Lt. Col. Karol Gwido Langer (Zsolna, Austria-Hungary, 2 September 1894 – 30 March 1948, Kinross, Scotland) was, from at least mid-1931, chief of the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, which from December 1932 decrypted Germany's military Enigma-machine ciphers.
Poland's prewar achievements paved the way for Britain's World War II Ultra secret.
Life edit
Langer was born in Zsolna, Upper Hungary (today Žilina in Slovakia) but spent his childhood in Cieszyn in Silesia, where his family came from.
By then, according to Polish military historian Władysław Kozaczuk, the Bureau had been formed by merger of the Radio Intelligence Office and the Polish-Cryptography Office. Langer remained at the head of the Cipher Bureau and its successor field agency until the latter was effectively disbanded in November 1942 upon the German occupation of southern France's Vichy "Free Zone."
Major Langer had on 15 January 1929, after a tour of duty as chief of staff of the First Infantry Division, become chief of the General Staff's Radio Intelligence Office, and subsequently of the Cipher Bureau.
As the Cipher Bureau's chief, Langer was ultimately responsible for Polish cryptography; Polish military-intelligence radio communications; radio intelligence and tracking down of clandestine enemy intelligence radio transmitters operating in Poland; Russian-cryptogram interception and decryption; and German-cryptogram interception and decryption.
Langer's Cipher Bureau has become famous for having in December 1932 broken the German Enigma cipher[1] and read it through the German invasion of France in May–June 1940,[2] and perhaps after that.[3]
In March 1943, as Lt. Col. Langer, his deputy, Major Maksymilian Ciężki, head of the prewar B.S.-4 (the Bureau's German section), Lt. Antoni Palluth and civilians Edward Fokczyński and Kazimierz Gaca were attempting to cross from German-occupied France into Spain, they were betrayed by their French guide and captured by the Germans.[4]
Interrogated about work on Enigma, Langer "decided [to] mix truth with lies, and [...] present my lies in such a way that they had the veneer of truth." He told the Germans that before the war the Bureau had sporadically solved Enigma ciphers, but that during the war they had no longer been able to. Langer advised the panel of his interrogators that, since Major Ciężki knew more about the subject than he, they should summon Ciężki. "They agreed, and Ciężki managed to convince them that the changes [that the Germans had] made [to the machine and its operating procedures] before the war made decryption during the war impossible."[5] The two Polish officers thus succeeded in protecting the secret of Allied Enigma decryption, thereby enabling Ultra to continue doing its vital work for Allied victory.
After Langer and Ciężki had been liberated by the Allies and had reached Britain, Langer was crushed to find himself blamed for his men's capture in France by the Germans. He died at the Polish Army signals camp at Kinross, Scotland, on 30 March 1948 and was buried in Wellshill Cemetery in Perth, Scotland, specifically to be next to the 381 Polish pilots buried in that cemetery. His grave was marked by a standard Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone.[6]
On 1 December 2010 his remains were exhumed, following a request by his daughter Hanna Kublicka-Piottuch. On 10 December Langer's remains received a funeral with full military honors and were interred at the communal cemetery in Cieszyn, Poland. His new gravestone is of black granite and describes his role in the breaking of the German Enigma ciphers.[7]
Honors edit
- Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (conferred posthumously, 2010)
- Cross of Valour – twice
- Gold Cross of Merit
- Cross of Independence
- Medal Międzysojuszniczy (in Polish) = Medaille Interalliée (in French)
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 21.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, pp. 81–109, and passim.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 117.
- ^ Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma, 1984, p. 156.
- ^ Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma, p. 274.
- ^ "Wellshill Cemetery from the Gazetteer for Scotland".
- ^ "Lt-Col Gwido Langer". www.derekcrowe.com. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Bibliography edit
- Władysław Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984, ISBN 0-89093-547-5.
- Hugh Sebag-Montefiore, Enigma: the Battle for the Code, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000, ISBN 0-297-84251-X.