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Franciscan Province of Herzegovina

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Franciscan Province of Herzegovina of the Ascension of the Blessed Virgin Mary is a province of the Catholic religious order of the Order of Friars Minor, commonly known as Franciscans. It was established in 1843 when it seceded from the Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena. Its headquarters are in Mostar.

Franciscan Province of Herzegovina
Franciscan Province of Herzegovina of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Hercegovačka franjevačka provincija Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije
Named afterAssumption of Mary
PredecessorFranciscan Province of Bosnia
Formation3 October 1852
FounderAnđeo Kraljević and others
Founded atČerigaj, Široki Brijeg, Herzegovina, Ottoman Empire
TypeFranciscan province
HeadquartersMostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Location
Region served
Herzegovina
Official language
Croatian
Provincial
Jozo Grbeš
Parent organization
Order of Friars Minor
Websitefranjevci.info

The Franciscans were present at the territory of Herzegovina since the 13th century. During the Ottoman rule, they established their exclusive care of the Catholics under the Ottoman held-territories, thus gaining a number of privileges, acting as a de facto an Ottoman institution. With the restoration of the Church hierarchy after the Austrian-Hungarian occupation in 1881, the Franciscans fiercely opposed the restoration, trying to preserve their privileges and control over the Herzegovinian parishes, a conflict which is not resolved till the present-day, known as the Herzegovina Affair.

As of 2019, there are 194 friars who are members of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina, of whom 116 have taken permanent vows and live in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and 109 serve as priests in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Friaries edit

The Franciscan Province of Herzegovina has five friaries in Herzegovina and these include friaries in Humac, Konjic, Mostar, Široki Brijeg and Tomislavgrad. The administration of the Province is at the Franciscan friary in Mostar.[1]

The Province also has three friaries in Croatia – the friary in Badija at the island of Korčula, the friary in Slano and the friary in the capital Zagreb.[1]

Herzegovinian Franciscans also serve 29 parishes in the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno.[2]

History edit

Franciscan friars came to the region of Bosnia in 1291 to help oppose the dualistic Bogomil sect, also called Patarenes, and the non-Catholic "Bosnian Christians".[3] The first Franciscan vicariate in Bosnia was founded in 1339/40.[4] In the 14th century, when the bishop of Bosnia (Vhrbosna) was forced to move to Djakovo (in modern-day Croatia), and the bishop of Trebinje moved to Dubrovnik, Franciscans took over a leadership role in the church in the region.[3]

Under the Ottoman Empire edit

The Ottoman Empire gained control of Bosnia in 1463 and Herzegovina in 1482.[3] The Franciscan order was promised toleration by Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror in 1463. Friar Anđeo Zvizdović of the Monastery in Fojnica received the oath on 28 May 1463 at the camp of Milodraž.[4][5][6]

This ferman is one of the oldest documents on religious freedom, providing independence and tolerance to people of a differing religion, belief, and race. It was republished by the Ministry of Culture of Turkey for the 700th anniversary of the foundation of the Ottoman State. The original edict is still kept in the Franciscan Catholic Monastery in Fojnica. In 1971, the United Nations published a translation of the document in all the official U.N. languages.

Founding of the province edit

Without a regular hierarchy of bishops in place, the diocesan clergy fell into decline and disappeared by the mid-19th century. To support the local church which was functioning without resident bishops, the Holy See founded an Apostolic Vicariate for Bosnia in 1735, and assigned Franciscans as apostolic vicars to direct it. The Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena was restructured to correspond to the borders of Ottoman rule in 1757; it split in 1846, when friars from the Kresevo monastery broke off to found the monastery at Siroki Brijeg. A separate Franciscan jurisdiction (a "custody") was established for Herzegovina in 1852. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the status of a province (the Province of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) in 1892.[3][7]

Austria-Hungary edit

The attempts of the Roman Curia to establish the regular church hierarchy in Bosnia and Herzegovina existed since the 13th century.[citation needed] However, due to political reasons, as well as because of the opposition from the Franciscans, these attempts failed.[8]

The Franciscans opposed the efforts of local bishops to implement secular clergy in Bosnian-Herzegovinian parishes,[9] and even sought help from the Ottomans to push them out of the country.[10]

In 1612 and again in 1618, Rome sent Bartol Kašić, a Jesuit from Dubrovnik to report the situation in the lands under the Ottoman rule in Southeast Europe. Kašić wrote the Pope back in 1613, stating that "if your Holiness does not take some effective means so that the Bosnian Friars do not prevent the persons sent by your Holiness, no one will be able to make sure that they do will not hand them over to the Turks with the usual and unusual slanders. They know how much they can do in the hearts of the Turks, to exploit the money from poor priests."[11]

Head of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples Urbanus Cerri, wrote to Pope Innocent XI in 1676, that the Franciscans in Bosnia and Herzegovina are "the richest in the whole Order, but also the most licentious, and that they are opposed to the secular clergy in fear for the payment for the maintenance of priests from the parishes with which they maintain their monasteries, and that notwithstanding all the orders from Rome, it would not be possible to implement the secular clergy in Bosnia because Franciscans would cause the opposition from the Turks against the secular clergy".[12]

In the 19th century, the Franciscans opposed the efforts of local bishops, Rafael Barišić and Marijan Šunjić, both of whom were Franciscans, to open a seminary for the education of the secular clergy. The so-called Barišić affair lasted for 14 years, between 1832 and 1846, and gained attention in Rome, Istanbul and Vienna.[13]

After the retreat of Ottoman rule in 1878, when Herzegovina became part of the empire of Austria-Hungary, Pope Leo XIII took steps to establish dioceses (1881) and appoint local bishops.[3]

As part of re-establishing normal church structures, the bishops worked to transfer parishes from the Franciscans to the diocesan clergy, but friars resisted, and in the 1940s, the two Franciscan provinces still held 63 of 79 parishes in the dioceses of Vrhbosna and Mostar.[7] Resistance to diocesan clergy continued through the following decades, despite papal support for the diocesan bishops. In the 1970s, friars in Herzegovina formed the "Mir i Dobro" association of priests, which encouraged popular support for local autonomy and opposition to diocesan parish takeovers.

The Franciscans felt endangered by the restoration of the regular church hierarchy, however, they showed loyalty to the new regime, represented by the Joint Minister of Finance Béni Kállay. In return, the new government had a full understanding of the interests of the Franciscans and supported them in their dispute with the church hierarchy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, led by Archbishop of Vrhbosna Josip Stadler. The Franciscans of Herzegovina influenced the Catholic population to support the new regime. Provincial Lujo Radoš was a fierce supporter of the new government and fully cooperated with the government.[14]

World War II edit

The relations between Bishop Alojzije Mišić and the Franciscans deteriorated after the establishment of the NDH.[15] Cardinal Eugène Tisserant said to the unofficial representative of the NDH in Rome that the Franciscans in Bosnia and Herzegovina acted "abominably".[16] There were a number of accusations against the Herzegovinian Franciscans in Rome, coming from several directions – other Croatian Franciscan provinces, the Serb refugees, the Italian military and civil authorities, the bishops and the representatives of the Holy See in the NDH. The accusations included their involvement in the violent events during the war, their occupation with worldly affairs, and the disobedience of the Church authority and the Holy See.[17] The Franciscans of Bosnia and Herzegovina played a leading role in the slaughter and forced conversions of Serbs.[18][19] After the war, contrary to their Bosnian counterparts, the Hezergovinian Franciscans refused to hold open dialogues with the Communists.[20]

Communist Yugoslavia edit

While Bishop Petar Čule was behind the bars, the communist authorities prepared a network of cooperant priests. The provincial of the Bosnian Franciscans Josip Markušić, supported by the Herzegovinian Franciscans' Provincial Mile Leko, established the Good Shepard association of priests, sponsored by UDBA.[21] The Episcopal Conference of Yugoslavia opposed such clerical associations.[22] Čule's deputy, general vicar of the diocese of Mostar-Duvno and Trebinje Mrkan Andrija Majić strongly attacked such state-sponsored clerical associations.[23] Even though the Episcopal Conference of Yugoslavia strongly opposed such clerical associations, the Franciscans refused to bow even to the sharpest threats from the bishops.[24]

A 1975 decree by Pope Paul VI, Romanis Pontificibus, ordered that Franciscans withdraw from a majority of the parishes in the Diocese of Mostar-Duvno, retaining 30 and leaving 52 to the diocesan clergy. Resistance continued, and in the 1980s the Franciscan Province held 40 parishes under the direction of 80 friars.[7] The Holy See imposed restrictions on the Province, imposing a superior instead of allowing normal elections, and forbidding the admission of new candidates.

Democratic period edit

In the 1990s, the cases of seven parishes remained unresolved, and the Holy See brought the leadership of the worldwide Franciscan Order into the process to see that Romanis Pontificibus would be implemented. When visited by Franciscan superiors from Rome, most friars expressed their willingness to comply, and transfers of clergy were decreed in order to carry out the plan, but the newly appointed diocesan clergy were met with the physical occupation of churches, threats, and even some violence by occupiers. Several recalcitrant friars were expelled from the Order for disobedience but continued to engage in forbidden ministry.

In spite of these limitations, the Franciscan Minister General declared in 1999 that he had implemented the decree, and in 2001 the province conducted its first Provincial Chapter and elections in decades.[25][26] In contrast, Bishop Ratko Perić of Mostar-Duvno responded in 2002 that the decree had not yet been implemented.[26]

In 1997, the Hercegovacka Banka was founded "by several private companies and the Franciscan order, which controls the religious shrine in Medjugorje, a major source of income, both from pilgrims and from donations by Croats living abroad."[27] Located in Mostar, the bank has branches in several towns. In 2001, the bank was investigated for possible ties to Bosnian Croat separatists attempting to forge an independent mini-state in Croat areas of Bosnia. Tomislav Pervan, OFM was a member of the bank board of supervisors, along with former officers of the Croatian Defence Council.[28]

List of heads edit

Custodes of the Franciscan Custody of Herzegovina
No. Custos Term start Term end Election References
1 Anđeo Kraljević 9 November 1852 1 April 1856 9 November 1852, Široki Brijeg [29]
2 Ilija Vidošević 1 April 1856 23 April 1862 1 April 1856, Široki Brijeg [29]
19 May 1859, Široki Brijeg
(1) 3 Anđeo Kraljević 23 April 1862 10 October 1865 23 April 1862, Široki Brijeg [29]
(3) 4 Petar Kordić 10 October 1865 28 April 1871 10 October 1865, Široki Brijeg [29]
27 April 1868, Široki Brijeg
(4) 5 Andrija Karačić 28 April 1871 31 May 1874 28 April 1871, Široki Brijeg [29]
(5) 6 Paškal Buconjić 31 May 1874 18 August 1879 31 May 1874, Široki Brijeg [30]
(6) 7 Marijan Zovko 18 August 1879 7 May 1883 18 August 1879, Široki Brijeg [30]
(7) 8 Luka Begić 7 May 1883 29 April 1886 7 May 1883, Široki Brijeg [30]
(8) 9 Lujo Radoš 29 April 1886 15 May 1889 29 April 1886, Široki Brijeg [30]
(9) 10 Nikola Šimović 15 May 1889 26 April 1892 15 May 1889, Široki Brijeg [30]
Provincials of the Franciscan Province of Herzegovina
No. Provincial Term start Term end Election References
1 Nikola Šimović 26 April 1892 23 April 1895 26 April 1892, Mostar [30]
2 Luka Begić 23 April 1895 14 June 1901 23 April 1895, Mostar [30]
7 September 1898, Mostar
3 Augustin Zubac 14 June 1901 1 May 1904 14 June 1901, Mostar [30]
4 Anđeo Nuić 1 May 1904 30 April 1907 1 May 1904, Mostar [31]
5 Ambrozije Miletić 30 April 1907 25 April 1910 30 April 1907, Mostar [31]
(2) 6 Luka Begić 25 April 1910 5 May 1913 25 April 1910, Mostar [31]
(6) 7 Dujo Ostojić 5 May 1913 18 August 1916 5 May 1913, Mostar [31]
(7) 8 David Nevistić 18 August 1916 27 May 1919 18 August 1916, Mostar [31]
(8) 9 Didak Buntić 27 May 1919 3 February 1922 27 May 1919, Mostar [31]
(9) 10 Alojzije Bubalo 29 March 1922 17 April 1928 29 March 1922, Mostar [31]
16 April 1925, Mostar
(10) 11 Dominik Mandić 17 April 1928 21 March 1934 17 April 1928, Mostar [32]
16 April 1931, Mostar
(11) 12 Mate Čuturić 21 March 1934 14 May 1940 21 March 1934, Mostar [32]
1 May 1937, Mostar
(12) 13 Krešimir Pandžić 14 May 1940 1 July 1943 14 May 1940, Mostar [32]
(13) 14 Leo Petrović 1 July 1943 14 February 1945 1 July 1940, Mostar [32]
– Ignacije Jurković
(acting) 		15 February 1945 6 May 1945 – [32]
– Mate Čuturić
(acting) 		6 May 1945 9 December 1945 – [32]
– Marijan Zubac
(acting) 		9 December 1945 24 April 1946 – [32]
(14) 15 Jerko Mihaljević 24 April 1946 12 May 1949 24 April 1946, Mostar [33]
(15) 16 Mile Leko 12 May 1949 6 May 1955 12 May 1949, Mostar [34]
30 May 1952, Mostar
(14) 17 Jerko Mihaljević 6 May 1955 31 May 1961 6 May 1955, Mostar [34]
7 June 1958, Mostar
(16) 18 Zlatko Ćorić 31 May 1961 17 April 1967 31 May 1961, Mostar [34]
1 May 1964, Mostar
(17) 19 Rufin Šilić 17 April 1967 10 June 1976 17 April 1967, Mostar [35]
12 July 1970, Mostar
14 September 1973, Mostar
– Viktor Nuić
(acting) 		10 June 1976 17 June 1977 – [36]
– Ivo Bagarić
(acting) 		17 June 1977 10 January 1980 – [36]
– Jozo Pejić
(acting: 1980–82) 		10 January 1980 7 April 1982 – [36]
(18) 20 7 April 1982 22 July 1988 7 April 1982, Mostar [36]
(19) 21 Jozo Vasilj 22 July 1988 9 October 1990 22 July 1988, Mostar [37]
(20) 22 Drago Tolj 9 October 1990 28 June 1994 9 October 1990, Mostar [38]
(21) 23 Tomislav Pervan 28 June 1994 29 June 2001 28 June 1994, Mostar [38]
20 June 1997, Mostar
(22) 24 Slavko Soldo 29 June 2001 18 April 2007 29 June 2001, Humac [38]
16 June 2004, Humac
(23) 25 Ivan Sesar 18 April 2007 10 April 2013 18 April 2007, Humac [39]
20 April 2010, Mostar
(24) 26 Miljenko Šteko 10 April 2013 26 April 2023 10 April 2013, Mostar [citation needed]
15 April 2016, Mostar
1 May 2019, Mostar
(25) 27 Jozo Grbeš 26 April 2023 Present 26 April 2023, Mostar [40]

See also edit

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ a b Jolić 2012, p. 41.
  2. ^ Jolić 2012, p. 87.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Catholic Church in Bosnia-Herzegovina" (PDF). Sarajevo: Catholic News Agency, Bishops Conference of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  4. ^ a b "Kronološki pregled događaja". Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena. Archived from the original on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  5. ^ "Croatia and Ottoman Empire, Ahdnama, Sultan Mehmet II".
  6. ^ "Light Millennium: A Culture of Peaceful Coexistence: The Ottoman Turkish Example; by Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin IHSANOGLU". www.lightmillennium.org. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
  7. ^ a b c Vjekoslav Perica (2004). Balkan Idols: Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9780195174298.
  8. ^ Perić 2002, p. 54–61.
  9. ^ Perić 2002, p. 43, 49.
  10. ^ Perić 2002, p. 44, 47.
  11. ^ Perić 2002, p. 43–44.
  12. ^ Perić 2002, p. 42.
  13. ^ Perić 2002, p. 58–59.
  14. ^ Kraljačić 1987, p. 310.
  15. ^ Mandić 2020, p. 19.
  16. ^ Wolff 1977, p. 22.
  17. ^ Mandić 2020, p. 167.
  18. ^ West, Richard (2012). Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia. Faber & Faber. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-57128-110-7.
  19. ^ Donia, Robert J.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed. Columbia University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-23110-161-5.
  20. ^ Jakelic, Slavica (2016). Collectivistic Religions: Religion, Choice, and Identity in Late Modernity. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-31716-420-3.
  21. ^ Puljić 1991, p. 34.
  22. ^ Buchenau 2004, pp. 191–192.
  23. ^ Buchenau 2004, p. 194.
  24. ^ Buchenau 2004, p. 195.
  25. ^ "The decree "Romanis Pontificibus" definitively implemented". Ordo Fratrum Minorum. 25 February 1999. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  26. ^ a b Giacomo Bini, OFM (November 29, 2002). "Report to the General Chapter: Assisi 2003".
  27. ^ "Authorities seize 'corrupt' Bosnian bank", The Guardian, April 6, 2001
  28. ^ Grandits, Hannes. "The Power of “Armchair” Politicians: Ethnic Loyalty and Political Factionalism among Herzegovinian Croats", The New Bosnian Mosaic. Identities, Memories and Moral Claims, (X. Bougarel, G. Duijzings, E. Helms, eds.), Routledge, New York, 2016, p. 113
  29. ^ a b c d e Jolić 2012, p. 31.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Jolić 2012, p. 32.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Jolić 2012, p. 33.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Jolić 2012, p. 34.
  33. ^ Jolić 2012, pp. 34–35.
  34. ^ a b c Jolić 2012, p. 35.
  35. ^ Jolić 2012, pp. 35–36.
  36. ^ a b c d Jolić 2012, p. 36.
  37. ^ Jolić 2012, pp. 36–37.
  38. ^ a b c Jolić 2012, p. 37.
  39. ^ Jolić 2012, pp. 37–38.
  40. ^ "Br Jozo Grbeš elected Provincial in Herzegovina". Ordo Fratrum Minorum. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.

References edit

Books edit

  • Bušić, Krešimir (2009). "Doticaji hercegovačkih franjevaca s bačkim Hrvatima od fra Didaka Buntića do fra Dominika Mandića te bosanskog franjevca i mostarsko-duvanjskog biskupa fra Alojzija Mišića" [Contacts of the Herzegovinian Franciscans with the Croats of Bačka from Fr. Didak Buntić to Fr. Dominik Mandić and the Bosnian Franciscan and Bishop of Mostar-Duvno Fr. Alojzije Mišić]. In Tadić, Stipe; Šakota, Marinko (eds.). Fra Didak Buntić-čovjek i djelo [Fr. Didak Buntić- the man and the work] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Institut društvenih znanosti "Ivo Pilar".
  • Buchenau, Klaus (2004). Orthodoxie und Katholizismus in Jugoslawien, 1945–1991: Ein serbisch-kroatischer Vergleich [Orthodoxy and Catholicism in Yugoslavia, 1945-1991: A Serbian-Croatian Comparison] (in German). Berlin: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3447048476.
  • Carmichael, Cathie (2015). A Concise History of Bosnia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107016156.
  • Ciglić, Boris; Savić, Dragan (2007). Dornier Do 17, The Yugoslav Story: Operational Record 1937–1947. Belgrade: Jeroplan. ISBN 9788690972708.
  • Jolić, Robert (2012). Šematizam Hercegovačke franjevačke provincije 2012. godine [Schematism of the Herzegovinian Franciscan Province of 2012] (in Croatian). Mostar: Hercegovačka franjevačka provincija Uznesenja BDM. ISBN 9789958876080.
  • Kraljačić, Tomislav (1987). Kalajev režim u Bosni i Hercegovini (1882-1903) [Kállay's Regime in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1882-1903)] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Veselin Masleša. ISBN 8621000962.
  • Mandić, Hrvoje (2020). Hercegovačka franjevačka provincija u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću [Franciscan Province of Herzegovina in the Second World War and the Postwar period] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu.
  • Pandžić, Bazilije (2001). Hercegovački franjevci – sedam stoljeća s narodom [Herzegovinian Franciscans – seven centuries with the people] (in Croatian). Mostar–Zagreb: ZIRAL.
  • Perić, Marko (2002). Hercegovačka afera: pregled događaja i važniji dokumenti [Herzegovina Affair: review of events and relevant documents] (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar.
  • Perić, Marko (1986). "Život i rad mostarsko-duvanjskih i trebinjsko-mrkanskih biskupa u zadnjih 100 godina" [The life and work of the bishops of Mostar-Duvno and Trebinje-Mrkan in the last 100 years]. In Babić, Petar; Zovkić, Mato (eds.). Katolička crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini u XIX i XX stoljeću: povijesno-teološki simpozij prigodom stogodišnjice ponovne uspostave redovite hijerarhije u Bosni i Hercegovini [The Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 19th and 20th centuries: A historical-theological symposium on the occasion of the centenary of the restoration of the regular hierarchy in Bosnia and Herzegovina] (in Croatian). Sarajevo: Vrhbosanska visoka teološka škola.
  • Phayer, Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253214713.
  • Puljić, Želimir (1991). "Curriculum vitae dra Petra Čule" [Curriculum vitae of Petar Čule, PhD]. In Luburić, Ante; Perić, Ratko (eds.). Za Kraljevstvo Božje - Život i djelo nadbiskupa dra Petra Čule [For the Kingdom of God - The life and work of Archbishop Petar Čule, PhD] (in Croatian). Mostar: Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar.
  • Šalić, Jurica (2002). Franjevci Sjeverozapadne Bosne [The Franciscans of the Northwestern Bosnia] (in Croatian). Bihać: HKD "Napredak" Bihać.
  • Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804708579.
  • Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1964). Hitler's War Directives: 1939–1945. Viborg: Norhaven Paperback. ISBN 1843410141.

Journals edit

  • Perić, Ratko (2009). "Imenovanje don Petra Čule mostarsko-duvanjskim biskupom" [Appointment of Don Petar Čule as Bishop of Mostar-Duvno]. Službeni vjesnik biskupija Mostarsko-duvanjske i Trebinjsko-mrkanske (in Croatian) (1): 77–89.
  • Vrankić, Petar (2018). "Izbori i imenovanja biskupa u Hercegovini u doba austro-ugarske vladavine (1878. - 1918.) na primjeru biskupa fra Alojzija Mišića" [Elections and appointments of bishops in Herzegovina during the Austrian-Hungarian rule (1878 - 1918) on the example of Bishop Fr. Alojzije Mišić (1912)]. Hercegovina (in Croatian). 4: 243–286.
  • Vukšić, Tomo (2006a). "Mostarski biskup Alojzije Mišić (1912.-1942.) za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata" [Bishop of Mostar Alojzije Mišić (1912-1942) during the Second World War]. Crkva U Svijetu (in Croatian). 41 (2): 215–234.
  • Vukšić, Tomo (2006b). "Mostarski biskup Alojzije Mišić (1912.-1942.) za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata (II.)" [Bishop of Mostar Alojzije Mišić (1912-1942) during the Second World War (II)]. Crkva U Svijetu (in Croatian). 41 (3): 326–342.
  • Wolff, Richard J. (1977). "The Catholic Church and the Dictatorships in Slovakia and Croatia, 1939-1945". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 88 (1/4): 3–30.

News articles edit

Web-sites edit

External links edit

 
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43°20′16″N 17°48′32″E / 43.3379°N 17.8089°E / 43.3379; 17.8089

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