Wikipedia

Illegal immigration to the United States and crime

The issue of crimes committed by illegal immigrants to the United States is a topic that is often asserted and debated in politics and the media when discussing Immigration policy in the United States.

There is scholarly consensus that illegal immigrants commit less crime than natives.[1] Sanctuary cities—which adopt policies designed to avoid prosecuting people solely for being in the country illegally—have no statistically meaningful impact on crime, and may reduce the crime rate.[2][3] Research suggests that immigration enforcement has no impact on crime rates.[4][5][2]

Research edit

Relationship between immigration status and crime edit

Further information: Immigration and crime

Entering the US without documented permission from the US government is a crime. According to some empirical evidence that disregarded illegal immigration as a crime, immigrants (including illegal immigrants) were otherwise less likely to commit crimes than native-born citizens in the United States.[6][7][8][9][10]

A 2018 study found that undocumented immigration to the United States did not increase violent crime rates.[11] A 2017 study found that "Increased undocumented immigration was significantly associated with reductions in drug arrests, drug overdose deaths, and DUI arrests, net of other factors."[12] A 2017 study found that California's extension of driving licenses to unauthorized immigrants "did not increase the total number of accidents or the occurrence of fatal accidents, but it did reduce the likelihood of hit and run accidents, thereby improving traffic safety and reducing costs for California drivers ... providing unauthorized immigrants with access to driver's licenses can create positive externalities for the communities in which they live."[13]

A 2018 study in the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy found that by restricting the employment opportunities for unauthorized immigrants, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) likely caused an increase in crime rates.[14][15] A 2018 PLOS One study estimated that the undocumented immigrant population in the United States was 22 million, approximately twice as large as the estimate derived from the United States Census Bureau's figures. An author of the study notes that this has implications for the relationship between undocumented immigration and crime, suggesting that the crime rate among undocumented immigrants is significantly lower than previously estimated: "You have the same number of crimes but now spread over twice as many people as was believed before, which right away means that the crime rate among undocumented immigrants is essentially half whatever was previously believed."[16]

According to analysis of the 2010 United States Census, "immigrants to the United States are significantly less likely than native-born citizens to be incarcerated. The authors found that 1.6 percent of immigrant males age 18-39 are incarcerated, compared to 3.3 percent of the native-born... The divide was even sharper when the authors examined the incarceration rate among immigrant men the authors believe likely to be undocumented — specifically less-educated men from El Salvador and Guatemala between age 18-29. ... According to the analysis, these likely undocumented immigrants had an incarceration rate of 1.7 percent, compared with 10.7 percent for native-born men without a high school diploma".[17]

A 2018 study found no evidence that apprehensions of undocumented immigrants in districts in the United States reduced crime rates.[18]

A 2020 study found that native-born US citizens are incarcerated at higher rates for homicide in Texas than undocumented immigrants.[19]

According to immigration analyst Alex Nowrasteh, and criminologist Barry Latzer, Texas is the only state that tracks illegal immigrants by the specific crime committed.[20][21][22] Homicide data are regarded as more accurate than data on other crimes because "a much higher proportion of murders are solved."[22] The Texas data for 2016 showed that the rate of murder convictions in 2016 was 3.2 per 100,000 native-born Americans, 0.9 for every 100,000 legal immigrants and 1.8 per 100,000 illegal immigrants.[20][21]

Others edit

A 2016 study of an effort to reduce crime in North Carolina by identifying and deporting illegal immigrants showed no correlation between increased deportation enforcement and local crime rates.[23]

Procedures edit

Individuals who are in the United States illegally and who have been convicted of crimes are eligible to be deported under federal law.[24] Research suggests that immigration enforcement has no impact on crime rates.[25][26][27]

Sanctuary cities edit

Crimes committed by illegal immigrants who had previously been arrested or convicted of crimes have been a focus of particular attention.[28][29] Sanctuary cities—which adopt policies designed to avoid prosecuting people solely for being in the country illegally—have no statistically meaningful impact on crime, and may reduce the crime rate.[27][30]

Discussion has been particularly intense when an illegal alien has been arrested for a minor offense and is known to be in the country illegally is released because the jurisdiction where he was arrested is a sanctuary city that limits police cooperation with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE,) and goes on to commit a new crime.[28][31] Examples include the 2018 Tulare County shootings, where the suspect had previously served time in American prisons and been deported twice before being arrested on a misdemeanor and released under California Sanctuary Law SB54 the day before he killed two and wounded seven in a spree shooting.[32]

Laws and regulations edit

Special Order 40 (1979) edit

Special Order 40 is a directive issued jointly by the Los Angeles City Council and the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) under Chief Daryl Gates and the Los Angeles City Council in 1979 prohibiting officers of the LAPD officers from questioning individuals for the sole purpose of whether they were in the United States legally.[33] The Special Order was the center of controversy following the 2008 Murder of Jamiel Shaw II by a perpetrator who was a member of the 18th Street gang and an illegal immigrant to the United States.[34][35][36][37] An effort to put a repeal measure on the ballot in 2009 failed.[38] Police Commissioner William Bratton successfully opposed rescinding the Special Order.[33]

Arizona SB 1070 (2010) edit

The Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (Arizona SB 1070,) was enacted by the Arizona legislature in 2010 as a response to broad public dislike of illegal immigration among Arizona voters, and by a widespread belief that a great deal of crime was being committed by illegal immigrants that persisted despite a scholarly consensus that illegal immigrants commit proportionately fewer crimes than American citizens.[39] Public support for the bill was driven by the March 2010 murder of Arizona rancher Robert Krentz.[39]

Texas Senate Bill 4 (2017) edit

Texas Senate Bill 4 was enacted in 2017 to block municipalities in Texas from becoming sanctuary cities, that is, to prevent local authorities from refusing to cooperate with federal authorities in enforcing immigration laws by directing police and court officials not to question persons accused of crimes about their immigration status and to ignore requests by federal authorities to hold individuals who are in the country illegally and have been arrested for minor crimes for deportation.[40] Texas Senate Bill 4 also allows police officers to check the immigration status of those they detain if they choose.[40][41]

Political debate edit

“Trump Hypothesis” and 2016 Presidential election edit

During his presidential campaign Donald Trump asserted that the immigrants are responsible for higher levels of violent and drug-related crime in the United States. A 2016 study was undertaken to test this hypothesis, specifically with regard to immigrants from Mexico. According to the study, "Results largely contradict the Trump Hypothesis: no evidence links Mexican or undocumented Mexican immigrants specifically to violent or drug-related crime."[42]

In July 2015, Donald Trump invited what he terms Angel Families, families who have had a member killed by an illegal immigrant to meet with him. Some had lost relatives in road accidents, others were shot or stabbed, but all had family members who died due to actions taken by what Trump describes as people who never should have been in the U.S. in the first place. The Remembrance Project, a nonprofit that works to draw attention to the victims of crimes committed by illegal immigrants, helped the campaign locate families of victims.[43]

During the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, a political advertisement showing mugshots of illegal immigrants who committed violent crimes in the U.S. alternate with footage of candidate Jeb Bush saying, "Yeah, they broke the law, but it's not a felony.... It's an act of love,"[44][45] is regarded as having played a role in Bush's withdrawal from the race.[46] At a May 2016 campaign rally, Trump told an audience that illegal immigrants “Raped, sodomized and killed" Americans.[47]

Jamiel Shaw, Sr., the father of a high school student murdered by an illegal immigrant in 2008, became a spokesman for the Trump campaign.[48]

Presidency edit

During his presidency, Donald Trump had repeatedly asserted that crimes committed by illegal immigrants to the United States make the construction of a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border an urgent necessity. Trump's assertions about crimes committed by illegal immigrants were regularly shown to be inaccurate.[49][50]

2018 midterm election edit

"One Nation," a political nonprofit supporting Republican candidates, produced an ad showing a masked, knife-wielding man with a voice saying, “We need tough immigration enforcement to keep dangerous criminals out.”[47] Other ads criticized sanctuary cities, something Matt Gorman, spokesman for the National Republican Congressional Committee, said that many Americans oppose.[47]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Gonzalez, Benjamin; Collingwood, Loren; El-Khatib, Stephen Omar (2019). "The Politics of Refuge: Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Undocumented Immigration". Urban Affairs Review. 55: 107808741770497. doi:10.1177/1078087417704974. S2CID 32604699. Quote: "most studies have shown that illegal immigrants tend to commit less crime than the native born"
  2. ^ a b Collingwood, Loren; Gonzalez-O'Brien, Benjamin; El-Khatib, Stephen (October 3, 2016). "Sanctuary cities do not experience an increase in crime". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  3. ^ Martínez, Daniel E.; Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo D.; Cantor, Guillermo (2017). "Providing Sanctuary or Fostering Crime? A Review of the Research on "Sanctuary Cities" and Crime". Sociology Compass. 12: e12547. doi:10.1111/soc4.12547. ISSN 1751-9020.
  4. ^ Miles, Thomas J.; Cox, Adam B. (October 21, 2015). "Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from Secure Communities". The Journal of Law and Economics. 57 (4): 937–973. doi:10.1086/680935. S2CID 8406495.
  5. ^ Baker, Scott R. (2015). "Effects of Immigrant Legalization on Crime". American Economic Review. 105 (5): 210–213. doi:10.1257/aer.p20151041.
  6. ^ "Are immigrants more likely to commit crimes? | Econofact". Econofact. February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  7. ^ "Trump calls for creation of office to support victims of crimes by illegal immigrants". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 4, 2017. On the campaign trail, Trump said he would seek to quickly deport between 2 million and 3 million immigrants with criminal records. But a study by the Migration Policy Institute found that 820,000 unauthorized immigrants had committed other crimes, including about 300,000 with felony records
  8. ^ "Crime, Corrections, and California: What Does Immigration Have to Do with It? (PPIC Publication)". www.ppic.org. Retrieved June 23, 2016.
  9. ^ Gonzalez, Benjamin; Collingwood, Loren; El-Khatib, Stephen Omar (May 7, 2017). "The Politics of Refuge: Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Undocumented Immigration". Urban Affairs Review. 55: 107808741770497. doi:10.1177/1078087417704974. S2CID 32604699. Quote: "most studies have shown that undocumented immigrants tend to commit less crime than the native born"
  10. ^ "Trump immigration claim has no data to back it up". PolitiFact. Retrieved August 22, 2017. ... every expert we polled said there is a consensus among scholars that undocumented immigrants are not more likely to commit crimes than U.S. citizens.
  11. ^ Light, Michael T.; Miller, TY (2018). "Does Undocumented Immigration Increase Violent Crime?". Criminology. 56 (2): 370–401. doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12175. ISSN 1745-9125. PMC 6241529. PMID 30464356.
  12. ^ Light, Michael T.; Miller, Ty; Kelly, Brian C. (July 20, 2017). "Undocumented Immigration, Drug Problems, and Driving Under the Influence in the United States, 1990–2014". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (9): e1–e7. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303884. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5551598. PMID 28727520.
  13. ^ Lueders, Hans; Hainmueller, Jens; Lawrence, Duncan (April 18, 2017). "Providing driver's licenses to unauthorized immigrants in California improves traffic safety". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (16): 4111–4116. doi:10.1073/pnas.1618991114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5402447. PMID 28373538.
  14. ^ Freedman, Matthew; Owens, Emily; Bohn, Sarah (2018). "Immigration, Employment Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 10 (2): 117–151. doi:10.1257/pol.20150165. ISSN 1945-7731.
  15. ^ "Immigration, Employment Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior" (PDF).
  16. ^ Garcia, Eric (September 21, 2018). "Yale, MIT study: 22 million, not 11 million, undocumented immigrants in US". The Hill. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  17. ^ JULIA DAHL (January 27, 2017). "How big a problem is crime committed by immigrants?". CBS News. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  18. ^ "Do Apprehensions of Undocumented Immigrants Reduce Crime and Create Jobs? Evidence from U.S. Districts, 2000-2015" (PDF). UC Davis Law Review. 2018.
  19. ^ Orrick, Erin A.; Updegrove, Alexander H.; Piquero, Alex R.; Kovandzic, Tomislav (July 10, 2020). "Disentangling Differences in Homicide Incarceration Rates by Immigration Status: A Comparison in Texas". Crime & Delinquency. 67 (4): 523–550. doi:10.1177/0011128720940963. ISSN 0011-1287. S2CID 225638897.
  20. ^ a b Nowrasteh, Alex (August 22, 2018). "The Murder of Mollie Tibbetts and Illegal Immigrant Crime". Cato Institute. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  21. ^ a b Nowrasteh, Alez (March 12, 2018). "Everything is Bigger in Texas — except the illegal immigrant crime rate". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  22. ^ a b Latzer, Barry (January 24, 2019). "Do Illegal Aliens Have High Crime Rates?". City Journal. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  23. ^ Forrester, Andrew, and Alex Nowrasteh. Do Immigration Enforcement Programs Reduce Crime?: Evidence from the 287(g) Program in North Carolina. Cato Institute, 2018, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16983.
  24. ^ "8 U.S. Code § 1227 - Deportable aliens". LII / Legal Information Institute.
  25. ^ Miles, Thomas J.; Cox, Adam B. (October 21, 2015). "Does Immigration Enforcement Reduce Crime? Evidence from Secure Communities". The Journal of Law and Economics. 57 (4): 937–973. doi:10.1086/680935. S2CID 8406495.
  26. ^ Baker, Scott R. (2015). "Effects of Immigrant Legalization on Crime". American Economic Review. 105 (5): 210–213. doi:10.1257/aer.p20151041.
  27. ^ a b Collingwood, Loren; Gonzalez-O'Brien, Benjamin; El-Khatib, Stephen (October 3, 2016). "Sanctuary cities do not experience an increase in crime". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  28. ^ a b Littlefield, Christina (July 24, 2015). "Sanctuary cities: How Kathryn Steinle's death intensified the immigration debate". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
  29. ^ Mejia, Brittany (January 3, 2019). "In California's Red Counties, Sheriffs Decry Sanctuary Laws After Crime Spree, Cop Killing". Governing. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  30. ^ Martínez, Daniel E.; Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo D.; Cantor, Guillermo (2017). "Providing Sanctuary or Fostering Crime? A Review of the Research on "Sanctuary Cities" and Crime". Sociology Compass. 12: e12547. doi:10.1111/soc4.12547. ISSN 1751-9020.
  31. ^ CARMEN GEORGE (December 19, 2018). "Tulare County sheriff after rampage: Laws should be changed to better communicate with ICE". Fresno Bee. Retrieved January 23, 2019. Garcia-Ruiz has a known criminal past. The sheriff's office said he received a one-year jail sentence and 36 months probation in 2003, after facing criminal charges in 2002, including armed robbery in Fresno, and assault with a deadly weapon in Reedley.
  32. ^ Farzan, Antonia Noori (December 20, 2018). "After a shooting suspect's 'reign of terror,' a California sheriff blames the state's sanctuary law". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  33. ^ a b Mariel Garza (April 14, 2008). "Bratton: Special Order 40 not going anywhere". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on October 14, 2008.
  34. ^ Blankstein, Andrew; Winton, Richard (April 9, 2008). "Ask and deport, family urges; Their son's alleged killer, in the U.S. illegally, was let out of jail onto the streets". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 422206086.
  35. ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (May 15, 2008). "Immigration and Gang Violence Propel Crusade". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  36. ^ Kim, Victoria (May 10, 2012). "Gang member convicted of murdering Los Angeles High football star". Los Angeles Times.
  37. ^ Lowery, Wesley (November 2, 2012). "Gang member sentenced to die in star athlete's killing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  38. ^ Willon, Phil (December 12, 2008). "'Jamiel's Law' misses ballot". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  39. ^ a b Archibold, Randal (June 19, 2010). "On Border Violence, Truth Pales Compared to Ideas". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  40. ^ a b Svitek, Patrick (May 7, 2017). "Texas Gov. Greg Abbott Signs "Sanctuary Cities" Bill into Law". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  41. ^ Mansoor, Sanya; Pollock, Cassandra (May 8, 2017). "Everything You Need to Know About Texas' "Sanctuary Cities" Law". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  42. ^ Green, David (May 1, 2016). "The Trump Hypothesis: Testing Immigrant Populations as a Determinant of Violent and Drug-Related Crime in the United States". Social Science Quarterly. 97 (3): 506–524. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12300. ISSN 1540-6237.
  43. ^ Yee, Vivian (June 25, 2017). "For Grieving Parents, Trump Is 'Speaking for the Dead' on Immigration". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  44. ^ Richardson, Bradford (August 31, 2015). "Trump rips Bush over 'act of love' remarks on illegal immigration". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  45. ^ Warren, Michael (August 31, 2015). "Trump Hits Jeb on 'Act of Love'". The Weekly Standard. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
  46. ^ Saddiqui, Sabina (February 21, 2016). "Fall of the House of Bush". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  47. ^ a b c Tanfani, Joseph; Lange, Jason; Stein, Letitia (October 26, 2018). "Special Report: How Republicans are using immigration to scare voters to the polls". Reuters. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  48. ^ McKnight, Michael (May 2, 2017). "How the murder of a high school football star became a rallying cry on Trump's campaign trail". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  49. ^ Thomas, Craig (February 15, 2019). "KOLD INVESTIGATES: Is MS-13 a problem in southern Arizona?". KOLD-TV. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
  50. ^ Rizzo, Salvador (January 7, 2019). "The Trump administration's misleading spin on immigration, crime and terrorism". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
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