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World Games

(Redirected from International World Games)
This article is about the international sports event. For the video game, see World Games (video game).

The World Games are an international multi-sport event comprising sports and sporting disciplines that are not contested in the Olympic Games. They are usually held every four years, one year after a Summer Olympic Games, over the course of 11 days. The World Games are governed by the International World Games Association, under the patronage of the International Olympic Committee.

The World Games
First event1981 – Santa Clara, California, US
Occur every4 years
Last event2022 – Birmingham, Alabama, US
Next event2025 – Chengdu, China
PurposeTo conduct multi-sport events for sports and disciplines that are not contested in the Olympic Games
WebsiteThe World Games

In the most recent editions, between 25 and 34 sports have been included in the official program. Several sports or disciplines that were on the program of The World Games have been discontinued because they are now included in the programme of the Olympic Games. Around 3500 participants from around 100 nations take part.

The World Games differs from other multi-sport events, such as the Olympic Games, in that host cities are not required to construct new venues or facilities for the Games.[1]: 9  The competitors are selected by the sports' international federations, as opposed to by National Olympic Committees or national governing bodies. In most disciplines, qualification is by a top ranking at the world championships or a qualification tournament. This is intended to ensure the top athletes in a sport compete at the Games.

The event is officially known as "The World Games", spelled with a capital T.[2]

The first edition of The World Games was held in Santa Clara, California, United States, in 1981, and the eleventh edition was held in Birmingham, Alabama, United States from 7 to 17 July 2022. The current edition was originally intended to be held in 2021, but it was delayed one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History edit

Inauguration edit

The idea for a multi-sport event for non-Olympic sports came from the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF). Realising that there were few opportunities to become part of the Olympic program, non-Olympic federations wanted to form their own showcase event to increase the publicity of their sports, which they called The World Games. These federations formed a steering group in early 1979 to decide on the structure and principles of the games and search for a venue.

In May 1979, the steering group announced that they had found a venue for the first event: Santa Clara, USA.[3]

The GAISF steering committee became the World Games Executive Council in October 1979, and the inaugural meeting of the World Games Council was held on 19–22 May 1980, with a purpose of creating the concept of the Games.[4] The World Games Council was renamed the International World Games Association, or IWGA in 1985.[5]

The first edition of The World Games was held in Santa Clara, USA, in 1981. It was opened by Kim Un-yong, president of the World Games executive committee, at Buck Shaw Stadium.[6] At the opening ceremony, the athletes marched sorted by sport and not by nation.

The 15 sports at the inaugural games included badminton, casting, racquetball, and taekwondo. The first medals of the Games were awarded in the 640 kilo class of tug-of-war, with the gold going to the team from England.[7]

Twentieth century edit

After the inaugural Games, the West Nally Group, which had provided financing for the Games in Santa Clara, became owners of the rights to the event, and took the second edition to their headquarters in London.[8]

For the third Games in Karlsruhe, 1989, the West Nally Group still owned the commercial rights to the Games, but the host city was responsible for the staff and volunteers organising the event. After this, the IWGA bought back the commercial rights, and the organising committees of the host cities have been responsible for the organisation and financing since. This led to the organisers of The World Games in The Hague (1993) asking the participants to pay accommodation costs.[9]

The 1997 edition of the Games was due to be held in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, but in August 1994, Port Elizabeth pulled out of hosting the Games due to the political situation in the country.[10] Lahti in Finland volunteered to host instead and signed the host contract in January 1995. Airsports, dancesport, aerobics and jujitsu made their debut in Lahti and have been contested at the Games ever since.[10]

Following the Games in Lahti, the IWGA and IOC agreed on a memorandum of understanding, which was signed in 2000[10][11] Here, the IOC recognised the importance of The World Games and set out shared values, including the IOC providing patronage to Organising Committees, encouraging multi-sport national teams, and working together on anti-doping. It also set out that "disciplines/events of sport that are not on the Olympic Games program could be included on the program of the World Games".[12] A further memorandum of understanding was signed in 2016.[13]

Twenty-first century edit

In 2001, the Games were held in Akita, Japan – the first time it had been held outside of North America or Europe. Several competitions were delayed or moved to an alternative venue when a typhoon hit the city. For the first time, some National Olympic Committees organised hotel accommodation for their athletes, beyond the time they were hosted by the IWGA.[14]

The World Games in 2005, in Duisburg, Germany, were the first World Games where athletes paraded into the opening ceremony grouped by nation. Also several standards were set in place which continue to this day, such as the television production of all sports and sports grouped by category, such as ball sports and precision sports.[15]

The 2013 Games in Cali, Colombia were particularly noted for the large numbers of spectators, estimated at 500,000. For example, the Bullfight Ring, which was the venue for dancesport, was 'packed' for the salsa dance finals.[16] This edition of the Games saw the first time a competition was cancelled: due to concerns about temperature and air flow at the Del Pueblo Gymnasium, where the sport of rhythmic gymnastics was taking place, the ribbons event was cancelled.[17]

The 2017 Games in Wrocław, Poland were the first to be broadcast on the Olympic Channel, to 130 countries. Both the raffa and lyonnaise disciplines of boules were cancelled after a storm destroyed the venue and it could not be repaired in time.[18]

In 2015, it was announced that the 11th edition of The World Games was to be held in Birmingham, Alabama, USA in 2021, beating bids from Lima, Peru and Ufa, Russia.[19] On 2 April 2020, the Games were postponed to 2022 so as not to clash with the postponement of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo due to the coronavirus pandemic.[20][21][22]

No parasport federations are currently part of the IWGA, but The World Games in Birmingham was the first edition to include parasports, with the inclusion of wheelchair rugby. Birmingham was also to include disabled athletes (one per gender) in archery.[23] The IWGA is also aiming to secure a partnership with the International Paralympic Committee and include a quota for para-athletes.[1]: 1 

In 2019, it was announced that The World Games in 2025 will take place in Chengdu, China.[24]

Features edit

Venues edit

In order for hosting to be sustainable, organisers of The World Games are not required to build any new venues or facilities.[1]: 9  For example, Sloss Furnaces, a former pig iron-producing blast furnace now in public use, hosted the sport climbing, breakdancing, parkour and beach handball competitions in Birmingham 2022.[25] Athletes stayed at the student accommodations of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), several of whose sports facilities were used for various events.[23]

Past venues have included the Lahti City Theatre (bodybuilding), Landschaftspark Nord (a former iron foundry in Duisburg), Wrocław Zoo, and Wrocław's Philharmonic Hall, the National Forum of Music.[10][15][26]

Even though it is not required, some venues are constructed or renovated for The World Games. For instance, for the 2017 World Games in Wrocław, a new swimming pool and speed skating rink were built, and Olympic Stadium, built in 1928, was renovated and is still used for American football and speedway.[18] Also, for the 2009 World Games, Kaohsiung built a National Stadium – the first stadium in the world to use solar energy technology for its power.[27] Other editions used new facilities that were built for purposes other than the World Games; the main stadium of the 2022 edition, Protective Stadium, was built for UAB's American football team.

Athlete selection edit

Athletes are selected to compete at The World Games by their sport's international federation, as opposed to their sport's national governing body or National Olympic Committee, as in other multi-sport events.[28] The selections are intended to "achieve a satisfactory balance between competitors' positions on world ranking lists and the fair representation of as many as possible of its member nations".[29]: 13 

International federations are obliged to send their best athletes, with The World Games development agenda setting out that sports are only to be included if "the best athletes/teams in the world are present".[1]: 10 

International World Games Association edit

Main article: International World Games Association

The International World Games Association (IWGA) is the international association responsible for the direction and control of The World Games. Its headquarters are located in Lausanne, Switzerland, and its official language is English.[30]

Its membership consists of 39 international sporting federations.[31] It also works very closely with the Local Organising Committees (LOCs), temporary committees responsible for the organisation of each World Games. LOCs are dissolved after each Games. The IWGA is officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee.

Ceremonies edit

Opening ceremony edit

The opening ceremony marks the official start of The World Games. Until Duisburg 2005, athletes paraded into the ceremony grouped by sport. From 2005, they were grouped by nation, and now march in alphabetical order, with the host country and then the judges last.[15][32]

The Athletes' Oath is taken by an athlete of the host nation, and the Judges' Oath is taken by the chairman of the Tournament Judges' Commission. Parading of flags, speeches and official opening also make up the required parts of the ceremony.[32][33]: 55  There is also often a musical and artistic aspect of the ceremony. For example, more than 400 artists took part in the opening ceremony of the 2017 World Games in Wroclaw.[33]: 55 

Athlete party edit

Since 1993 at The Hague, an athlete party has been held in the middle of the competition, and a similar event is planned for Birmingham 2022.[33]: 270 [34] It was intended to allow all athletes to participate in at least one ceremony (opening, athlete party, or closing) during the competition.[35]

Closing ceremony edit

The closing ceremony ends The World Games and follows the last awards ceremony.[32] Official aspects include speeches, a presentation by the next host city and a handing of the flag of the Games to the representatives of the next host city. In Wroclaw, the second part of the ceremony was a concert performed by local artists.[33]: 56 

Editions edit

class=notpageimage|
Host cities of The World Games
Overview of The World Games Editions
Year Edition Host Opened by Official
Sports 		Invitational
Sports 		Medal
Events 		Nations Date Athletes Officials Top nation Top medalist
1981 1   United States, Santa Clara Kim Un-yong 15 1 [36][a 1] 104 58 25 July – 2 August 1981 1400 (est)[38] or 1546[36] 293   United States   United States
1985 2   United Kingdom, London Charles Palmer 20 1 [8] 134 51 25 July – 4 August 1985 1410 333   Italy   Italy
1989 3   West Germany, Karlsruhe Juan Antonio Samaranch 18 2 [9] 103 50 20 – 30 July 1989 1359 285   Italy   West Germany
1993 4   Netherlands, The Hague Kevan Gosper 21 4 [35] 160 67 21 July – 1 August 1993 2026 418   Germany   Germany
1997 5   Finland, Lahti Juan Antonio Samaranch 20 6 [39] 164 70 [39] 7 – 11 August 1997 2016 430   United States   United States
2001 6   Japan, Akita Toyama Atsuko 22 5 [40] 170 80 16 – 26 August 2001 2380 591   Russia   Russia
2005 7   Germany, Duisburg Otto Schily 26 6 [15] 178 93 14 – 24 July 2005 3149 638   Russia   Russia
  Germany
2009 8   Chinese Taipei[a 2], Kaohsiung Ma Ying-jeou 25 5 [27] 155 84 16 – 26 July 2009 2908 636   Russia   Russia
2013 9   Colombia, Cali Angelino Garzón 26 4 or 5 [a 3] 194 91 25 July – 4 August 2013 3103 682   Italy   Russia
2017 10   Poland, Wrocław Thomas Bach 27 4 [18] 219 102 20 – 30 July 2017 3430 856   Russia   Russia
2022 11   United States, Birmingham Randall Woodfin 30 5 [43][44][a 4] 223[46][47][48][49][50] 99[51] 7 – 17 July 2022 3457[51]   Germany   Italy
2025 12   China, Chengdu 7 – 17 August 2025
2029 13
  1. ^ An invitational sport program did not exist for the 1981 World Games. Press coverage did not refer to water polo as an invitational sport. An agreement was reached with FINA in the lead-up to the games not to allow women's water polo athletes to march in the opening ceremony, to assuage the displeasure of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for its being included in the programme.[37]
  2. ^ The   Republic of China (Taiwan) is recognised as Chinese Taipei by International World Games Association and the majority of international organisations it participates in due to political considerations and Cross-Strait relations with the People's Republic of China.
  3. ^ A summary article at the TWG website cites "Roller Sports - Road" as an invitational sport.[16] However, at the TWG results history look-up website, medals awarded for "Roller Sports - Speed Skating Road" events are included, unlike four 2013 invitational sports,[41] and the medals are included in the main Medal Tally on the website of the 2013 TWG Full Official Results, not the Invitational Medal Tally.[42] In either case, the number of official sports is not affected since the Roller Sports are already included in the number of official sports because of other disciplines.
  4. ^ José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme."[45] This is now TWG policy.

Sports edit

Official sports edit

For The World Games in 2017 and before, official sports were selected solely by the IWGA. Only sports whose international federations were members of the IWGA could be selected.[29]: 13–14  From 2022, the official sports are selected by both the IWGA and host city and can include some sports whose federations are not part of the IWGA.[1]: 10–11 

As formalised in the memorandum of understanding, "only events that are not on the program of the Olympic Games can be included in the program of The World Games".[13] For example, canoe polo is a discipline at The World Games, while canoe sprint and canoe slalom are disciplines at the Olympic Games, despite all three being governed by the International Canoe Federation.

Sports which have been contested at all editions of The World Games are bowling, finswimming, trampoline and tumbling disciplines of gymnastics, karate, powerlifting, roller sports, tug of war and water skiing. Bowling and water skiing are not on the program of the 2025 World Games.

Invitational sports edit

In addition to the official sports, the host city, in coordination with the IWGA, has been allowed to invite sports to participate in the individual program. These sports optionally are permitted to include international sports federations that were not members of the IWGA.[29]: 13–14  Before Birmingham 2022, these were deemed "invitational sports".

Starting in Birmingham 2022, there was no distinction between official and invitational sports. Host cities are still able to select up to five optional sports, but they are designated "official" sports, rather than invitational. In addition, the host city will be able to designate "display sports".[1]: 10–11  José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme."[45] For example, the Birmingham Organising Committee selected men's lacrosse (women's being selected by the IWGA), duathlon, flag football and wushu. For the first time ever, a paralympic sport was part of the program as a wheelchair rugby tournament was held.[43]

Some sports or disciplines started in The World Games as invitational sports and then became official, often as their international federations became part of the IWGA. These include the lyonnaise discipline of boules sports, beach handball, sumo, and indoor tug of war.

Olympic sports edit

Sports or disciplines which have been part of The World Games and the Olympics include badminton, baseball and softball, karate, rugby, sport climbing, taekwondo, target archery, triathlon, beach volleyball and water polo. Target archery is currently on the programs of both, but The World Games only holds events in divisions that are not contested in the Olympics.

Table of sports edit

Main article: World Games sports

Bold indicates sports in the 2025 World Games.

Sport Official Invitational[b 1] Olympic
Aikido[52] 1989–2005
Air sports[53] Skydiving: 1997–2022, Paragliding: 2013, Aerobatics: 2017, Paramotoring: 2017, Drone racing: 2022–
American football[54] Flag football (women): 2025 2005,[15] 2017, Flag football: 2022[55] Demonstration: 1932
Flag football: 2028 [56]
Archery [57] Field: 1985–, Target: 2017–[b 2]
Badminton[58] 1981 Demonstration: 1972.
Official: 1992– [59]
Baseball – Softball[60] Baseball: 1981, Softball (men): 1981,
Softball (women): 1981–85, 2022–		 Softball: 2009–2013 Baseball: 1992–2008, 2020, 2028
Softball: 1996–2008, 2020, 2028 [61]
Baton twirling 1993 (promotional) [62] [b 3]
Billiards sports[63] Carom billiards, Pool, Snooker: 2001–
Boomerang 1989 (demonstration) [64][65]
Boules sports[66] Petanque: 1985–, Lyonnaise: 2001–, Raffa: 2009–2017 Lyonnaise: 1997 [10]
Bowling[67] Ten pin: 1981–2022, Nine pin: 2005 Demonstration: 1988
Canoe[68] Canoe polo: 2005–, Marathon: 2022–, Dragon boat: 2025 Marathon: 2013
Dragon boat: 2005–2009 [b 4]
Casting[69] Allround:1981,[b 5] Fly: 1981–1985, 1993–2005, Multiplier: 1981–1985, 1993–2001, Spinning: 1981–1985, 1993–1997
Cheerleading Pom: 2025 [70]
Cycling Artistic: 1989, Cycle ball: 1989 [9]
Dancesport[71] Latin: 1997– , Standard: 1997– , Rock 'n' roll: 2005-2009, 2017–2022, Salsa: 2013–2017, Breaking: 2022 – , Para Dancesport: 2025 Breaking: 2024 [72]
Equestrian Vaulting: 1993 [73] Vaulting: 1920 [74]
Fistball[75] Outdoor: 1985–
Fitness and Bodybuilding[76] Bodybuilding: 1981–2009
Floorball[77] Indoor: 2017– Indoor: 1997
Flying disc[78] Ultimate: 2001–, Disc golf: 2001, 2025 Ultimate: 1989 (demonstration) [64][65]
Gateball 2001 [40]
Gymnastics[b 6][79] Trampoline: 1981–, Tumbling: 1981–, Acrobatic: 1993–, Aerobic: 1997–, Rhythmic: 2001–2022, Parkour: 2022– Trampoline: 2000– [80]
Handball[81] Beach: 2013– Beach: 2001–2009
Hockey[82] Field, indoor: 2005
Ju-jitsu[83] Duo: 1997–, Fighting: 1997–, Ne-waza: 2013–, Duo for athletes with impairment: 2025
Karate[84] Kata: 1981– , Kumite: 1981– 2020 [85]
Kickboxing[86] K1 style: 2022–, Point Fighting: 2025 K1 style: 2017
Korfball[87] Indoor:1985–, Beach: 2025 Demonstrations: 1920, 1928
Lacrosse[88] Women's: 2017, Women's Sixes: 2022– Men's Sixes: 2022 [89] Demonstrations (men's): 1928, 1932, 1948
Official: Sixes: 2028 [90]
Lifesaving[91] Pool: 1985–, Beach: 2001–2009, Combined team races: 2001–2009
Military pentathlon 1997 [39]
Minigolf 1989 [9]
Motorcycling Motocross: 1985,[8] Speedway:
1985,[8] 2017,[18] Indoor trial: 2005[15]
Muaythai[92] 2017–
Netball[93] 1985–1993
Orienteering[94] 2001–
Pesäpallo 1997 [39] Demonstration: 1952
Powerboating MotoSurf (biofuel/electric): 2025 [70]
Powerlifting[95] Equipped: 1981–, Classic: 2025
Racquetball[96] 1981–85, 1993, 2009–2013, 2022–
Roller sports[97] Artistic: 1981–2022, Roller Hockey: 1981–1993, 2001, Inline Hockey: 2005– , Speed Skating Track: 1981– , Speed Skating Road: 1981,[b 7] 2013– [b 8], Freestyle Inline Slalom: 2025 Roller hockey: Demonstration: 1992
Rowing Indoor: 2017 [18]
Rugby[100] Sevens: 2001–2013 Rugby Union: 1900, 1908, 1920-1924
Sevens: 2016– [101]
Sambo[102] 1985, 1993, 2025
Sport climbing[103] Lead: 2005–2022, Speed: 2005– , Boulder: 2017–2022 2020–[104]
Squash[105] 1997, 2005– 2028
Sumo[106] 2005–2022 2001
Taekwondo 1981–1993 [107] Demonstration: 1988.
Official: 2000– [108]
Tchoukball 2009 [27]
Triathlon[109] 1993 [35] 1989 (demonstration),[64][65]
Duathlon: 2013,[16] 2022[23] -		 Triathlon: 2000– [110]
Tug of war[111] Outdoor: 1981–, Indoor: 2005–2017 Indoor: 1993–2001 1900–1920
Underwater Sports[112] Finswimming: 1981– , Para Freediving: 2025
Volleyball Beach: 1993 [35] Beach: Demonstration: 1992. Official: 1996– [113]
Water polo Women's: 1981[36][b 9] Women's: 2000– [116]
Waterski & Wakeboard[117] Waterski: 1981–2022, Barefoot: 1997–2009, Wakeboard: 2001–, Cable wakeboard: 2005, 2025, Wake Surf: 2025 Barefoot: 1993 [35] Demonstration: 1972
Weightlifting Women's: 1997 [39] Women's: 2000– [118]
Wheelchair rugby[119] Low point: 2025 Low point: 2022
Wushu[120] Taolu: 2025, Sanda: 2025 Sanda: 2009–2013, Taolu: 2009–2013, 2022
  1. ^ José Perurena, IWGA President, stated, "In Birmingham, for the first time, invitational sports were no longer presented separately but were also part of the official programme."[45] This is now TWG policy.
  2. ^ Target archery is part of the Olympic Games program, but only in what that sport calls the "open recurve" division, allowing stabilizers and sights to be attached to bows. The World Games program in target archery features compound bow and "barebow" divisions, with the latter restricted to recurve bows without sights or stabilizers.
  3. ^ IWGA does not mention Baton twirling among the invitational or other sports.
  4. ^ Dragon Boat is cited as a sport in the Summaries of the 2005[15] and 2009[27] Games. It is now considered a discipline of canoe.
  5. ^ Medals were awarded for "casting allround", but it was not separately contested. It was a combination of athletes’ results in all three disciplines.
  6. ^ Gymnastics disciplines at The World Games are not those contested at the Olympics.
  7. ^ Road speed skating was held at the 1981 Games, with the men's marathon and women's half-marathon being contested in international competition for the first time.[98][99] But at the TWG results history look-up website, it is not indicated as a separate discipline for Roller Sports, but rather as part of track speed skating.
  8. ^ A summary article at the TWG website cites "Roller Sports - Road" as an invitational sport.[16] However, at the TWG results history look-up website, medals awarded for "Roller Sports - Speed Skating Road" events are included, unlike four 2013 invitational sports,[41] and the medals are included in the main Medal Tally on the website of the 2013 TWG Full Official Results, not the Invitational Medal Tally.<[42]
  9. ^ An invitational sport program did not exist for the 1981 World Games. Press coverage did not refer to water polo as an invitational sport. An agreement was reached with FINA in the lead-up to the games not to allow women's water polo athletes to march in the opening ceremony, to assuage the displeasure of the International Olympic Committee for its being included in the program.[37] Five days before the opening ceremony, Canada had become the newly-crowned World Cup champion in Brisbane, Australia, in a competition that included the same three teams that medaled in these Games.[114][115]

Medal tables edit

All-time nation medal table edit

Main article: All-time World Games medal table

As of the 2022 World Games

Top ten total medal ranking[121][122][123][124][125][126]
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  Italy[a]166171153490
2  Germany[c]162118156436
3  United States[b]161137115413
4  Russia[d]13711072319
5  France114116121351
6  China785929166
7  Great Britain[b][e]656595225
8  Japan654965179
9  Ukraine[f]585954171
10  Spain474949145
Totals (10 entries)10539339092895
  1. ^ The results from the 2001 World Games are from the archived website of the Akita, Japan, organizing committee.[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140]
  2. ^ a b The 1997 bronze medalists in aerobics mixed pair were from Great Britain, not United States as stated in IWGA source.[141]
  3. ^ In 2017, Germany was stripped of a gold medal in women's bowling for doping. This table reflects the reallocation of medals for that event.[142]
  4. ^ The Soviet Union, which won 36 total medals in 1989, is counted separately from its all successor states, including Russia. This is consistent with the separate counting of medals for other states that sub-divided into their constituent successor states following their initial participation in the World Games. These include Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic and Slovakia) and FR Yugoslavia (2001) and Serbia and Montenegro in (2005).
  5. ^ The 1981 mixed badminton title was won by a pair of players from Sweden and Great Britain. Both nations are counted as having won a gold medal.
  6. ^ In 2009, Ukraine was stripped of two gold medals in bodybuilding for doping, and Qatar and Brazil were each stripped of a silver medal. This table does not include those stripped medals, and neither does it include possible reallocation of those medals, as the results at the World Games website do not reflect a reallocation.[143]

All-time athlete medal table edit

Top ten medal table for athletes[144]

Rank Athlete Nation Sport Years Active Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Jurgen Kolenda   Germany Finswimming 1981–1985 11 0 0 11
2 Steve Rajeff   United States Casting 1981–2005 8 4 3 15
3 Serguei Akhapov   Russia Finswimming 1989–2005 8 4 1 13
4 Bart Swings   Belgium Speed skating 2013–2022 8 2 2 12
5 Danny Wieck   Germany Life saving 2013-2022 6 1 2 9
6 Magali Rousseau   France Life saving 2013-2022 6 1 1 8
6 Patrice Martin   France Waterski 1981–2001 6 1 1 8
8 Anna Poliakova   Russia Sumo 2009–2017 6 0 0 6
9 Marcello Saporiti   Italy Life saving 1989–1993 5 2 2 9
10 Vasilisa Kravchuk   Russia Finswimming 2005–2013 5 2 1 8

References edit

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External links edit

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