43°59′33″N 80°54′27″E / 43.99250°N 80.90750°E
Huiyuan
Hweiyüan | |
|---|---|
.jpg) East gate of the old town | |
  Huiyuan Location in Xinjiang | |
| Coordinates: 43°59′33″N 80°54′27″E / 43.99250°N 80.90750°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Xinjiang |
| Prefecture | Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture |
| County | Huocheng County |
| 20564 | |
The town of Huiyuan (simplified Chinese: 惠远镇; traditional Chinese: 惠遠鎮; pinyin: Huìyuǎn Zhèn; Uyghur: كۈرە بازىرى) is located within Huocheng County, in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, China. It is situated close to the Ili River, some 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the west of Yining, the main city of the prefecture and some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Shuiding, the county seat. As of the 2000 census[update], Huiyuan's population was reported as 20,564.
Between 1762 and 1866 the Huiyuan Fortress or Huiyuan City (惠远城, Huìyuǎn Chéng), the center of the Chinese authority in Xinjiang was located within the southern area of the modern Huiyuan town.
History edit
Qing dynasty edit
Once part of the Dzungar Khanate, this area was annexed by the Manchus in the 1750s. The Old Huiyuan fort was built in 1764 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor after the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas. It acted as the center of Manchu military power and civilian administration in Xinjiang. The main fortress of the "Nine Forts" of Ili (see Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture#Qing dynasty for the history of the region), Huiyuan was the seat of the Governor-general of the region, the General of Ili[1] The fort was located less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) north the Ili river in the modern Laocheng Village (老城村) in the south of the modern Huiyuan.
Huiyuan suffered severe damage during the Muslim Rebellion of the 1860s. Besieged in his palace, the then General of Ili, Mingsioi, blew himself up rather than surrender to the rebels. The fort was completely destroyed during the Russian occupation that followed in 1871-81.
The Russians left pursuant to the 1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881), and in 1882 the military-administrative center moved to Suiding (now known as Shuiding), some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the river, while a new Huiyuan fortress and the adjunct military-administrative town were rebuilt near the center of modern Huiyuan about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the river. The headquarter of the General of Ili moved back to the new Huiyuan fort in 1894 after the construction completed.
While the city of Yining (originally known as Níngyuǎn Chéng, 宁远城) has remained the commercial center of the region, the 19th century Huiyuan, like its successor Suiding, was mostly a fortress and an administrative town. Huiyuan was known to the Russians and Westerners as the New Kuldja, Chinese Kuldja, Manchu Kuldja, or Ili, to distinguish it from Yining (the Old Kuldja or the Taranchi Kuldja).
Present edit
James A. Millward, writing in 1998, said that the only surviving remains of the Qing era structures were a drum tower and a section of the wall that used to enclose the Jiangjun's yamen.[1] However, it has been reported that some of the Qing period buildings, including a bell tower and a "Governor General's Pavilion", have since been rebuilt at the site of the 1882 new Huiyuan fort as a tourist attraction, often referred to as the "Ancient Huiyuan Town" (惠远古城),[2] not to be confused with the site of the old Huiyuan fort (惠远老城).
Notes edit
- ^ a b Millward, James A. (1998), Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864, Stanford University Press, pp. 77–79, 277, ISBN 0-8047-2933-6
- ^ [1], [2] [3]
References edit
- Huocheng County information, at the China Administrative Division info site (in Chinese)
- 伊犁惠远城 (Ili's Huiyuan City) (in Chinese)
- Henry Lansdell, "Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv". Full text available at Google Books; there is also a 2001 facsimile reprint of the 1885 edition, ISBN 1-4021-7762-3. (Chapters XIV-XVII describe Lansdell visit to the area in the early 1880s, soon after the Russian withdrawal. He visited "Suidun" (Suiding), mentioned the already ruined "Ili or Manchu Kuldja" (Huiyuancheng), and then went to "Taranchi Kuldja" (Yining))