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Growth of photovoltaics

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Between 1992 and 2022, the worldwide usage of photovoltaics (PV) increased exponentially. During this period, it evolved from a niche market of small-scale applications to a mainstream electricity source.[8] From 2016-2022 it has seen an annual capacity and production growth rate of around 26%- doubling approximately every three years.

Worldwide growth of photovoltaics
Global growth of cumulative PV capacity in gigawatts (GWp)[1]
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
'20
'21
'22
'23
  Europe
  Americas
  Middle East and Africa
  Asia-Pacific
  China
  World total
*(2021, 2022, 2023 tentative figures)[2]
Recent and estimated capacity (GWp)
Year-end 2016[3] 2017[4] 2018[2] 2019[2] 2020[2] 2021E[2] 2022E[5] 2023F[5]
Cumulative 306.5 403.3 512 630 774 957 1225 1541
Annual new 76.8 99 109[6] 118 144[2] 183[2] 268[5] 316[5]
Cumulative
growth 		32% 32% 27% 23% 23% 24% 28% 26%
History of cumulative PV capacity worldwide

Added PV capacity by country in 2019 (by percent of world total, clustered by region)[7]

  China (39.16%)
  Vietnam (9.23%)
  Japan (4.35%)
  South Korea (2.08%)
  India (3.29%)
  Australia (3.48%)
  United States (11.72%)
  Brazil (2.60%)
  Germany (3.76%)
  Netherlands (2.49%)
  Spain (2.24%)
  Poland (1.90%)
  Rest of Europe (6.22%)
  Rest of the World (7.56%)

When solar PV systems were first recognized as a promising renewable energy technology, subsidy programs, such as feed-in tariffs, were implemented by a number of governments in order to provide economic incentives for investments. For several years, growth was mainly driven by Japan and pioneering European countries. As a consequence, cost of solar declined significantly due to experience curve effects like improvements in technology and economies of scale. Several national programs were instrumental in increasing PV deployment, such as the Energiewende in Germany, the Million Solar Roofs project in the United States, and China's 2011 five-year-plan for energy production.[9] Since then, deployment of photovoltaics has gained momentum on a worldwide scale, increasingly competing with conventional energy sources. In the early 21st century a market for utility-scale plants emerged to complement rooftop and other distributed applications.[10] By 2015, some 30 countries had reached grid parity.[11]: 9 

Since the 1950s, when the first solar cells were commercially manufactured, there has been a succession of countries leading the world as the largest producer of electricity from solar photovoltaics. First it was the United States, then Japan,[12] followed by Germany, and currently China.

By the end of 2022, the global cumulative installed PV capacity reached about 1,185 gigawatts (GW), supplying over 6% of global electricity demand,[13] up from about 3% in 2019.[14] In 2022, solar PV contributed over 10% of the annual domestic consumption of electricity in nine countries, with Spain, Greece and Chile over 17%.[13]

Projections for photovoltaic growth are difficult and burdened with many uncertainties.[citation needed] Official agencies, such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) have consistently increased their estimates for decades, while still falling far short of projecting actual deployment in every forecast.[15][16][17] Bloomberg NEF projects global solar installations to grow in 2019, adding another 125–141 GW resulting in a total capacity of 637–653 GW by the end of the year.[18] By 2050, the IEA foresees solar PV to reach 4.7 terawatts (4,674 GW) in its high-renewable scenario, of which more than half will be deployed in China and India, making solar power the world's largest source of electricity.[19][20]

Solar PV nameplate capacity Edit

Nameplate capacity denotes the peak power output of power stations in unit watt prefixed as convenient, to e.g. kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW) and gigawatt (GW). Because power output for variable renewable sources is unpredictable, a source's average generation is generally significantly lower than the nameplate capacity. In order to have an estimate of the average power output, the capacity can be multiplied by a suitable capacity factor, which takes into account varying conditions - weather, nighttime, latitude, maintenance. Worldwide, the average solar PV capacity factor is 11%.[21] In addition, depending on context, the stated peak power may be prior to a subsequent conversion to alternating current, e.g. for a single photovoltaic panel, or include this conversion and its loss for a grid connected photovoltaic power station.[22]: 15 [23]: 10 

Wind power has different characteristics, e.g. a higher capacity factor and about four times the 2015 electricity production of solar power. Compared with wind power, photovoltaic power production correlates well with power consumption for air-conditioning in warm countries. As of 2017, a handful of utilities have started combining PV installations with battery banks, thus obtaining several hours of dispatchable generation to help mitigate problems associated with the duck curve after sunset.[24][25]

Current status Edit

Worldwide Edit

In 2022, the total global photovoltaic capacity increased by 228 GW, with a 24% growth year-on-year of new installations. As a result, the total global capacity exceeded 1,185 GW by the end of the year.

Regions Edit

As of 2018, Asia was the fastest growing region, with almost 75% of global installations. China alone accounted for more than half of worldwide deployment in 2017. In terms of cumulative capacity, Asia was the most developed region with more than half of the global total of 401 GW in 2017.[26] Europe continued to decline as a percentage of the global PV market. In 2017, Europe represented 28% of global capacity, the Americas 19% and Middle East 2%.[26] However, with respect to per capita installation the European Union has more than twice the capacity compared to China and 25% more than the US.

Countries and territories Edit

Main article: Solar power by country

The worldwide growth of photovoltaics is extremely dynamic and varies strongly by country. In April 2022, the total global solar power capacity reached 1 TW. In 2022, the leading country for solar power was China, with about 390 GW, accounting for nearly two-fifths of the total global installed solar capacity. As of 2022, there are more than 40 countries around the world with a cumulative PV capacity of more than one gigawatt, incl. Canada, South Africa, Chile, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Austria, Argentina and the Philippines. The top installers of 2022 included China, the United States, India, Brazil and Germany.[27]


Solar PV capacity by country and territory (MW) and share of total electricity consumption
2016[28] 2017[26] 2018[29][30] 2019[14][31] 2020[32][33] 2021[34][35] 2022[36] W per capita
2019 		W per capita
2021 		Share of total
consumption1
Country or territory New Total New Total New Total New Total New Total New Total New Total
  China 34,540 78,070 53,000 131,000 45,000 175,018 30,100 204,700 49,655 254,355 52,618 306,973 86,059 393,032 147 217 6.5% (2022)[37]
  European Union 91,890 4,737 96,627 7,832 104,459 16,186 120,645 18,296 138,941 25,734 164,675 35,972 200,647 295 400 8.7% (2022)[37]
  United States 14,730 40,300 10,600 51,000 10,600 53,184 13,300 60,682 14,890 75,572 19,637 95,209 17,806 113,015 184 289 5.1% (2022)[37]
  Japan 8,600 42,750 7,000 49,000 6,500 55,500 7,000 63,000 4,000 67,000 7,191 74,191 4,642 78,833 498 590 10.2% (2022)[37]
  Germany 1,520 41,220 1,800 42,000 3,000 45,930 3,900 49,200 4,583 53,783 4,678 58,461 8,093 66,554 593 711 12.4% (2022)[37]
  India 3,970 9,010 9,100 18,300 10,800 26,869 9,900 35,089 4,122 39,211 10,473 49,684 13,462 63,146 32 36 9.5% (2022)[37]
  Australia 839 5,900 1,250 7,200 3,800 11,300 3,700 15,928 1,699 17,627 1,449 19,076 7,716 26,792 637 990 15.7% (2022)[37]
  Italy 373 19,279 409 19,700 420 20,120 600 20,800 800 21,600 1,098 22,698 2,385 25,083 345 381 9.1% (2022)[37]
  Brazil[38][39] 200 900 1,100 1,313 2,413 2,138 4,595 3,145 7,881 5,827 14,197 9,882 24,079 22 64 2.5% (2021)[40]
  South Korea 850 4,350 1,200 5,600 2,000 7,862 3,100 11,200 3,375 14,575 3,586 18,161 2,814 20,975 217 350 4.7% (2022)[37]
  Spain[41] 4,669 19 4,688 19 4,707 4,004 8,711 5,378 14,089 1,863 15,952 4,566 20,518 186 237 19.1% (2022)[37]
  Netherlands 519 2,135 776 2,911 1,697 4,608 2,618 7,226 3,882 11,108 3,803 14,911 4,232 19,143 396 757 14.3% (2022)[42]
  Vietnam 6 3 9 97 106 4,800 5,695 10,909 16,504 156 16,660 1,814 18,474 60 171 9.9% (2022)[43]
  France 559 7,130 870 8,000 1,483 9,483 417 9,900 1,833 11,733 2,985 14,718 2,701 17,419 148 218 4.6% (2022)[37]
  United Kingdom 1,970 11,630 900 12,700 408 13,108 233 13,346 177 13,563 126 13,689 723 14,412 200 203 4.7% (2022)[37]
  Poland 487 813 1,300 2,636 3,936 2,321 6,257 4,910 11,167 34 165 5.4% (2022)[44]
  Taiwan 2,618 1,482 4,100 1,717 5,817 1,883 7,700 2,024 9,724 172 327 3.7% (2022)[43]
  Turkey 584 832 2,600 3,400 1,600 5,063 932 5,995 673 6,668 1,149 7,817 1,609 9,426 73 92 6.6% (2022)[37]
  Mexico 150 320 150 539 2,700 3,200 1,226 4,426 1,218 5,644 1,396 7,040 1,986 9,026 35 55 5.2% (2022)[37]
  Ukraine 99 531 211 742 1,200 2,003 1,557 3,560 1,800 5,360 2,702 8,062 0 8,062 114 183 5.0% (2020)[45]
  Belgium 170 3,422 284 3,800 226 4,026 505 4,531 1,115 5,646 939 6,585 313 6,898 394 569 8.7% (2022)[37]
  South Africa 536 1,450 13 1,800 759 2,559 2 2,561 3,429 5,990 231 6,221 105 6,326 44 105 4.2% (2022)[37]
  Chile 746 1,610 668 1,800 337 2,137 511 2,648 557 3,205 1,263 4,468 1,782 6,250 142 234 17.0% (2022)[37]
  Greece 2,652 111 2,763 484 3,247 1,030 4,277 1,280 5,557 258 329 17.5% (2022)[37]
  Switzerland 250 1,640 260 1,900 346 2,246 332 2,498 493 2,973 683 3,449 1,084 4,533 295 412 7.1% (2022)[37]
  Israel 130 910 60 1,100 -30 1,070 120 1,190 1,059 2,249 306 2,555 1,856 4,411 134 277 12.3% (2022)[37]
  Canada 200 2,715 212 2,900 213 3,113 197 3,310 15 3,325 305 3,630 771 4,401 88 96 1.0% (2022)[37]
  Austria 154 1,077 153 1,250 181 1,431 147 1,578 642 2,220 472 2,692 856 3,548 178 302 5.9% (2022)[37]
  Thailand 726 2,150 251 2,700 20 2,720 262 2,982 6 2,988 77 3,065 0 3,065 43 44 3.4% (2022)[37]
  United Arab Emirates 42 213 255 239 494 1,289 1,783 756 2,539 166 2,705 335 3,040 185 273 4.9% (2021)[43]
  Hungary 665 612 1,277 676 1,953 178 2,131 857 2,988 131 218 11.1% (2021)[46]
  Czech Republic 48 2,131 63 2,193 -115 2,078 -8 2,070 3 2,073 46 2,119 508 2,627 194 198 3.5% (2022)[37]
  Sweden 60 175 93 303 118 421 223 644 773 1,417 160 1,577 1,029 2,606 63 152 1.9% (2022)[37]
  Portugal 58 513 57 577 93 670 158 828 197 1,025 776 1,801 735 2,536 81 174 8.4% (2022)[37]
  Denmark 70 900 60 910 88 998 81 1,079 221 1,300 240 1,540 950 2,490 186 264 7.3% (2022)[37]
  Kazakhstan 58 117 175 315 490 660 1,150 569 1,719 204 1,923 108 2,031 1.2% (2022)[43]
  Bulgaria 1,028 8 1,036 0 1,036 29 1,065 8 1,073 202 1,275 673 1,948 152 171 5.8% (2022)[37]
  Malaysia 54 286 50 386 52 438 444 882 611 1,493 294 1,787 146 1,933 28 55 0.6% (2022)[37]
  Jordan 298 173 471 358 829 169 998 361 1,359 162 1,521 393 1,914 100 149 16.0% (2021)[43]
  Russia 15 77 159 236 310 546 518 1,064 364 1,428 233 1,661 155 1,816 7 11 0.2% (2022)[43]
  Egypt 48 121 169 581 750 897 1,647 47 1,694 -19 1,675 49 1,724 17 17
  Philippines 756 900 886 36 922 126 1,048 322 1,370 255 1,625 9 13
  Romania 1,372 2 1,374 3 1,377 9 1,386 1 1,387 11 1,398 16 1,414 71 74 4.4% (2022)[37]
  Pakistan 589 66 655 24 679 34 713 24 737 346 1,083 160 1,243 6 6
  Argentina 9 0 9 182 191 251 442 322 764 307 1,071 33 1,104 10 24 2.1% (2022)[47]
  Morocco 202 2 204 530 734 0 734 0 774 80 854 4 858 6 21 4.8% (2022)[37]
  Dominican Republic 73 33 106 99 205 100 305 65 370 224 594 148 742 45
  Sri Lanka 63 68 131 54 185 100 285 146 431 193 624 90 714 20
  El Salvador 28 98 126 80 206 187 403 75 478 165 643 21 664 74
  Puerto Rico 247 55 302 3 305 31 336 48 384 104 491 148 639 154
  Oman 2 6 8 0 8 1 9 100 109 29 138 500 638 27
  Slovenia 232 15 247 0 247 17 264 106 370 91 461 171 632 175
  Finland[48] 17 37 23 80 54 134 81 215 176 391 34 425 166 591 39 73 0.4% (2022)[37]
  Singapore 97 21 118 42 160 95 255 74 329 158 487 85 572 45 76 0.8% (2018)[49]
  Lithuania[29] 1 70 4 74 10 84 19 103 61 164 91 255 313 568 37 121 10.3% (2022)[50]
  Iran 34 43 141 184 102 286 81 367 85 414 42 456 83 539 5 5 0.4% (2019)[30]
  Slovakia 533 -5 528 -56 472 0 472 63 535 0 537 0 537 87 98 2.4% (2022)[37]
 Bangladesh 161 24 185 16 201 83 284 33 317 163 480 57 537 2 2
  Estonia 10 5 15 17 32 89 121 87 208 187 395 140 535 311
  Honduras 414 37 451 34 485 26 511 14 525 4 529 0 529 53 53 12.9% (2022)[37]
  Panama 93 54 147 46 193 5 198 0 198 267 465 57 522 108
  Cyprus 14 84 21 105 8 113 16 129 71 200 116 316 148 464 147 262 3.3% (2016)[51]
 Algeria 219 181 400 23 423 0 423 25 448 0 448 12 460 10 10
  Colombia 2 9 11 75 86 4 90 17 107 77 184 273 457 4
  Cambodia 18 9 29 0 29 95 124 191 315 61 376 80 456 26
  Saudi Arabia 24 10 34 50 84 325 409 0 409 30 439 1 440 13
  Peru 146 152 298 27 325 6 331 0 331 1 332 0 332 10
  Norway 11 27 18 45 23 68 22 90 62 152 53 205 116 321 17 42 0.2% (2022)[37]
  Luxembourg 122 5 127 7 134 16 150 45 195 83 277 42 319 244 330
  Kenya 32 14 46 61 107 20 127 20 147 71 218 89 307 3
  Armenia 1 1 2 15 17 34 50 56 106 111 217 89 306 62
  New Zealand 53 17 70 20 90 27 117 25 142 95 237 66 303 29
  Indonesia 88 10 98 0 98 57 155 17 172 53 225 66 291 0.77
  Uruguay 89 154 243 5 248 6 254 2 256 2 258 12 270 69
  Belarus 51 102 153 4 157 0 157 2 159 1 160 109 269 29
 Senegal 43 70 113 21 134 0 134 21 155 83 238 25 263 8 14
  Cuba 37 28 65 123 128 31 159 4 163 83 246 12 258 22
  Yemen 80 20 100 150 250 0 250 3 253 0 253 4 257 8
  Uzbekistan 2 1 3 1 4 0 4 0 4 100 104 149 253 3
  Mali 18 1 19 0 19 0 19 40 59 30 89 140 229 5
  Malta 20 93 19 112 15 127 27 154 30 184 22 206 0 206 312 373 9.6% (2021)[52]
  Sudan 26 10 36 23 59 21 80 37 117 19 136 54 190 3
  Croatia[29] 8 56 4 60 1 68 17 85 24 109 19 138 44 182 17 27
 Namibia 36 34 70 18 88 63 151 0 151 0 151 25 176 55 57
  Bolivia 6 2 8 62 70 50 120 0 120 50 170 0 170 15
  Malawi 12 7 19 7 26 54 80 2 82 59 141 2 143 7
  Ireland 6 11 17 15 32 26 58 35 93 42 135 0 135 27
  Nepal 2 3 25 28 10 38 7 45 25 70 23 93 24 117 17 3 0.1% (2020)[32]
  Guatemala 93 6 99 2 101 0 101 0 101 0 101 4 105 6
  Ghana 38 9 47 19 66 6 72 23 95 3 98 0 98 3
  Iraq 37 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 37 5 42
World total 76,800 306,500 95,000 401,500 108,500 510,000 70,760 580,760 133,210 713,970 135,503 849,473 203,642 1,053,115 83 108 6.2% (2022)[37]
1 Share of total electricity consumption for latest available year

History of leading countries Edit

See also: Timeline of solar cells
 
The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996

The United States was the leader of installed photovoltaics for many years, and its total capacity was 77 megawatts in 1996, more than any other country in the world at the time. From the late 1990s, Japan was the world's leader of solar electricity production until 2005, when Germany took the lead and by 2016 had a capacity of over 40 gigawatts. In 2015, China surpassed Germany to become the world's largest producer of photovoltaic power,[53] and in 2017 became the first country to surpass 100 GW of installed capacity. Leading countries per capita in 2022 were Australia, Netherlands and Germany.

United States (1954–1996) Edit

The United States, where modern solar PV was invented, led installed capacity for many years. Based on preceding work by Swedish and German engineers, the American engineer Russell Ohl at Bell Labs patented the first modern solar cell in 1946.[54][55][56] It was also there at Bell Labs where the first practical c-silicon cell was developed in 1954.[57][58] Hoffman Electronics, the leading manufacturer of silicon solar cells in the 1950s and 1960s, improved on the cell's efficiency, produced solar radios, and equipped Vanguard I, the first solar powered satellite launched into orbit in 1958.

In 1977 US-President Jimmy Carter installed solar hot water panels on the White House (later removed by President Reagan) promoting solar energy[59] and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, originally named Solar Energy Research Institute was established at Golden, Colorado. In the 1980s and early 1990s, most photovoltaic modules were used in stand-alone power systems or powered consumer products such as watches, calculators and toys, but from around 1995, industry efforts have focused increasingly on developing grid-connected rooftop PV systems and power stations. By 1996, solar PV capacity in the US amounted to 77 megawatts–more than any other country in the world at the time. Then, Japan moved ahead.

Japan (1997–2004) Edit

Japan took the lead as the world's largest producer of PV electricity, after the city of Kobe was hit by the Great Hanshin earthquake in 1995. Kobe experienced severe power outages in the aftermath of the earthquake, and PV systems were then considered as a temporary supplier of power during such events, as the disruption of the electric grid paralyzed the entire infrastructure, including gas stations that depended on electricity to pump gasoline. Moreover, in December of that same year, an accident occurred at the multibillion-dollar experimental Monju Nuclear Power Plant. A sodium leak caused a major fire and forced a shutdown (classified as INES 1). There was massive public outrage when it was revealed that the semigovernmental agency in charge of Monju had tried to cover up the extent of the accident and resulting damage.[60][61] Japan remained world leader in photovoltaics until 2004, when its capacity amounted to 1,132 megawatts. Then, focus on PV deployment shifted to Europe.

Germany (2005–2014) Edit

In 2005, Germany took the lead from Japan. With the introduction of the Renewable Energy Act in 2000, feed-in tariffs were adopted as a policy mechanism. This policy established that renewables have priority on the grid, and that a fixed price must be paid for the produced electricity over a 20-year period, providing a guaranteed return on investment irrespective of actual market prices. As a consequence, a high level of investment security lead to a soaring number of new photovoltaic installations that peaked in 2011, while investment costs in renewable technologies were brought down considerably. In 2016 Germany's installed PV capacity was over the 40 GW mark.

China (2015–present) Edit

China surpassed Germany's capacity by the end of 2015, becoming the world's largest producer of photovoltaic power.[62] China's rapid PV growth continued in 2016 – with 34.2 GW of solar photovoltaics installed.[63] The quickly lowering feed in tariff rates[64] at the end of 2015 motivated many developers to secure tariff rates before mid-year 2016 – as they were anticipating further cuts (correctly so[65]). During the course of the year, China announced its goal of installing 100 GW during the next Chinese Five Year Economic Plan (2016–2020). China expected to spend ¥1 trillion ($145B) on solar construction[66] during that period. Much of China's PV capacity was built in the relatively less populated west of the country whereas the main centres of power consumption were in the east (such as Shanghai and Beijing).[67] Due to lack of adequate power transmission lines to carry the power from the solar power plants, China had to curtail its PV generated power.[67][68][69]

History of market development Edit

Prices and costs (1977–present) Edit

 
Swanson's law – the PV learning curve
 
Price decline of c-Si solar cells
Type of cell or module Price per Watt
Multi-Si Cell (≥18.6%) $0.071
Mono-Si Cell (≥20.0%) $0.090
G1 Mono-Si Cell (>21.7%) $0.099
M6 Mono-Si Cell (>21.7%) $0.100
275W - 280W (60P) Module $0.176
325W - 330W (72P) Module $0.188
305W - 310W Module $0.240
315W - 320W Module $0.190
>325W - >385W Module $0.200
Source: EnergyTrend, price quotes, average prices, 13 July 2020[70] 

The average price per watt dropped drastically for solar cells in the decades leading up to 2017. While in 1977 prices for crystalline silicon cells were about $77 per watt, average spot prices in August 2018 were as low as $0.13 per watt or nearly 600 times less than forty years ago. Prices for thin-film solar cells and for c-Si solar panels were around $.60 per watt.[71] Module and cell prices declined even further after 2014 (see price quotes in table).

This price trend was seen as evidence supporting Swanson's law (an observation similar to the famous Moore's Law) that states that the per-watt cost of solar cells and panels fall by 20 percent for every doubling of cumulative photovoltaic production.[72] A 2015 study showed price/kWh dropping by 10% per year since 1980, and predicted that solar could contribute 20% of total electricity consumption by 2030.[73]

In its 2014 edition of the Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) published prices for residential, commercial and utility-scale PV systems for eight major markets as of 2013 (see table below).[19] However, DOE's SunShot Initiative report states lower prices than the IEA report, although both reports were published at the same time and referred to the same period. After 2014 prices fell further. For 2014, the SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. system prices to be in the range of $1.80 to $3.29 per watt.[74] Other sources identified similar price ranges of $1.70 to $3.50 for the different market segments in the U.S.[75] In the highly penetrated German market, prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt (€1.24/W) by the end of 2014.[76] In 2015, Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt. Costs for utility-scale systems in China and India were estimated as low as $1.00 per watt.[11]: 9 

Typical PV system prices in 2013 in selected countries (USD)
USD/W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States
 Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.91
 Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.51
 Utility-scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.31
Source: IEA – Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy report, September 2014'[19]: 15 
1U.S figures are lower in DOE's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends[74]

According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, a "sustained, dramatic decline" in utility-scale solar PV electricity cost driven by lower solar PV module and system costs continued in 2018, with global weighted average levelized cost of energy of solar PV falling to US$0.085 per kilowatt-hour, or 13% lower than projects commissioned the previous year, resulting in a decline from 2010 to 2018 of 77%.[77]

Technologies (1990–present) Edit

 
Global photovoltaics market share by technology 1980-2021. [78]: 24, 25 

There were significant advances in conventional crystalline silicon (c-Si) technology in the years leading up to 2017. The falling cost of the polysilicon since 2009, that followed after a period of severe shortage (see below) of silicon feedstock, pressure increased on manufacturers of commercial thin-film PV technologies, including amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), led to the bankruptcy of several thin-film companies that had once been highly touted.[79] The sector faced price competition from Chinese crystalline silicon cell and module manufacturers, and some companies together with their patents were sold below cost.[80]

Global PV market by technology in 2021.[78]: 24, 25 

  CdTe (4.1%)
  a-Si (0.1%)
  CIGS (0.8%)
  mono-Si (82%)
  multi-Si (13%)

In 2013 thin-film technologies accounted for about 9 percent of worldwide deployment, while 91 percent was held by crystalline silicon (mono-Si and multi-Si). With 5 percent of the overall market, CdTe held more than half of the thin-film market, leaving 2 percent to each CIGS and amorphous silicon.[81]: 24–25 

Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is the name of the semiconductor material on which the technology is based. One of the largest producers of CIGS photovoltaics in 2015 was the Japanese company Solar Frontier with a manufacturing capacity in the gigawatt-scale. Their CIS line technology included modules with conversion efficiencies of over 15%.[82] The company profited from the booming Japanese market and attempted to expand its international business. However, several prominent manufacturers could not keep up with the advances in conventional crystalline silicon technology. The company Solyndra ceased all business activity and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2011, and Nanosolar, also a CIGS manufacturer, closed its doors in 2013. Although both companies produced CIGS solar cells, it has been pointed out, that the failure was not due to the technology but rather because of the companies themselves, using a flawed architecture, such as, for example, Solyndra's cylindrical substrates.[83]
The U.S.-company First Solar, a leading manufacturer of CdTe, built several of the world's largest solar power stations, such as the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm and Topaz Solar Farm, both in the Californian desert with 550 MW capacity each, as well as the 102 MWAC Nyngan Solar Plant in Australia (the largest PV power station in the Southern Hemisphere at the time) commissioned in mid-2015.[84] The company was reported in 2013 to be successfully producing CdTe-panels with a steadily increasing efficiency and declining cost per watt.[85]: 18–19  CdTe was the lowest energy payback time of all mass-produced PV technologies, and could be as short as eight months in favorable locations.[81]: 31  The company Abound Solar, also a manufacturer of cadmium telluride modules, went bankrupt in 2012.[86]
In 2012, ECD solar, once one of the world's leading manufacturer of amorphous silicon (a-Si) technology, filed for bankruptcy in Michigan, United States. Swiss OC Oerlikon divested its solar division that produced a-Si/μc-Si tandem cells to Tokyo Electron Limited.[87][88] Other companies that left the amorphous silicon thin-film market include DuPont, BP, Flexcell, Inventux, Pramac, Schuco, Sencera, EPV Solar,[89] NovaSolar (formerly OptiSolar)[90] and Suntech Power that stopped manufacturing a-Si modules in 2010 to focus on crystalline silicon solar panels. In 2013, Suntech filed for bankruptcy in China.[91][92]

Silicon shortage (2005–2008) Edit

 
Polysilicon prices since 2004. As of July 2020, the ASP for polysilicon stands at $6.956/kg[70]

In the early 2000s, prices for polysilicon, the raw material for conventional solar cells, were as low as $30 per kilogram and silicon manufacturers had no incentive to expand production.

However, there was a severe silicon shortage in 2005, when governmental programmes caused a 75% increase in the deployment of solar PV in Europe. In addition, the demand for silicon from semiconductor manufacturers was growing. Since the amount of silicon needed for semiconductors makes up a much smaller portion of production costs, semiconductor manufacturers were able to outbid solar companies for the available silicon in the market.[93]

Initially, the incumbent polysilicon producers were slow to respond to rising demand for solar applications, because of their painful experience with over-investment in the past. Silicon prices sharply rose to about $80 per kilogram, and reached as much as $400/kg for long-term contracts and spot prices. In 2007, the constraints on silicon became so severe that the solar industry was forced to idle about a quarter of its cell and module manufacturing capacity—an estimated 777 MW of the then available production capacity. The shortage also provided silicon specialists with both the cash and an incentive to develop new technologies and several new producers entered the market. Early responses from the solar industry focused on improvements in the recycling of silicon. When this potential was exhausted, companies have been taking a harder look at alternatives to the conventional Siemens process.[94]

As it takes about three years to build a new polysilicon plant, the shortage continued until 2008. Prices for conventional solar cells remained constant or even rose slightly during the period of silicon shortage from 2005 to 2008. This is notably seen as a "shoulder" that sticks out in the Swanson's PV-learning curve and it was feared that a prolonged shortage could delay solar power becoming competitive with conventional energy prices without subsidies.

In the meantime the solar industry lowered the number of grams-per-watt by reducing wafer thickness and kerf loss, increasing yields in each manufacturing step, reducing module loss, and raising panel efficiency. Finally, the ramp up of polysilicon production alleviated worldwide markets from the scarcity of silicon in 2009 and subsequently lead to an overcapacity with sharply declining prices in the photovoltaic industry for the following years.

Solar overcapacity (2009–2013) Edit

Solar module production
utilization of production capacity in %
Utilization rate of solar PV module production capacity in % since 1993[95]: 47 

As the polysilicon industry had started to build additional large production capacities during the shortage period, prices dropped as low as $15 per kilogram forcing some producers to suspend production or exit the sector. Prices for silicon stabilized around $20 per kilogram and the booming solar PV market helped to reduce the enormous global overcapacity from 2009 onwards. However, overcapacity in the PV industry continued to persist. In 2013, global record deployment of 38 GW (updated EPIA figure[22]) was still much lower than China's annual production capacity of approximately 60 GW. Continued overcapacity was further reduced by significantly lowering solar module prices and, as a consequence, many manufacturers could no longer cover costs or remain competitive. As worldwide growth of PV deployment continued, the gap between overcapacity and global demand was expected in 2014 to close in the next few years.[96]

IEA-PVPS published in 2014 historical data for the worldwide utilization of solar PV module production capacity that showed a slow return to normalization in manufacture in the years leading up to 2014. The utilization rate is the ratio of production capacities versus actual production output for a given year. A low of 49% was reached in 2007 and reflected the peak of the silicon shortage that idled a significant share of the module production capacity. As of 2013, the utilization rate had recovered somewhat and increased to 63%.[95]: 47 

Anti-dumping duties (2012–present) Edit

After anti-dumping petition were filed and investigations carried out,[97] the United States imposed tariffs of 31 percent to 250 percent on solar products imported from China in 2012.[98] A year later, the EU also imposed definitive anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures on imports of solar panels from China at an average of 47.7 percent for a two-year time span.[99]

Shortly thereafter, China, in turn, levied duties on U.S. polysilicon imports, the feedstock for the production of solar cells.[100] In January 2014, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce set its anti-dumping tariff on U.S. polysilicon producers, such as Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation to 57%, while other major polysilicon producing companies, such as German Wacker Chemie and Korean OCI were much less affected. All this has caused much controversy between proponents and opponents and was subject of debate.

History of deployment Edit

 
2016-2020 development of the Bhadla Solar Park (India), documented on Sentinel-2 satellite imagery

Deployment figures on a global, regional and nationwide scale are well documented since the early 1990s. While worldwide photovoltaic capacity grew continuously, deployment figures by country were much more dynamic, as they depended strongly on national policies. A number of organizations release comprehensive reports on PV deployment on a yearly basis. They include annual and cumulative deployed PV capacity, typically given in watt-peak, a break-down by markets, as well as in-depth analysis and forecasts about future trends.

Timeline of the largest PV power stations in the world
Year(a) Name of PV power station Country Capacity
MW
1982 Lugo United States 1
1985 Carrisa Plain United States 5.6
2005 Bavaria Solarpark (Mühlhausen) Germany 6.3
2006 Erlasee Solar Park Germany 11.4
2008 Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Spain 60
2010 Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant Canada 97
2011 Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park China 200
2012 Agua Caliente Solar Project United States 290
2014 Topaz Solar Farm(b) United States 550
2015 Longyangxia Dam Solar Park China 850
2016 Tengger Desert Solar Park China 1547
2019 Pavagada Solar Park India 2050
2020 Bhadla Solar Park India 2245
Also see list of photovoltaic power stations and list of noteworthy solar parks
(a) year of final commissioning (b) capacity given in  MWAC otherwise in MWDC

Worldwide annual deployment Edit

 2018: 103,000 MW (20.4%)2017: 95,000 MW (18.8%)2016: 76,600 MW (15.2%)2015: 50,909 MW (10.1%)2014: 40,134 MW (8.0%)2013: 38,352 MW (7.6%)2012: 30,011 MW (5.9%)2011: 30,133 MW (6.0%)2010: 17,151 MW (3.4%)2009: 7,340 MW (1.5%)2008: 6,661 MW (1.3%)before: 9,183 MW (1.8%)
  •   2018: 103,000 MW (20.4%)
  •   2017: 95,000 MW (18.8%)
  •   2016: 76,600 MW (15.2%)
  •   2015: 50,909 MW (10.1%)
  •   2014: 40,134 MW (8.0%)
  •   2013: 38,352 MW (7.6%)
  •   2012: 30,011 MW (5.9%)
  •   2011: 30,133 MW (6.0%)
  •   2010: 17,151 MW (3.4%)
  •   2009: 7,340 MW (1.5%)
  •   2008: 6,661 MW (1.3%)
  •   before: 9,183 MW (1.8%)
Annual PV deployment as a %-share of global total capacity (estimate for 2018).[101][102]
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Global annual installed capacity since 2002, in megawatts (hover with mouse over bar).

  annual deployment since 2002    2022: 268 GW (estimate) [103]

Worldwide cumulative Edit

The worldwide growth of solar PV capacity was an exponential curve between 1992 and 2017. Tables below show global cumulative nominal capacity by the end of each year in megawatts, and the year-to-year increase in percent. In 2014, the global capacity was expected to grow by 33 percent from 139 to 185 GW. This corresponded to an exponential growth rate of 29 percent or about 2.4 years for current worldwide PV capacity to double. Exponential growth rate: P(t) = P0ert, where P0 is 139 GW, growth-rate r 0.29 (results in doubling time t of 2.4 years).

The following table contains data from multiple different sources. For 1992–1995: compiled figures of 16 main markets (see section All time PV installations by country), for 1996–1999: BP-Statistical Review of world energy (Historical Data Workbook)[104] for 2000–2013: EPIA Global Outlook on Photovoltaics Report[22]: 17 

1990s
 Year  CapacityA
MWp		 Δ%B Refs
1991 n.a. — C
1992 105 n.a. C
1993 130 24% C
1994 158 22% C
1995 192 22% C
1996 309 61% [104]
1997 422 37% [104]
1998 566 34% [104]
1999 807 43% [104]
2000 1,250 55% [104]
2000s
 Year  CapacityA
MWp		 Δ%B Refs
2001 1,615 27% [22]
2002 2,069 28% [22]
2003 2,635 27% [22]
2004 3,723 41% [22]
2005 5,112 37% [22]
2006 6,660 30% [22]
2007 9,183 38% [22]
2008 15,844 73% [22]
2009 23,185 46% [22]
2010 40,336 74% [22]
2010s
 Year  CapacityA
MWp		 Δ%B Refs
2011 70,469 75% [22]
2012 100,504 43% [22]
2013 138,856 38% [22]
2014 178,391 28% [101]
2015 221,988 24% [105]
2016 295,816 33% [105]
2017 388,550 31% [105]
2018 488,741 26% [105]
2019 586,421 20% [105]
2020 713,970 21% [106]
2020s
 Year  CapacityA
MWp		 Δ%B Refs
2021 849,473 19% [107]
2022 1,053,115 19%
Legend:
^A Worldwide, cumulative nameplate capacity in megawatt-peak MWp, (re-)calculated in DC power output.
^B annual increase of cumulative worldwide PV nameplate capacity in percent.
^C figures of 16 main markets, including Australia, Canada, Japan, Korea, Mexico, European countries, and the United States.

Deployment by country Edit

Further information: History of photovoltaic growth and Solar power by country
 
Grid parity for solar PV systems around the world
  Reached grid-parity before 2014
  Reached grid-parity after 2014
  Reached grid-parity only for peak prices
  U.S. states poised to reach grid-parity
Source: Deutsche Bank, as of February 2015

Number of countries with PV
capacities in the gigawatt-scale

Growing number of solar gigawatt-markets
  Over 1 GW
  Over 10 GW
  Over 100 GW
  • 2021  [108]                  
    2017                    

All time PV installations by country Edit

IEA and other sources (1992-2015) Edit

IRENA (2000-2020) Edit

Solar Photovoltaic Capacity (MW) by Country/Region each year[132]
ISO_A3 Country/Region 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
AFG Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 16.1 16.8 18.4 18.9 20.2 22 21.6 31.1 30.5
ALB Albania 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1 1 1 14 16.9
DZA Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 49.1 219 400 423 423 423
ASM American Samoa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.8 4.2 5.1 5.1 5.1
AND Andorra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.1 2 2.9
AGO Angola 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 2.7 4.8 5.3 7.1 7.7 9.6 10.8 12 12.9 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4
AIA Anguilla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.5 1.5
ATG Antigua and Barbuda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 3.4 3.5 3.9 8.3 8.3 12.5
ARG Argentina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2 6.2 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.8 8.8 191 442 761
ARM Armenia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.4 17.3 50 95
ABW Aruba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 1 1.6 4.9 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1
AUS Australia 25 29 34 39 46 52 61 70 82 329 1,088 2,470 3,796 4,565 5,284 5,943 6,686 7,352 8,623 12,967 17,342
AUT Austria 5 7 9 23 27 21 22.4 24.2 30.1 48.9 88.8 174 337 626 785 937 1,096 1,269 1,455 1,702 2,220
AZE Azerbaijan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 1 1 1 2.4 4.8 24.9 28.4 34.9 35.4 35.4
BHS Bahamas (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 2.3 2.2
BHR Bahrain 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 5 5 6 6 6.3 9.3 9.8
BGD Bangladesh 0 0 0 0.6 1.4 2.5 4 6.6 11.1 18.3 32.3 42.6 66.1 94 119 145 161 185 201 239 276
BRB Barbados 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.8 1 1.3 1.5 1.7 6.5 9 20 21 22 35 50
BLR Belarus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 47 80 154 154 160
BEL Belgium 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 20 62 386 1,007 1,979 2,647 2,902 3,015 3,132 3,329 3,621 4,000 4,637 5,646
BLZ Belize 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.9 1.9 2.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.2 6.3 6.6
BEN Benin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9
BES Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 2.2 4.5 5.6 6.6 6.6
BTN Bhutan 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
BOL Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.4 2.4 2.8 3 3.4 4.1 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 7.5 69.9 120 120
BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 7.2 8.2 14.1 16 18.2 22.4 34.9
BWA Botswana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.2 3.3 3.4 3.9 6.1 6.1
VGB Virgin Islands (British) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
BRA Brazil 0 0 0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 6.1 6.6 12.5 20.7 45.6 128 1,207 2,435 4,613 7,879
BRN Brunei Darussalam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4
BGR Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 2 25 154 1,013 1,020 1,026 1,029 1,028 1,036 1,033 1,048 1,073
BFA Burkina Faso 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.3 3 3.6 5.8 5.8 6.3 7 8 10 46.8 61.8 62.4 62.4
BDI Burundi 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.6 2.6 2.8 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
CPV Cabo Verde 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.2 7.5 7.6 7.6
KHM Cambodia 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.2 3.9 4.7 5.9 9.2 12.2 18.4 29.4 28.8 124 208
CMR Cameroon 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 1 2.4 2.8 3.6 5.6 7.4 9 11.6 14.2 14.2 14.3
CAN Canada 7 9 10 12 14 18 22 29 38 107 249 628 766 1,210 1,843 2,519 2,665 2,932 3,095 3,327 3,342
CYM Cayman Islands (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8 8.8 9.9 11.1 12.7
CAF Central African Republic (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
TCD Chad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
CHL Chile 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15 221 576 1,125 1,809 2,137 2,555 3,106
CHN China 33.5 38 56.5 66.6 76.6 141 160 199 253 415 1,022 3,108 6,718 17,748 28,388 43,538 77,788 130,801 175,016 204,575 253,834
TWN Taiwan 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 1 1.4 2.4 5.6 9.5 34.6 130 231 410 636 884 1,245 1,768 2,738 4,150 5,817
COL Colombia 0.6 1 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 11.3 88.4 92.4 110
COD Congo (the Democratic Republic of the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.7 3.2 5.2 19.9 19.9 19.9
COG Congo (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
COK Cook Islands (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 1.7 3.2 4.1 4.1 6 7.3 7.3
CRI Costa Rica 0.2 0.6 1.1 1.7 2 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.6 5 6.2 6.8 9.9 12.7 16.7 22.5 23.6 28 28 48.4 56.8
CIV Côte d'Ivoire 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.7 2 2.9 3.8 5.1 5.1 8.3 13.1 13.1 13.1
HRV Croatia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 4 19 33 47.8 55.8 60 67.7 84.8 84.8
CUB Cuba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 11 22 23.8 37 65.5 128 159 163
CUW Curaçao 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.1 7.7 10.1 11.1 11.1 11.9 11.9 11.9
CYP Cyprus 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 4 7 10 17 35 64 76 84 110 118 151 200
CZE Czechia 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 4 39.5 465 1,727 1,913 2,022 2,064 2,067 2,075 2,068 2,070 2,075 2,086 2,073
DNK Denmark 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 7 17 402 571 607 782 851 906 998 1,080 1,300
DJI Djibouti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
DMA Dominica 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
DOM Dominican Republic (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 8.9 15.3 25.8 71.1 103 203 196 267
ECU Ecuador 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 3.9 26.4 25.5 25.6 25.6 26.7 27.6 27.6
EGY Egypt 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.3 15 15 15 15 15 25 39 160 744 1,627 1,659
SLV El Salvador 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 12.5 23.6 24.8 121 198 403 429
GNQ Equatorial Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1
ERI Eritrea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.9 7.9 8.2 10.2 17.7 20 22.2
EST Estonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.5 3.3 6.5 10 15 31.9 121 130
SWZ Eswatini 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
ETH Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.1 3.3 9.1 9.9 14 12.5 12.3 12.3 20.2
E28 European Union (28)   178   276   360   596 1 305 2 281 3 235 5 006 10 420 16 816 30 148 53 393 71 206 80 659 87 190 95 370 101 490 107 073 115 223 131 813 150 502
FLK Falkland Islands (the) [Malvinas] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
FRO Faroe Islands (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3
FJI Fiji 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.4 1.9 3.3 5.3 7.1 9.5 9.5 9.7
FIN Finland 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 11 17 39 82 140 222 391
GUF French Guiana 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 2.5 23.2 35.9 36.3 36.6 36.7 46.5 46.5 46.6 46.7 46.7 54.9
PYF French Polynesia 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.9 11 13.5 16.9 24.6 27.9 31.6 35.2 37.4 41 41
FRA France 7 7 8 9 11 13 15 26 80 277 1,044 3,004 4,359 5,277 6,034 7,138 7,702 8,610 9,691 10,795 11,724
GAB Gabon 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
GMB Gambia (the) 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2 2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
GEO Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7
DEU Germany 114 195 260 435 1,105 2,056 2,899 4,170 6,120 10,564 18,004 25,914 34,075 36,708 37,898 39,222 40,677 42,291 45,156 49,045 53,781
GHA Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 5.7 31.4 37.9 47.1 80.9 87.7 94.2
GRC Greece 0 1 1 1 1 1 5 9 12 46 202 612 1,536 2,579 2,596 2,604 2,604 2,606 2,652 2,834 3,247
GRL Greenland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1
GRD Grenada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2.2 2.3 2.7 3.3 3.3
GLP Guadeloupe 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 1.2 2.5 3.7 10.9 22.4 28.5 60 66.6 66.6 67.1 68 70 70 81 85.4
GUM Guam 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.4 32 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.8 34.8
GTM Guatemala 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.5 2.6 10.4 93.3 93.3 99.3 101 101 101
GIN Guinea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.4 3.4 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.4 13.4 13.4
GNB Guinea-Bissau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.2 1.2
GUY Guyana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 1 1 1.1 1.5 2 3.5 6.3 8.4 8.4
HTI Haiti 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6
HND Honduras 1.6 1.8 2 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.5 5.2 5.2 5.2 393 414 454 514 516 516
HUN Hungary 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 1 1 2 4 12 35 89 172 235 344 728 1,400 1,953
ISL Iceland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.9 1.1 2.5 3.5 4.3 5.3 7 7
IND India 1.1 5.5 6.7 7.9 7.8 11.6 9.6 25.1 27.7 39.4 65.4 563 979 1,446 3,444 5,365 9,651 17,923 27,125 34,861 38,983
IDN Indonesia 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.4 2.2 5.7 9.5 13.4 14.6 17 26.4 38.4 41.6 78.6 88.4 97.5 69.1 155 172
IRN Iran (Islamic Republic of) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1 9.4 9.4 43.2 184 286 346 430
IRQ Iraq 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.5 216 216 216
IRL Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.6 2.4 5.9 15.7 24.2 31.1 40.2
ISR Israel 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.3 1.8 3 24.5 69.9 190 237 420 670 766 866 969 1,070 1,190 2,230
ITA Italy 19 20 22 26 31 34 45 110 483 1,264 3,592 13,131 16,785 18,185 18,594 18,901 19,283 19,682 20,108 20,865 21,594
JAM Jamaica 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.7 1 1.5 1.8 2.1 4.1 6.5 27.5 55.5 55.5 92.5 92.5
JPN Japan 330 453 637 860 1,132 1,422 1,708 1,919 2,144 2,627 3,618 4,914 6,632 13,599 23,339 34,150 42,040 49,500 56,162 63,192 68,665
JOR Jordan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 5.5 296 406 809 1,101 1,359
KAZ Kazakhstan 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.1 1.3 2.6 3.6 6 15.8 76.3 144 157 175 490 1,150 1,719
KEN Kenya 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.4 3.4 7.2 16.7 30.8 31.9 39.1 105 106 106
KIR Kiribati 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 2.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9
PRK Korea (the Democratic People's Republic of) 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 1 1.7 2.3 6.1 11 22.8 31.5 34.8 37.8 41.8 41.8
KOR Korea (the Republic of) 4 5 5 6 9 14 36 81 357 524 650 730 1,024 1,555 2,481 3,615 4,502 5,835 8,099 11,952 14,575
XKO Kosovo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 2 6.6 6.6 10 10
KWT Kuwait 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 2 3.2 30.5 32 43.1 43.3 43.3
LAO Lao People's Democratic Republic (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 2.9 3.3 3.6 21.6 21.6 21.6 21.6
LVA Latvia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 2 3.3 7.2
LBN Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.9 4.8 11.4 24.6 37.4 56.5 78.7 78.7
LSO Lesotho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
LBR Liberia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6
LBY Libya 0 0 0 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
LTU Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 7 68 69 69 70 73.8 82 82 148
LUX Luxembourg 0 0.2 1.6 14.2 23.6 23.6 23.7 23.9 24.6 26.4 29.5 40.7 74.7 95 110 116 122 128 131 160 195
MDG Madagascar 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.5 2 2.6 5 7 9 11 13 33.4 34.2 33
MWI Malawi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.8 2.7 5.4 7.7 12.1 12.1 19.2 22.7 22.7 24
MYS Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 25.1 97.1 166 229 279 370 536 882 1,493
MDV Maldives 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.8 4.1 4.1 6.8 9.5 9.5 13.2 15.2
MLI Mali 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.7 2.5 3.4 3.9 3.9 6.4 9.9 15.7 15.7 16.2 17.2 17.6 19.3 19.3 19.3 69.5
MLT Malta 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.8 5.3 15.7 28.5 54.6 74.8 93.6 112 131 154 184
MHL Marshall Islands (the) 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 1 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
MTQ Martinique 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 4 7.3 14.2 26.4 48 60 62 62.5 65.4 66.9 68.4 71 75.8 76
MRT Mauritania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 18.2 18.2 34.8 34.8 86.8 87.5 87.5
MUS Mauritius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 2.5 18.2 18.7 27.3 28.8 67.5 83.5 83.5
MYT Mayotte 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1.8 8.3 12.4 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.2 13.3 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1
MEX Mexico 14 15 16 16 16 16 16 19 19 25 29 39 60 82 116 173 389 674 2,541 4,426 5,630
FSM Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9
MDA Moldova (the Republic of) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2.3 2.1 3 5 5
MNG Mongolia 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.8 3.8 4.6 4.6 4.6 5 5 5 15 47.7 64.2 89.2 89.6
MNE Montenegro 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 2.1 2.7 3.1 3.4 4.5 5.3 6.2
MSR Montserrat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3
MAR Morocco 6.7 7 7.7 8.4 9.1 10 10.8 11.9 12.8 13.4 13.5 14.2 15.2 15.2 19.6 19.8 21.9 23.9 194 194 194
MOZ Mozambique 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1.5 4.9 7 10 13 15 55 95 95
MMR Myanmar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.4 2.8 4.2 6.3 20.8 32 43.8 47.5 88.5 84.5
NAM Namibia 1 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.4 3 3.6 4.2 7.4 11.1 14.6 16.5 21 36 74.8 92.5 145 145
NRU Nauru 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.9 1.9
NPL Nepal 0 0.3 0.6 1 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.6 2 3.8 4.3 8.5 9.3 10.8 11.5 13.4 13.6 54.3 52.5 50.7 60.5
NLD Netherlands (the) 13 21 26 46 50 51 53 54 59 69 90 149 287 650 1,007 1,526 2,135 2,911 4,608 7,177 10,213
NCL New Caledonia 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.7 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 6.8 8.8 26.2 28.6 61.8 80
NZL New Zealand 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3 4 8 22 37 53 70 90 116 142
NIC Nicaragua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 14 14 16.4 16.4
NER Niger (the) 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 2.1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 27 27 27
NGA Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.2 15.4 15.6 17 18.4 18.9 19.1 28 28.4
NIU Niue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.9
MKD North Macedonia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 7 15 17 16.7 16.7 20.6 26.2 94.4
NOR Norway 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.5 10 11 13 15 26.7 44.9 68.4 120 152
OMN Oman 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.7 2.2 2.2 8.2 8.3 8.7 109
PAK Pakistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.1 3.7 9.3 18.6 45.8 101 165 266 589 655 679 713 737
PLW Palau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.7
PSE Palestine, State of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.6 0.6 3 12 25 35 40 81.8 117
PAN Panama 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 1 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.4 3 3.7 6.1 49.3 93 147 193 198 198
PNG Papua New Guinea 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
PRY Paraguay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
PER Peru 0.9 1.9 3 3.5 4.3 5 5.8 6.8 8 9.8 12.5 17.5 103 109 134 139 146 298 325 331 331
PHL Philippines (the) 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 27.7 173 784 908 914 973 1,048
POL Poland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1 1.3 2.4 27.2 108 187 287 562 1,539 3,936
PRT Portugal 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 24 59 115 134 172 238 296 415 447 513 579 667 901 1,025
PRI Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 3.8 3.8 6.9 57.9 72.9 88.4 133 165 165 165 158
QAT Qatar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.7 2.3 4 4 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
REU Réunion 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.5 3 5.8 10 42.5 89.3 131 153 156 167 187 186 188 190 191 191
ROM Romania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 41 761 1,293 1,326 1,372 1,374 1,386 1,398 1,387
RUS Russian Federation (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.3 5 61.3 76.3 225 535 1,276 1,428
RWA Rwanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.9 10 14 19.2 27.3 31 31 31
WSM Samoa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 3.1 4.8 7.2 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5
STP São Tomé and Príncipe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
SAU Saudi Arabia 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.4 2.9 13.6 22.5 24.3 24.3 24.3 34.4 34.4 359 359
SEN Senegal 1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.8 2 2.3 2.6 3.3 4.8 5.9 7 9 9 42 107 148 171 171
SRB Serbia 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.9 0.9 2.3 3 3.3 3.7 7.1 9.7 13.4 15.8 17.2 18.4 20.8 23.4 28.8
SYC Seychelles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1 1.4 1.9 2.6 3.7 3.7 3.8
SLE Sierra Leone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 3.8 4.4 4.4 4.4
SGP Singapore 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.5 3 4.6 7.8 11.8 25.3 45.7 96.6 116 160 272 329
SVK Slovakia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 496 513 533 533 533 533 528 472 590 593
SVN Slovenia 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 12 57 142 187 223 238 233 247 247 264 267
SLB Solomon Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
SOM Somalia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 4.7 6.9 7.1 7.1 22.5
ZAF South Africa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5.7 11.3 262 1,063 1,252 1,974 3,147 4,401 4,405 5,490
SSD South Sudan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6
ESP Spain 10 13 17 22 33 52 130 494 3,384 3,423 3,873 4,283 4,569 4,690 4,697 4,704 4,713 4,723 4,764 8,973 11,785
LKA Sri Lanka 0.3 0.9 1.6 2.3 2.9 3.6 4.2 4.9 5.6 6.3 7 9.6 9.7 13 19.6 31.2 62.5 131 185 215 230
BLM Saint Barthélemy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
KNA Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9
LCA Saint Lucia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.8 3.8 3.8 3.8
MAF Saint Martin (French part) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.4 1.6 2.6 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5
VCT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9
SDN Sudan (the) 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.9 2.3 3.5 8 8 8 11.1 12.3 12.6 12.6 17.9 17.9
SUR Suriname 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.9 6.2 6.2 6.7 7.7 8.8 8.8 9.4
SWE Sweden 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 24 43 60 104 153 244 428 714 1,417
CHE Switzerland 16 18 20 22 24 28 30 37 49 79 125 223 437 756 1,061 1,394 1,664 1,906 2,173 2,498 2,943
SYR Syrian Arab Republic (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.4 2.5 2.5
TZA Tanzania, the United Republic of 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 1.2 3.7 11.2 12.8 18.5 22.1 26.5 26.6 23.6
THA Thailand 0 0 0 0 0 0 30.4 32.3 32.4 37 48.6 78.7 377 824 1,299 1,420 2,446 2,697 2,962 2,983 2,983
TMP East Timor 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
TGO Togo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.7 2.1 2.5 3.5 5.5 5.6
TKL Tokelau 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
TON Tonga 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.7 1.7 2.7 3.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2
TTO Trinidad and Tobago 0.3 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.7 1.8 2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 3 3 3
TUN Tunisia 0.8 1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.9 5.6 9.5 17.1 27.5 41 50.8 63.7 80 94.9
TUR Turkey 0.1 0.3 0.6 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.7 4.7 5.7 6.7 11.7 17.7 40 249 833 3,421 5,063 5,995 6,667
TCA Turks and Caicos Islands (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.9
TUV Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3
UGA Uganda 0.2 0.8 1.1 1.7 2.3 3 5.4 7.7 11.7 14.2 14.9 16.2 17.3 18.5 20 22 24 43.6 66.8 77 77.3
GBR United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the) 2 3 4 6 8 11 14 18 23 27 95 1,000 1,753 2,937 5,528 9,601 11,914 12,760 13,073 13,346 13,462
UKR Ukraine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 188 372 748 819 841 955 1,200 2,003 5,936 7,331
ARE United Arab Emirates (the) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.1 10.8 12.8 13.2 25.8 33.2 33.4 40.4 255 498 1,818 2,439
URY Uruguay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.6 1.1 3.2 6 10.5 243 248 254 258
VIR Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.6 0.9 5 9.2 9.2 5 5 5 5
USA United States of America (the) 176 213 255 293 363 493 698 974 1,153 1,614 2,909 5,172 8,137 11,759 15,984 21,684 32,958 41,357 49,812 59,068 73,814
UZB Uzbekistan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.1 1.1 2.3 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.5
VUT Vanuatu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.8 2.7 4.1 4.3 4.2
VEN Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.8 2 2.3 2.3 3.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4 5.3 5.3
VNM Viet Nam 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 8 105 4,898 16,504
YEM Yemen 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 1 1 1.3 1.4 2.4 5 60 80 100 250 250 253
ZMB Zambia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 96.4 99.4
ZWE Zimbabwe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.9 2 2.7 4.3 5.1 6.3 10.6 11.1 17
WORLD TOTAL 987 1,369 1,798 2,562 4,358 6,830 9,329 13,513 25,150 39,659 70,482 125,593 172,860 217,837 262,783 318,307 396,289 496,651 598,134 715,685 860,175

See also Edit

Notes Edit

References Edit

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External links Edit

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