The International Socialist Workers Congress in Zürich that met from 6 to 13 August 1893 was the third congress of the Second International. The congress passed the "Zurich resolution" which expelled anarchists from the congress.[1] On 12 August, Friedrich Engels was designated the honorary president for the day and delivered the closing address,[2] the only time that Engels addressed a Second International period congress.[3] Notable participants included an official delegation from the British trade union movement, led by John Hodge.[4]
Resolutions edit
Before deliberations could begin, the Congress voted to exclude the anarchists led by Gustav Landauer, who left in protest.[1] Engels later emphasised the need to remain separate from the anarchists in his closing speech.[1] The mandate of Rosa Luxemburg as a delegate of the Socialists of Poland and Lithuania, in opposition to the Polish Social Democratic Party, was also rejected.[1]
Delegations edit
| Country | # of delegates | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | 1 | |
| Austria | 27 | Victor Adler |
| Bohemia | 7 | |
| Belgium | 17 | Emile Vandervelde |
| Brazil | 2 | Brazilian mandates held by Wilhelm Liebknecht (Ger.) and Robert Seidel (Swiss) |
| Bulgaria | 2 | Yanko Sakazov |
| Denmark | 2 | |
| France | 41 | |
| Germany | 92 | August Bebel, representing the Social Democratic Party of Germany |
| Great Britain | 65 | |
| Hungary | 9 | |
| Italy | 21 | Filippo Turati |
| Poland | 11 | Stanislaw Mendelson; Ignacy Daszyński[1] |
| Romania | 5 | |
| Russia | 1 | Pavel Axelrod |
| Serbia | 1 | |
| Spain | 2 | |
| Switzerland | 101 | Verena Conzett[5] |
| United States | 3 |
References edit
- ^ a b c d e Lenz, J. (1932). The Rise and Fall of the Second International. New York: International Publishers Co., Inc. pp. 16–23.
- ^ International Socialist Congress Zurich, Switzerland (1894). Protokoll des Internationalen sozialistischen Arbeiterkongresses in der Tonhalle, Zürich, vom 6. bis 12. august 1893 (in German). Grütlivereins. p. 52.
- ^ Hunt, Tristram (2009). The Frock-Coated Communist: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels. London: Allen Lane. p. 344. ISBN 978-0-7139-9852-8.
- ^ Braunthal, Julius (1966). History of the International, 1864–1914. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons. p. 251.
- ^ Treichler, Hans Peter (2011). Die Arbeiterin in Zürich um 1900: Sozialgeschichtliches auf den Spuren Verena Conzetts (1861–1947) (in German). Conzett Verlag. p. 38. ISBN 978-3-03760-023-8 – via Issuu.com.
Bibliography edit
- Braunthal, Julius. History of the International, Volume 1: 1864–1914.
- Haupt, Georges. La Deuxième Internationale, 1889–1914: étude critique des sources, essai bibliographique.
External links edit
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