Colonial North America at Harvard Library. Harvard Library. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ a b c Chorley, E. Clowes (1930). The New American Prayer Book: Its History and Contents. New York City: The Macmillan Company.
- ^ a b c d e Scovel, Carl (2006). "King's Chapel and the Unitarians". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-529762-1.
- ^ a b c Greenwood, Francis William Pitt (1833). A History of King's Chapel, in Boston, the First Episcopal Church in New England: Comprising Notices of the Introduction of Episcopacy Into the Northern Colonies. Boston: Carter, Hendee & Company – via Google Books.
- ^ "The Book of Common Prayer: History of Reforms". Independent Country, Independent Church: American Independence, James Freeman, and King’s Chapel’s 1780s Theological Revolution. Boston: King's Chapel. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
- ^ "The History of the Prayer Book". Boston: King's Chapel. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ a b Wolff, Samuel Lee (1921). Trent, William Peterfield; Erskine, John; Sherman, Stuart P.; Van Doren, Carl (eds.). . Cambridge History of American Literature. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press – via Wikisource.
- ^ Calcote, A. Dean (September 1977). "The Proposed Prayer Book Of 1785". Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 46 (3). Historical Society of the Episcopal Church: 289. JSTOR 42973565.
- ^ ""Settled but not ordained:" James Freeman, King's Chapel, and the Emerging Episcopal Church". Independent Country, Independent Church: American Independence, James Freeman, and King’s Chapel’s 1780s Theological Revolution. Boston: King's Chapel. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
- ^ Benowitz, June Melby. Encyclopedia of American Women and Religion. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2017: vol. I, p. 110; ISBN 978-1-4408-4822-3
Further reading edit
- Sketch in Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections, 3d series, volume v, (Boston, 1836).
