Joseph Russell Smith (February 3, 1874 – February 26, 1966) was an American geographer. He worked in the Department of Geography and Industry at the University of Pennsylvania[1] and later the Columbia Business School where he chaired the economic geography program.[2] From 1941 to 1942, he was president of the American Association of Geographers.[3]
Joseph Russell Smith | |
|---|---|
 Formal portrait with beard | |
| Born | February 3, 1874 |
| Died | February 26, 1966 (aged 92) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Bachelor of Science Doctor of Philosophy |
| Alma mater | Wharton School |
| Known for | Early pioneer in agroforestry |
| Spouse(s) | Henrietta Stewart (1898-1962) Bessie Wilmarth Gahn (1964-1966) |
| Awards | Harmon Award Cullum Geographical Medal |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Economic geography, Agroforestry |
| Thesis | The Organization of Ocean Commerce (1903) |
| Doctoral advisor | Emory Richard Johnson |
He is considered the father of the field of agroforestry.
History edit
Childhood and education edit
Smith was born in the Piedmont region of Virginia and raised in a Quaker household that focused on farming. He attended the Wharton School for his bachelor's degree, but had an extended degree period lasting for five years from 1893 to 1898 due to him having to teach on the side in order to pay for his university attendance. His graduate degree studies afterward were conducted under Emory Richard Johnson and he was assigned in 1899 to work with the Isthmian Canal Commission in order to research how the canal would impact commercial enterprises across the new Central American shipping route. He spent later parts of his education looking into the importance of geographical research, which was not offered as a main course of study at the time in schools. A year abroad in Germany and time spent researching the country's port cities alongside Friedrich Ratzel and Karl Sapper allowed him to further understand that more than physical geography was required for general student understanding of such topics. Not long after, he completed his Ph.D. defense in 1903 with his thesis titled "The Organization of Ocean Commerce".[3]
Career edit
After graduating, Smith was given an instructor position at the Wharton School and this resulted in him having to develop his own textbooks for the courses he taught, leading to many of his literary releases on a variety of industries. His official and main college text was titled Industrial and Commercial Geography, which was the first US collegiate text on the subject of economic geography, and it was through the success of this text that he was able to formally organize the Geography and Industry Department at the university.[4] By 1919, the failure of the Wharton School to properly pay the salaries of his ten assistant students led to Smith resigning from his position and taking up a new job as the head of the economic geography department that was formed at the new Columbia School of Business.[5] During that same year, Smith removed himself from direct academic research so he could work on his upcoming book, Influence of the Great War Upon Shipping, as requested and funded by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He also took a trip to Russia alongside Herbert Hoover in order to assist the American Relief Administration in their efforts to manage and combat the Russian famine of 1921–22. Afterward, he continued traveling around the world throughout the 1920s in order to continue gathering materials for future books.[3] He retired from his head departmental position at Columbia University in April 1940.[6]
In 1929, he released his book Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture, which would serve as one of the earliest sources and motivators for the field of agroforestry, though it would not be made into a true scientific field until the 1960s.[7] The impetus for the book came about from his global travels whereby he saw the negative impacts of soil erosion in multiple countries. So he focused his book on the idea of tree breeding and the development of genetically superior cultivars that could be grown in poor, often mountainous, soils so as to improve them. He also suggested the creation of many national branches of a "Institute of Mountain Agriculture" in order to maintain upkeep of these endeavors.[8] Smith discussed his research on general agricultural improvement at the seventeenth international congress of the International Geographical Union in 1952 and presented hypothetical ideas on future technologies, including methods for removing the salt from ocean water and using solar power to help in the irrigation of deserts and arid lands by pumping river water from mountainous regions.[9]
Accolades and awards edit
Thanks to his article "Plan or Perish" published in the July 1927 edition of the Survey Graphic that discussed a plan to control high water levels in the Mississippi Valley after a flood, Smith won the Harmon award of $500 and a gold medal from the Harmon Foundation in December of that year.[10] In 1956, Smith was awarded the Cullum Geographical Medal from the American Geographical Society.[11] He also received honorary doctorates from Columbia University (in 1929) and the University of Pennsylvania (in 1957).[12]
Personal life edit
As a child Smith was exposed to the religious traditions of the liberal Quaker movement, and he kept those beliefs for the rest of his life, leading to him being heavily interactive with the Quaker community around Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.[3] In 1930, Smith joined in a project alongside Jesse H. Holmes and other professors in order to "modernize" the Quaker movement to be in line with scientific knowledge and make their collective beliefs a "Creedless" movement that combined their understandings of God and science.[13]
He married his wife, Henrietta Stewart, in 1898 and she traveled with him to Germany and across Europe during his studies and later academic pursuits. During his later years from the 1930s onward, his involvement in research and university leadership diminished due to him taking time to care for his wife and her worsening disabilities until her death in 1962. Together, they had three children.[3] He remarried in 1964 to Bessie Wilmarth Gahn. Smith died at the age of 92 on February 26, 1966.[14]
Orchard edit
Smith had a nursery and orchard outside Round Hill, Virginia where he propagated trees he deemed useful.[15] The final decades of his life involved him attempting to defeat chestnut blight and he developed 20 varietals of the Chinese chestnut alongside the USDA in order to create a blight resistant chestnut tree.[14]
Smith collected several types of persimmon near the Great Wall of China in 1925. Some of the trees may still survive in his orchard.[16]
Books edit
References edit
- ^ a b Johnston, Ron (January 8, 2008). "Geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ "J. Russell Smith | Virginia M. Rowley". www.upenn.edu. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Starkey OP (October 12, 1966). "Memorials: Joseph Russell Smith, 1874 – 1966". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 57 (1): 198–202. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1967.tb00598.x. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Barnes TJ (2001). "'In the beginning was economic geography' – a science studies approach to disciplinary history". Progress in Human Geography. 25 (4): 521–544. doi:10.1191/030913201682688922. S2CID 17213426. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
- ^ "Assail Wharton Trustees: Reactionary Influence Charged and Dr. Smith's Loss Deplored". The New York Times. April 18, 1919 – via ProQuest.
- ^ "Moore Named Head of Columbia Music". The New York Times. April 25, 1940 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Jose, Shibu; Gold, Michael A.; Garrett, Harold E. (2012). "The Future of Temperate Agroforestry in the United States". Agroforestry – The Future of Global Land Use. Advances in Agroforestry. Springer Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-94-007-4676-3.
- ^ Molnar TJ, Kahn PC, Ford TM, Funk CJ, Funk CR (2013). "Tree Crops, a Permanent Agriculture: Concepts from the Past for a Sustainable Future". Resources. 2 (4): 457–488. doi:10.3390/resources2040457.
- ^ "Geographer Sees Farm Land At Peak". The New York Times. August 14, 1952 – via ProQuest.
- ^ "Receives Harmon Award: Prof. J. Russell Smith Gets Prize for Article on Flood Control". The New York Times. December 26, 1928 – via ProQuest.
- ^ "Cullum Geographical Medal". American Geographical Society. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ Orchard, Dorothy J. (1967). "Obituary: J. Russell Smith (1874–1966)". Geographical Review. 57 (1): 128–130. JSTOR 212765. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ "Projects Religion On Scientific Lines: Dr. Holmes, Psychologist at Swarthmore, Offers a "Modernizing" Program". The New York Times. January 26, 1930 – via ProQuest.
- ^ a b "J. Russell Smith, Geographer, Dies". The New York Times. February 27, 1966 – via ProQuest.
- ^ "Trees, Local History and Sustainable Farming – Loudoun County Preservation and Conservation Coalition". Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ "Japanese Persimmon". www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
- ^ Hess R (June 1909). "Book Reviews and Notices: The Ocean Carrier". Journal of Political Economy. 17 (6): 376–377. doi:10.1086/251568. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Bradford, Edward A. (January 2, 1909). "Economic Aspect of Ocean Freight: Dr. J. Russell Smith Analyzes Ship Service and Charges from the Basis of Land Transportation". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2021 – via ProQuest.
- ^ "Reviews of Recent Business Books: North America". Nation's Business. Vol. 13, no. 13. US Chamber of Commerce. December 1925. p. 112. Retrieved February 25, 2021 – via ProQuest.
- ^ der Diettrich S (January 1941). "Review: North America: Its People and the Resources, Development, and Prospects of the Continent as the Home of Man". Southern Economic Journal. 7 (3): 428. doi:10.2307/1053070. JSTOR 1053070.
- ^ Lin, D.Y. (November 29, 1930). "New Books of Interest in the Far East: "Tree Crops—A Permanent Agriculture"". The China Weekly Review. Retrieved February 25, 2021 – via ProQuest.
- ^ Lin, D.Y. (December 2, 1930). "A New Industry". North China Daily News. Retrieved February 25, 2021 – via ProQuest.
Further reading edit
- Martin, Geoffrey J. (2015). "J. Russell Smith 1874–1966". Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies. 21: 97–113. doi:10.5040/9781474226844.0013. ISBN 978-1-4742-2684-4.
- Rowley, Virginia M. (1964). J. Russell Smith: Geographer, Educator, and Conservationist. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-1-5128-0621-2. JSTOR j.ctv512qsp.