The Indian black turtle (Melanochelys trijuga) or Indian pond terrapin is a species of medium-sized freshwater turtle found in South Asia.

Indian black turtle
Melanochelys trijuga
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Testudinoidea
Family: Geoemydidae
Genus: Melanochelys
Species:
M. trijuga
Binomial name
Melanochelys trijuga
(Schweigger, 1812)
Synonyms[3]
click to expand
  • Emys trijuga Schweigger, 1812
  • Emys belangeri Lesson, 1834
  • Clemmys (Clemmys) trijuga Fitzinger, 1835
  • Melanochelys trijuga Gray, 1869
  • Emys trijuga var. madraspatana Anderson, 1879
  • Clemmys theobaldi Lydekker, 1885
  • Bellia theobaldi Lydekker, 1889
  • Nicoria trijuga Boulenger, 1889
  • Geoemyda [trijuga] trijuga Siebenrock, 1909
  • Geoemyda trijuga plumbea Annandale, 1915
  • Melanochelys trijuga Deraniyagala, 1939
  • Melanochelys trijuga trijuga Pritchard, 1979
  • Melanochelys triguja Highfield, 1996 (ex errore)
  • Emys trijuga var. coronata Anderson, 1879
  • Nicoria trijuga var. coronata Bruner, 1908
  • Geoemyda trijuga coronata Siebenrock, 1909
  • Melanochelys trijuga coronata Pritchard, 1979
  • Melanochelys edeniana Theobald, 1876
  • Emys trijuga var. burmana Anderson, 1879
  • Nicoria trijuga var. edeniana Boulenger, 1889
  • Geoemyda trijuga edeniana Siebenrock, 1909
  • Melanochelys trijuga edeniana Deraniyagala, 1939
  • Emys trijuga edeniana Bourret, 1941
  • Geoemyda trijuga wiroti Reimann, 1979
  • Melanochelys trijuga wiroti Stubbs, 1989
  • Melanochelys edeniana edeniana Bour, 2002
  • Melanochelys edeniana wiroti Bour, 2002
  • Geoemyda indopeninsularis Annandale, 1913
  • Geoemyda trijuga indopeninsularis Smith, 1931
  • Melanochelys trijuga indopeninsularis Deraniyagala, 1939
  • Melanochelys edeniana indopeninsularis Bour, 2002
  • Melanochelys trijuga parkeri Deraniyagala, 1939
  • Geoemyda trijuga parkeri Mertens & Wermuth, 1955
  • Emys thermalis Lesson, 1830
  • Emys sebae Gray, 1831
  • Emys seba Gray, 1844 (ex errore)
  • Geoclemys seba Gray, 1856
  • Clemmys thermalis Strauch, 1862
  • Melanochelys sebae Gray, 1870
  • Emys trijuga var. sebae Anderson, 1879
  • Nicoria trijuga var. thermalis Boulenger, 1889
  • Geoemyda trijuga thermalis Siebenrock, 1909
  • Melanochelys trijuga thermalis Deraniyagala, 1939

Description edit

Despite its name, the color of its upper shell or carapace can vary from reddish to dark brown and black with yellow streaks running along its length. The underside or plastron is uniformly brown in color. The face of this turtle may have yellow or orange marks and spots, with color varying between subspecies. The size of the species may vary from 38 to 45 cm.[4]

Distribution and habitat edit

The species occurs in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Nepal, and the Chagos Archipelago, where it may have been introduced. There are five recognized subspecies with overlapping distributions:

  • M. t. trijuga: peninsula black turtle, India
  • M. t. coronata: Cochin black turtle, India
  • M. t. indopeninsularis: Bangladesh black turtle, India, Nepal
  • M. t. parkeri: Sri Lanka
  • M. t. thermalis: Sri Lanka black turtle, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka

The Indian black turtle inhabits a variety of water bodies including ponds, marshes streams, rivers and artificial water bodies like rice-paddies, watering holes etc.[4]

Ecology edit

 
In Nagarhole National Park

The species is most active during early morning and evening, spending most of the day basking in the sun. The Sri Lankan subspecies, which has a flatter carapace, tends to spend the day in burrows. The species typically forages on aquatic vegetation along the edge of the water. It is omnivorous, with a diet ranging from aquatic plants to aquatic insects and carrion. Indian black turtles may sometimes be seen to aggregate alongside the carcass of a large dead animal.[4]

Breeding edit

The Indian black turtle breeds during the wet season, between August and October. During this time the male becomes particularly aggressive and starts chasing the female, biting her on the neck. The male attaches itself to the top of the female during mating. Once mating is completed, the female digs a nest in the ground or occasionally in a pile of rhinoceros or elephant dung, using the left hind leg to excavate the nest and right hind leg to clear the excess material. Two to six individual clutches of eggs are laid in burrows per year. Eggs have an incubation period of 60–65 days, hatching during summer.[4]

Conservation edit

The species is classified as least concern by the IUCN. M. t. indopeninsularis is considered threatened in Bangladesh, while the population in Myanmar (M. t. edeniana) is thought to be vulnerable or endangered. The species appears still to be common in India and Nepal, and is thus overall considered reasonably secure.[5] Where it is under pressure, this is mostly due to hunting for consumption and the pet trade.

References edit

  1. ^ Ahmed, M.F.; Praschag, P.; de Silva, A.; Das, I.; Singh, S.; de Silva, P.K. (2020). "Melanochelys trijuga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13039A511745. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T13039A511745.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 235–237. ISSN 1864-5755. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d "Indian black turtle (Melanochelys trijuga)". Arkive.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-26. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  5. ^ Asian Turtle Trade Working Group (2016). "Melanochelys trijuga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13039A97373591.

Further reading edit

  • Mitchell, Joseph C.; Rhodin, Anders G. J. (1996). "Observations on the natural history and exploitation of the turtles of Nepal, with life history notes on Melanochelys trijuga". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 2 (1): 66–72.
  • Schweigger, A.F. (1812). "Prodromus Monographia Cheloniorum auctore Schweigger". Arch. Naturwiss. Mathem. 1: 271–368, 406–458.
  • Mukherjee, D.; Nixon, A.M.A.; Bhupathy, S. (2006). "Observations on the Morphometry of two subspecies of Melanochelys trijuga from the Western Ghats, India". Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter. 9: 7–9.