Electrically operated display devices have developed from electromechanical systems for display of text, up to all-electronic devices capable of full-motion 3D color graphic displays. Electromagnetic devices, using a solenoid coil to control a visible flag or flap, were the earliest type, and were used for text displays such as stock market prices and arrival/departure display times. The cathode ray tube was the workhorse of text and video display technology for several decades until being displaced by plasma, liquid crystal (LCD), and solid-state devices such as thin-film transistors (TFTs), LEDs and OLEDs. With the advent of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), integrated circuit (IC) chips, microprocessors, and microelectronic devices, many more individual picture elements ("pixels") could be incorporated into one display device, allowing graphic displays and video.
Cathode ray tube edit
One of the earliest electronic displays is the cathode-ray tube (CRT), which was first demonstrated in 1897 and made commercial in 1922.[1] The CRT consists of an electron gun that forms images by firing electrons onto a phosphor-coated screen. The earliest CRTs were monochrome and were used primarily in oscilloscopes and black and white televisions. The first commercial colour CRT was produced in 1954. CRTs were the single most popular display technology used in television sets and computer monitors for over half a century; it was not until the 2000s that LCDs began to gradually replace them.
A derivative of CRTs were storage tubes, which had the ability to retain information displayed on them, unlike standard CRTs which need to be refreshed periodically. In 1968, Tektronix introduced the Direct-view bistable storage tube, which went on to be widely used in oscilloscopes and computer terminals.[2]
Monochrome CRT edit
1922 Monochrome cathode ray tube:
Color CRT edit
1954 Color cathode ray tube for the display of color television:[3]
Direct-View Bistable Storage Tube edit
1968[2] The Direct-View Bistable Storage Tube CRT retains static information displayed upon it, written using a steerable electron beam that can be turned off. The DVBST was used in vector displays of early computers and in oscilloscopes.
Nixie tube display edit
1955 Nixie tube:
Flip-flap or disc display edit
1957 Split-flap display:
1961 Flip-disc display:
Monochrome plasma display edit
1964 Monochrome plasma display:
LED display edit
1968 LED display:
Eggcrate display edit
1968 Eggcrate display
Vacuum fluorescent display edit
1967 Vacuum fluorescent display as used in consumer electronics.
Twisted nematic field effect LCD edit
1971 Twisted nematic field effect LCD [4][5] [6]
Super-twisted nematic LCD edit
1984 Super-twisted nematic display (STN LCD) to improve passive-matrix LCDs, allowing for the first time higher resolution panels with 540x270 pixels.
Pin screen edit
1969 Braille display:[7]
Thin film transistor LCD edit
1986 Color Thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display:[8]
Digital Light Processing edit
1987 optical micro-electro-mechanical technology that uses a digital micromirror device. While the Digital Light Processing (DLP) imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP-based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997.
Full-color plasma display edit
1995 Full-color plasma display:[9]
Organic light-emitting diode edit
2003 Organic light-emitting diode display (OLED) [10]
2003 Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED):[11]
Electronic paper edit
2004 Electronic paper:[12]
Electroluminescent display edit
1974 Electroluminescent display (ELD):[13]
Stroboscopic display edit
1960s Stroboscopic display:[14][15] In the 1960s RASA Calculator (Russian), a small motor spins a cylinder that has a number of transparent numerals. To display a numeral, the calculator briefly flashes a thyratron light behind the required number when it spins into position.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Computer History - 1922". www.computerhope.com. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ a b medical-answers.org – Tektronix 4014 Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "– earlytelevision.org – Picture Tubes, 15GP22 Color CRT". Archived from the original on 2017-01-01. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- ^ Schadt, M.; Helfrich, W. (1971-02-15). "Voltage-Dependent Optical Activity of a Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal". Applied Physics Letters. 18 (4). AIP Publishing: 127–128. doi:10.1063/1.1653593. ISSN 0003-6951.
- ^ Helfrich, W.; Schadt, M. (1971-08-30). "Birefringence of Nematogenic Liquids Caused by Electrical Conduction". Physical Review Letters. 27 (9). American Physical Society (APS): 561–564. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.27.561. ISSN 0031-9007.
- ^ Joseph Castellano, "Modifying Light', American Scientist, September–October 2006
- ^ U.S. patent 3,594,787;
- ^ auburn.edu – Note on the Liquid Crystal Display Industry Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ indoclient.com – Television Development[dead link]
- ^ rpi.edu – Lighting industry, Structure and technology in the transition to solid state
- ^ WP-de Organische Leuchtdiode 2011-05-17
- ^ hitech-projects.com – E-paper production flow – Adapting production workflow processes for digital newsprint Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ faqs.org – Patent application title: Personal article with electron luminescent display
- ^ Stroboscopic display on the Soviet calculator "RASA" (video)
- ^ Soviet made "RASA" electronic calculator with stroboscopic display
