Hypomesus nipponensis (Japanese smelt, in Japanese: wakasagi[2]) is a commercial food fish native to the lakes and estuaries of northern Honshu and Hokkaido, Japan, Korea, and Sakhalin, Khabarovsk Krai, and Primorsky Krai, Russia.[1] It has been introduced in other locations, including the San Francisco Delta of the United States. It is raised in fisheries, and is very similar in appearance to the delta smelt (H. transpacificus).
| Hypomesus nipponensis | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Osmeriformes |
| Family: | Osmeridae |
| Genus: | Hypomesus |
| Species: | H. nipponensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Hypomesus nipponensis McAllister, 1963
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Synonyms edit
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| Phylogeny of the genus Hypomesus including H. chishimaensis under H. nipponensis.[3][4] |
Hypomesus chishimaensis was described as being a new species in the lakes of Kunashir and Iturup in 1997 based on claimed morphological differences. After later studies failed to find these morphological differences, it regarded as an ecotype of H. nipponensis. A 2007 genetic analysis supported this classification, and recommended that H. chishimaensis not be given its own binomial designation.[3]
Introduction to the United States edit
Native to the lakes and estuaries of Hokkaido, Japan and introduced to the lakes on Honshu and Kyushu, the Japanese wakasagi was introduced to California water reservoirs by the California Department of Fish and Game to provide more prey for stocked rainbow trout after failed attempts to introduce native delta smelt to three foothill reservoirs.[5][6] At the time, the California-native delta smelt and the Japanese smelt were thought to be separated members of the same species, H. olidus.[7] In 1959 the CDFG imported 3.6 million fertilized eggs attached to palm fiber mats from a population in Suwa Lake, located east of Tokyo; many of these eggs were dead on arrival. The fiber mats were placed in streams feeding into six lakes and reservoirs that appeared to be ecologically suitable for the smelt.[nb 1] It was thought at the time that these reservoirs could be chemically treated to eradicate the fish if they were found to be undesirable.[8] In 1972 and 1973 about 77,000 fish from the Shastina Reservoir were moved to the Almanor Reservoir in Plumas County. All attempts to introduce the fish were successful, except the Dodge and Big Bear Reservoir introductions,[5] the latter of which may have been partially attributable to chemical treatments meant to eradicate stunted crappie and goldfish.[8]
Progression into delta edit
Although a retrospective analysis of preserved delta smelt samples caught in 1972 and 1982 from the Delta region has shown that wakasagi had been invading the estuaries in undetected quantities since at least the early 1970s, wakasagi expansion from these original introduction sites southward was not tracked until several years later.[5] In 1994 they were detected at the State Water Project pumping plant for the first time, and by 1998 the fish could be found throughout the estuary including the Suisun and San Pablo Bays.[5][7][9]
Consequences edit
Because the two species are very similar in morphology and life history, the wakasagi presents several potential threats to the endangered delta smelt. Besides direct competition for nutritional resources and the possibility that wakasagi may prey on the eggs and larvae of delta smelt,[5] hybridization could either dilute the species or cause population decline due to sterilizing effects. In fact, a few hybrids have been captured in the wild, although all of them were first generation crosses and no evidence of back-crossing has been found, which would suggest that the hybrids were not viable. Misidentification of the species is an additional concern, which could lead to inaccurate assessments critical to making policy decisions; however this problem may be mitigated if genetic markers are used for identification.[7]
In addition to its negative effects on the delta smelt, the wakasagi significantly reduced Kokanee fisheries, but helped increase growth rates of other salmon and trout fisheries.[10]
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ a b Bogutskaya, N. (2021). "Hypomesus nipponensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T159715391A159715398. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T159715391A159715398.en. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Hypomesus nipponensis" in FishBase. August 2022 version.
- ^ a b Ilves, K. L. & E. B. Taylor (2007). "Are Hypomesus chishimaensis and H. nipponensis (Osmeridae) distinct species?". Copeia. 2007: 180–185. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[180:AHCAHN]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86738107.
- ^ Ilves, K. L. & E. B. Taylor (2008). "Evolutionary and biogeographical patterns within the smelt genus Hypomesus in the North Pacific Ocean". Journal of Biogeography. 35: 48–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01782.x. S2CID 4488913.
- ^ a b c d e Moyle, P. B. (2002). Inland Fishes of California (2nd ed.). California: University of California Press. p. 232-234. ISBN 978-0-520-22754-5.
- ^ California Department of Fish and Game Biennial Report 1954–1956. Division of Fish and Game of the California Department of Natural Resources. 1956. p. 40.
- ^ a b c Trenham, Peter C.; Shaffer, H. Bradley & Moyle, Peter B. (1998). "Biochemical identification and assessment of population subdivision in morphologically similar native and invading smelt species (Hypomesus) in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, California". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 127 (3): 417–424. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0417:biaaop>2.0.co;2.
- ^ a b c Wales, J. H. (1962). "Introduction of pond smelt from Japan into California". California Fish and Game. 48. Division of Fish and Game of the California Department of Natural Resources: 141–142.
- ^ Sweetnam, D. A. (1995). "Field Identification of Delta Smelt and Wakasagi". Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary Newsletter. 7 (Spring): 1–3.
- ^ Dill, W. A. & A. J. Cordone (1997). "History and status of introduced fishes in California, 1871–1996". Fish Bulletin. 178: 83.