Wikipedia

Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft

The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) program was initiated by the United States Army in 2018 to develop a successor to the Bell OH-58 Kiowa scout helicopter as part of the Future Vertical Lift program. The OH-58 was retired in 2017; three prior programs for a successor were cancelled prior to reaching production: Light Helicopter Experimental (1982–2004, resulting in the Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche), Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter (2004–06, resulting in the Bell ARH-70 Arapaho), and Armed Aerial Scout (2012–13, evaluating commercial off-the-shelf designs). Several billions of dollars were spent without delivering any new helicopters to service, due to this cycle of development and cancellation. During this time the armed scout role was filled primarily by the Vietnam-era OH-58, which was finally retired in the late 2010s, leaving the Army to use attack helicopters to fill in this role.

Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA)
General information
Project forUtility and Scout/Attack Helicopter
Issued byUnited States Army
ProposalsAVX/L3, Bell, Boeing, Karem, and Sikorsky
PrototypesBell 360 Invictus
Sikorsky Raider X
History
OutcomeCanceled
Predecessors
VariationsFuture Vertical Lift (FVL)
Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA)

Design contracts for FARA candidates were awarded in April 2019 to five manufacturers: AVX Aircraft (in partnership with L3Harris Technologies), Bell Helicopter, Boeing, Karem Aircraft, and Sikorsky Aircraft (part of Lockheed Martin now). In March 2020, the designs from Bell and Sikorsky were selected to proceed to Phase 2 of the competition, expected to end with a government flight test evaluation in fall 2023,[1] followed by the selection of a successor by 2028.[2] However, on 8 February 2024, the U.S. Army announced that the FARA program would be terminated due to developments in modern warfare rendering it unnecessary.[3][4]

Design goals edit

 
FARA would have developed a successor to the OH-58 (pictured) in the armed reconnaissance role

U.S. Army officials called the FARA its "'knife-fighter' of future Army Aviation capabilities", providing maximum performance in a small package. Per the initial request for proposal, FARA candidates will use the engine selected under the Improved Turbine Engine Program (ITEP). Performance goals were set with few restrictions aside from maximum dimensions not to exceed 40 feet (12 m) for both rotor diameter and fuselage width.[5] The proposed FARA aircraft must integrate government furnished equipment (weapons and engine) with an affordability goal, and should meet desired range, endurance, and payload targets.[6]

Competition history edit

The OH-58 was retired without a clear successor in 2014; three successive programs were cancelled without reaching production; although the Army intended to perform a service life extension program for the OH-58 fleet in 2013, cuts to the defense budget forced its retirement. In lieu of the OH-58, the Army has used Boeing AH-64 Apache attack helicopters paired with AAI RQ-7 Shadow drones in the armed reconnaissance role.[7]

FARA is part of the Future Vertical Lift program and its procurement is largely modeled on the Joint Multi-Role technology demonstration program. The US Army released a draft solicitation on June 22, 2018 for reconnaissance helicopter proposals, with the intent to have two flying prototype designs by 2023, which will compete for the final award.[8][9] On October 3, 2018, the Army released its formal request for proposal and outlined its proposed schedule:[5]

  • Jun 2019: Award four to six initial candidate design contracts
  • Mar 2020: Choose two of the initial candidate designs to be developed into flying prototypes
  • Nov 2022: Fly-off competition to be held between the two prototype designs
  • Future: Award contract based on results from fly-off competition

The FARA procurement, headed by Brigadier General Wally Rugen, would disburse $15 million per candidate selected in the first development phase. The two prototype candidates would each receive $735 million to build flying aircraft for the competition.[5] In April 2019, the Army awarded candidate design contracts to five manufacturers: AVX/L3, Bell, Boeing, Karem, and Sikorsky.[2] MD Helicopters, which was developing a variant of its MD902 Explorer with a wing to meet the Army's requirements, was not selected for the candidate design phase.[10]

Initial candidate designs edit

AVX/L3 edit

The AVX/L3 candidate design was unveiled at the summit of the Army Aviation Association of America in April 2019.[2] The design, which AVX/L3 call the Compound Coaxial Helicopter (CCH), uses a side-by-side cockpit with main compound coaxial rotors; ducted fans at the tail provide both forward and reverse thrust.[11][12]

Bell edit

Main article: Bell 360 Invictus

The CEO of Textron, Bell's parent company, stated that its FARA candidate design would be based on technology developed for the 525, rather than a further development of the V-280 tiltrotor.[2] In October 2019, Bell announced the 360 Invictus as its FARA candidate design, a winged helicopter with a single rotor and ducted tail rotor.[13]

Boeing edit

As of October 2019, Boeing had not released details on its FARA candidate aircraft to the public.[14] A Boeing executive declined to state if the recently unveiled Compound Apache would form the basis for the company's FARA candidate design.[15] On February 13, 2020, Boeing released a teaser video and images of its FARA design. It offers stealth features.[16][17][18] More details of the Boeing FARA design were revealed on March 3, 2020; it is a three-rotor compound helicopter with tandem seating.[19]

Karem edit

Karem Aircraft announced in July 2019 it had partnered with Northrop Grumman and Raytheon to design its FARA candidate aircraft.[20] On October 16, 2019, Karem unveiled its AR40 design, a compound helicopter with a rigid main rotor, a swiveling tail rotor/pusher propeller, and a pivoting wing.[21]

Sikorsky edit

Main article: Sikorsky Raider X

Sikorsky stated that its FARA candidate design would incorporate the compound coaxial rotors and pusher propeller design used on its Sikorsky X2 and S-97 Raider; the S-97 had initially been developed for the Armed Aerial Scout program.[5] In October 2019, Sikorsky unveiled the Sikorsky Raider X, a scaled-up version of the S-97 Raider designed to accommodate the General Electric T901-900 turboshaft engine, which won the ITEP competition in February 2019.[22]

Finalists edit

On March 25, 2020, the US Army selected Bell and Sikorsky to move forward to develop flying prototypes.[23] In May 2022, budget documents showed that flight testing would be delayed to Fiscal Year 2024, which starts in October 2023.[24] Deliveries of the GE T901, developed under ITEP and installed in the FARA prototypes, were delayed until November 2022.[25]

Cancellation edit

On 8 February 2024, the U.S. Army ended development on the FARA program. According to an Army press release, the decision was made after a "sober assessment of the modern battlefield".[3] Army Chief of Staff Randy George stated it was influenced by the use of inexpensive unmanned aerial vehicle systems in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[26] Production of the GE T901 engine would also be delayed pending compatibility with the Boeing AH-64 Apache and Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk.[3] Development on the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA) program and its winner, the Bell V-280 Valor, is continuing.[27]

Reactions to the cancellation were mixed, noting that 9 billion had been spent over two decades on multiple cancelled programs, resulting in no replacement, and leaving the Army to rely on existing types to fill the role.[28] In addition, UH-72 is not designed for combat roles, rather its intended to free up UH-60 helicopters for deployment but is itself considered non-deployable.[29]

References edit

  1. ^ Tate, Sarah (March 25, 2020). "Future Vertical Lift: Army selects Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft prototype performers". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d Judson, Jen (April 23, 2019). "US Army picks 5 teams to design new attack recon helicopter". Defense News. Archived from the original on May 12, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Everstine, Brian; Trimble, Steve (February 8, 2024). "U.S. Army Cancels FARA In Overhaul Of Aviation Plans". Aviation Week Intelligence Network. Informa Markets. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  4. ^ Jen Judson (12 February 2024) Army was right to kill multibillion-dollar helo program, analysts say
  5. ^ a b c d Judson, Jen (October 3, 2018). "US Army triggers design competition for future attack reconnaissance helicopter". Defense News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  6. ^ Crum, Kerensa (April 29, 2019). "Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft Competitive Prototype program progresses ahead of schedule". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  7. ^ Judson, Jen (April 28, 2017). "Armed reconnaissance still biggest gap in US Army aviation". Defense News. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  8. ^ Judson, Jen (June 22, 2018). "US Army aims to get attack recon helicopter prototype flying by 2023". Defense News. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  9. ^ Trevithick, Joseph (June 25, 2018). "Army Lays Out Plans For Pilot-Optional 'Knife Fighter' Attack Reconnaissance Rotorcraft". The Drive. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  10. ^ Reim, Garrett (April 8, 2019). "GAO deals blow to MD Helicopters' FARA prototype bid". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  11. ^ "AVX Aircraft and L3 Technologies unveil design for U.S. Army's FARA-Competitive Prototype". Vertical Mag. April 16, 2019. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022.
  12. ^ "AVX / L3Harris FARA Helicopter at AUSA 2019". helis.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021.
  13. ^ Reim, Garrett (October 2, 2019). "ANALYSIS: Bell reveals 360 Invictus proposal for US Army contest". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  14. ^ Parsons, Dan (October 14, 2019). "Stealth rollout: Boeing keeps Army attack helicopter concept secret". Vertical. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  15. ^ Reim, Garrett (May 17, 2019). "Boeing suggests propulsor, winged AH-64 Apache variant for US Army". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  16. ^ "Boeing FARA Reveal – March 2020!". Boeing. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  17. ^ Reim, Garett (February 13, 2020). "Boeing teases its US Army FARA design". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  18. ^ "Boeing's stealthy approach could yield armed scout win". FlightGlobal. February 21, 2020. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  19. ^ Judson, Jen (March 3, 2020). "Boeing's future attack recon helicopter has no name but 3 rotor systems". Defense News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  20. ^ "Karem Aircraft announces FARA Competitive Prototype team". Vertical. July 2, 2019. Archived from the original on October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  21. ^ Reim, Garrett (October 16, 2019). "PICTURES: Karem unveils FARA design for US Army". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  22. ^ Reim, Garrett (October 15, 2019). "Sikorsky unveils Raider X for US Army's FARA contest". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  23. ^ Host, Pat (March 25, 2020). "US Army selects Bell, Sikorsky for FARA-CP programme". Janes. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  24. ^ Finnerty, Ryan (May 6, 2022). "Army pushes back FARA prototype testing one year". FlightGlobal. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  25. ^ Eversden, Andrew (April 6, 2022). "After delay, engine for Army's FARA prototypes set for November delivery". Breaking Defense. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  26. ^ Judson, Jen (February 8, 2024). "US Army spent billions on a new helicopter that now will never fly". Defense News. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  27. ^ Rocque, Ashley. "Army cancels FARA helicopter program, makes other cuts in major aviation shakeup". Breaking Defense, 8 February 2024.
  28. ^ Schogol, Jeff (February 9, 2024). "Army cancels armed scout helicopter program yet again". Task & Purpose. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  29. ^ "National Guard Unveils New Lakota Helicopters at Fort Indiantown Gap". National Guard. Retrieved March 17, 2024.

External links edit

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