Patronages of the Immaculate Conception

In the Roman Catholic Church, several locations around the world invoke the patronage of the Immaculate Conception. Church diocesan authorities with the expressed and written approval of the Pope in countries including the Brazil, Korea, the Philippines, Spain and the United States of America designate the Blessed Virgin Mary under this specific Marian title as their principal patroness.

La Inmaculada Concepción de la Bienaventurada Virgen Maria (1698) by Nicolas de la Quadra. Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts. Madrid, Spain.

As part of the patronage, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception is often observed both religiously and culturally within these countries. Numerous national parades, processions and cultural festivities are associated with this patronage ranging from public holidays to holy day of obligation. Several Popes have conferred this title of patronage, sometimes initiated by bishops.

The list below enumerates the various countries by which the Pope through a Pontifical decree has formally granted the Immaculate Conception as the patroness of the people and its land or kingdom.

The list of pontifical declaration does not include Ireland, Monaco, Nicaragua and Portugal.

America edit

 
A mosaic rendition of the Immaculate Conception of the Royal Palace of Aranjuez sent by Pope Pius XI in 1923, permanently enshrined at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception of Washington D.C.

The bishops of the United States of America unanimously chose the Blessed Virgin Mary described as Conceived without Sin as Patroness of the country on 13 May 1846. Pope Pius IX approved this request on 7 February 1847 and published in a notarized decree of 2 July 1847.[1]

On 10 April 1848, a voting process and discussion was made on the regularisation of the rubrics for the Feast of the Immaculate Conception to be celebrated in that country. By 1849, this decree was published at the 7th Provincial Council of Baltimore.[2] The decrees were signed and notarized by the former prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, Cardinal Giacomo Filippo Fransoni.[3]

Pope Pius X sent an Apostolic Letter Ad Clara quæ Sæpenumero to the former Archbishop of Baltimore, Cardinal James Gibbons on 8 July 1914, approving the namesake patronage towards the new construction site of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception.

Pope Benedict XV reiterated this patronage via Communes Litteras Vestras on 10 April 1919 and declared that he had ordered a mosaic of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception to be made in the Vatican Mosaic Studio for the shrine's high altar.[4]

Pope Pius XI in 1923 chose a mosaic version of Bartolomé Esteban Murillo's La Purísima Inmaculada Concepción for installation at the shrine, the image is a mosaic rendition of the venerated Immaculate Conception enshrined at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez.[5]

Pope John Paul II raised this National Shrine to the status of Minor Basilica via his Pontifical decree Clarum Constat Templum on 12 October 1990.[a]

Pope Benedict XVI granted a decree of Canonical coronation in 22 August 2013 towards a venerated Marian image in Lake Charles, Louisiana bearing the same patronal title.

Brazil edit

 
An image of the Immaculate Conception statue as Our Lady of Aparecida that is venerated as national patroness in Aparecida, Brazil.

The Blessed Virgin Mary is the patroness of Brazil under the localized title Our Lady of Aparecida (Our Lady of Immaculate Conception (who) Appeared).[6]

Pope Leo XIII originally through the Vatican Chapter granted a canonical coronation to the Brazilian image. His successor, Pope Pius X signed and notarized this pending decree in 8 December 1904. The Pontifical decree mentions the 1904 solid gold crown given to the image (assumingly from Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil). The devotion was researched and approved by Cardinal Camillo Laurenti, Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites. The papal bull was signed and notarized by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli.[7]

Pope Pius XI issued a decree Ab Archiepiscopo Sancti on 16 July 1930 which the namesake Marian title as patroness of Brazil. The decree was signed and notarized by former Vatican Secretary of State, Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli.

Pope John XXIII granted a Pontifical decree of coronation Quidquid ad Pietatam on 17 August 1961 for a namesake image in Conselheiro Lafaiete for former Bishop of Malta, Maurus Caruana, who executed the rite of coronation in 15 August 1963.

Pope Paul VI (1967), Pope Benedict XVI (2007) and Pope Francis (2017) granted Golden roses to the image.

Pope John Paul II issued a Pontifical decree Satis Superque Constat which raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica on 27 April 1981.

Korea edit

 
A 1948 French image of the Immaculate Conception at the Myeongdong Cathedral in Seoul, Korea.

Pope Gregory XVI invested ecclesiastical interest in strengthening the first bishopric in Korea despite ongoing Christian persecution. In 9 September 1831, he issued the Pontifical decrees, Ex Debito Pastoralis tasking Bishop Barthélemy Bruguière to Joseon, and Pastorale Oficium Nobis which established the first and only Apostolic Vicariate in Korea. This new diocese left no foreign Catholic priests since the anti-Catholic persecutions went on earlier that year.[8][9] The same Pontiff in 22 August 1841 solemnly dedicated the Korean Catholic Church to the Virgin Mary under the title The Immaculate Virgin.[10][11][12]

Pope John Paul II reiterated this patronage by entrusting the Republic of Korea to the Virgin Mary, given at the Myeong-dong Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Seoul, Korea on 6 May 1984. [13] The same Pontiff through Seuli Precatio Habita noted that Bishop Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert first consecrated Korea to the Immaculate Conception in 1837, followed by Bishop Jean Joseph Ferréol in 1846 along with Saint Joseph as its co-patron in the village of Surich’igol, nearby the city of Gongju.[11][12][14] According to the papal brief, a similar re-dedication of patronage to the Immaculate Conception was invoked on by the French Bishop Gustave Charles Mutel on 29 May 1898, when the cathedral was ceremoniously opened to the Korean public.

Philippines edit

Pope Gregory XIII through his Papal bull Illius Fulti Præsidio on 6 February 1578 erected the Diocese of Manila[15] and decreed that its cathedral should be under this namesake title.[16]

Pope Clement VIII issued a Pontifical decree Super Speculæ Militantis invoking the namesake Marian title to the cathedrals of Nueva Segovia and Cáceres signed on 14 August 1595.[16]

Pope Clement XIII issued the decree Quantum Ornamenti ac Præsidii in 8 November 1760 which formally established the patronage under the namesake title via the Spaniard colonial territorialship.

Pope Pius X granted the petition to continue using the privilege of blue vestments for the Feast of Immaculate Conception included in a list of indults granted to the Philippines, dated 11 February 1910, executed by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val.[17]

 
The polychromed bronze statue of the Immaculate Conception in Manila Cathedral, sculpted by the Italian national artist Vincenzo Assenza.

Pope Pius XII issued a Pontifical decree Impositi Nobis Apostolici on 12 September 1942 which declared the namesake Marian title as principal Patroness of the Philippines. Along with Saints Pudentiana (1571) and Rose of Lima (1670) as secondary patronesses, mentioning that the 1907 Provincial Council of Manila invoked Maria Immaculata as patroness of the whole Filipino people.[18]

    • The same Pontiff, through Quidquid ad Dilatandum, reiterated this declaration of patronage on 16 July 1958 through the Chancellor of Apostolic Briefs, Gildo Brugnola who signed and executed the decree.
    • Saint Pudentiana is the former principal patroness of the Philippines since 19 May 1571. This also revised the Pontifical decree Sacrosancti Apostolatus Cura granted by Pope Clement X in 11 August 1670, when Rose of Lima was principal patroness of the Indies, and a de jure principal patroness of the Philippines.[19] Both patronages were demoted to secondary status in deference to the Blessed Virgin as the Immaculate Conception.
    • Also rescinded is the Pontifical decree of Romani Pontifices Decessores naming the titular Mexican patronage of Our Lady of Guadalupe by Pope Pius XI in 16 July 1935.

Pope John XXIII issued a pontifical decree of coronation for the Marian image titled The Virgin of Immaculate Conception of Namacpacan that was granted to Bishop Juan Callanta y Sison on 7 September 1959, signed by the Canon Secretary Giulio Barbella and notarized by Secretary of the Apostolic Dataria, Marco Martini. The rite of coronation was executed by the Apostolic Nuncio to the Philippines, Salvatore Siino. The same Pontiff issued a decree Christi Fidelium Consulere which designated the status of Malolos Cathedral on 25 November 1962.

Pope John Paul II issued a decree Quod ipsum Manilensis which raised the Manila Cathedral of the namesake patronage to the status of Minor Basilica on 25 April 1981.

    • The same Pontiff issued a decree Cum Nos Solicito on 16 September 1986 for the coronation of the namesake image in Malabon which was executed on 7 December 1986.[20]
    • He also raised the namesake shrine to the status of Minor Basilica of the Malolos Cathedral via decree on 9 April 1999.

Pope Benedict XVI granted a decree canonical coronation for the following namesake images:

  • Granted a decree of coronation in 30 July 2008 in Pasig. The rite of coronation was executed on on 7 December 2008
  • Granted a decree of coronation in 11 May 2011 for the Malolos Cathedral. The rite of coronation was executed on 10 March 2012.

Pope Francis granted a decree canonical coronation for the following images:

Among various fiestas and rituals honouring the Immaculate Conception's patronage is the annual Grand Marian Procession in Manila, where various statues of the Virgin Mary depicting her different titles and apparitions are borne in procession. The images are removed from their respective shrines and brought around the Spanish colonial capital district of Intramuros towards Manila Cathedral, which is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception. The event is administered both by the Cofradía de la Inmaculada Concepción and the Intramuros Administration, in cooperation with the City Government of Manila and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila. To date, six venerated Marian images with the patronal title in the Philippines have been granted a decree of Canonical Coronation by a pope.

The Philippines celebrated the 1954 Marian year by releasing a commemorative stamp featuring an image of the Immaculate Conception, and re-printed again in 1958.[21] On 29 March 2017, the Philippine government through the House of Representatives approved House Bill No. 5241 declaring 8 December as a non-working official holiday, and was officially signed into law on 23 December 2017 as Republic Act No. 10966 by former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary as its national patroness.

Spain edit

 
La Purisima Concepcion de Maria (1704) by the Roman artisan, Nicola Fumo. Polychrome on wood. The Church of San Lorenzo, Seville, Spain.

By Pontifical decree, the Immaculate Conception alone is the universal and national patroness of Spain, by virtue of a papal mandate issued by Pope Clement XIII on 8 November 1760, while James the Greater remains, the same pope declared, the primary patron[22] of the Spanish people. The feast of the Immaculate Conception is also one of the nine national and public holidays and a holy day of obligation.

The patronage settles the dispute between a heated religious debate during the mid 1600s, when followers of the mythical figure James Matamoros wished to impose him as the national patron saint versus the followers of Teresa of Avila.

On 11 September 1759, the elected members of the Royal Spanish Court petitioned King Charles III of Spain to request from the pope the "…universal patronage of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception in all the Kingdoms of Spain and the Indies".[23]

With the papal bull Quantum Ornamenti ac Præsidii of 8 November 1760, Pope Clement XIII granted the request of King Charles III, declaring the Virgin Mary, under the title of the Immaculate Conception, patroness of the whole of the Kingdom of Spain along with its eastern and western territories,[24] (in the Americas and the Philippines).[25][26][27]

The same Pontiff granted that the Spanish clergy could celebrate the Mass and the Liturgy of the Hours on the feast and its octave with the texts used by the Franciscans rather than that in the Tridentine Roman Missal and Roman Breviary as revised by Pope Pius V, which did not attach the adjective "Immaculate" to the phrase "Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary".[28][29] On the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, the brief Dance of the Sixteen (Spanish: Los Seises) (the actual number of choirboys dancing has been reduced to twelve) is performed by choirboys dressed in white and blue in the Cathedral of Seville.[30] Since 1864, Mass vestments for the feast in Spain may be blue at the expressed permission with decree from the Sacred Congregation of Rites which thus became extended to the former territories of the Spanish crown and kingdom.[31] Many other Spanish cultural customs and religious processions are associated with the feast.

Pope Pius XII (1954) in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife and Pope Benedict XVI (2011) in Linares and Pope Francis (2020) in Herencia granted a pontifical decree of Canonical coronation bearing the same Patronal title.

Another image bearing the same Marian title located in Castilleja de la Cuesta was crowned by the local townspeople in a so-called “Episcopal coronation” in 2013.

Non—Pontifical Decree edit

Ireland edit

On 7 December 1650, the Irish Catholic Confederation, on the verge of its final defeat by the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, declared the Virgin Mother of God, under the title of the Immaculate Conception, patroness of the Kingdom of Ireland and was cited six days later:

By a unanimous vote of the Supreme Assembly it was decreed that the Virgin Mother of God, under her title of her Immaculate Conception, should be solemnly and publicly proclaimed patroness of the Kingdom of Ireland, and that as a perpetual memorial to the happy event, the feast of the Immaculate Conception should be solemnly observed in Ireland from that day forward until the end of time."[32][33][34]

Monaco edit

 
The 1958 postal stamp depicting the Immaculate Conception of Monaco alongside Popes Pius IX and Pius XII.

The principality of Monaco claims patronage of their state to the Immaculate Conception of Mary. The feast is a highly regarded celebration in their monarchy, with the Monaco Cathedral rebuilt in 1903 and re-named under this specific patronage in 11 June 1911. The feast is also celebrated each December 8 as a designated public holiday honoring wives and mothers.

On 8 December 1958, the post office of Monaco issued a commemorative postal stamp celebrating the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, both honoring the images of Pope Pius IX and Pope Pius XII with the postal value of One Franc.

Nicaragua edit

 
In 1562, Don Lorenzo Ahumada, a brother of Teresa of Avila, brought to Nicaragua this statue of the Immaculate Conception of El Viejo. Pope John Paul II granted a Canonical coronation to the venerated Marian image on 28 December 1989.

The Immaculate Conception is venerated as patroness of the Nicaraguan people.[35][36] A namesake statue in the town of El Viejo was ceremoniously crowned by the local townspeople in 1747.

Pope John Paul II issued the papal bull for the Canonical coronation Quod est Ecclesiæ for the image on 28 December 1988, which was signed and executed by Cardinal Agostino Casaroli. The coronation ceremony took place on 6 May 1989. On 7 February 1996, John Paul II visited the shrine on his second apostolic visit to Nicaragua. He later issued a Pontifical decree titled Inter Insignes Sacras which raised the sanctuary of El Viejo to the status of Minor Basilica on 20 December 1995.[37]

On 7 October 1996, the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua conferred the title "The National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception of El Viejo"; and on 13 May 2001, the Episcopal Bishops' Conference of Nicaragua declared the Virgin Mary under this title be the national patroness of the country.[38][39]

Pope Benedict XVI sent the image a golden pearl rosary in recognition of the piety of the Nicaraguan people's on 4 August 2012. The rosary was personally delivered by Monsignor Vincenzo Turturro. That same year, Nicaragua celebrated the 450th annual patronage of the Immaculate Conception with grand parades and national festivities.

A popular custom (especially among children) in Nicaragua during this time is to gather in a group and sing several Marian hymns in front of people's houses where a statue of the Immaculate Conception is enshrined. Similar to caroling songs during Christmas time, children receive special candies or sweet treats given by the household after the conclusion of singing Marian hymns.

In Leon, Nicaragua, the feast is begun by a special day of penitence conducted each December 6, when the faithful take part in publicly cleaning all the silver treasures and accessories donated to the statue.[40] The event is also celebrated with a tradition called Gritería or "Shouting" in honor of the Virgin Mary's conception and is composed of grand parades, fireworks, candlelight processions, songs and various religious activities related to the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary and her maternal role in Roman Catholicism. Similar practices are observed in various other Catholic countries.

Portugal edit

 
The shrine of the Immaculate Conception, consisting of Madonna and Child as patroness of Portugal.

By royal decree under the House of Braganza, the Immaculate Conception is the patroness of Portugal. An image of the Immaculate Conception venerated in the Shrine of Our Lady of Conception of Villa Vicosa was donated by Nuno Álvares Pereira.

On 25 March 1646, King John IV of Portugal proclaimed Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception the nation's patroness, so that 8 December is a special feast day in Portugal. Upon crowning the image since that time, the Portuguese monarchs of the House of Braganza renounced wearing a crown on their heads.

In addition, the king minted both gold and silver coins bearing his seal while on the other side bears the Immaculate Conception with the Latin phrase titled Tutelaris Regni.[41] In 1946, at the 300th anniversary of this royal declaration, the government of Portugal also released a postal stamp commemorating its patronage featuring the image of the Virgin Mary.

The first document invoking the Marian patronage is found the king's address to the National Royal Chambers dated 30 June 1654[42] and was next followed again in the Royal Provision of 1646.[43][44]

The statue's design is unlike most Immaculate Conception images, as the Virgin Mary carries a child Jesus rather than portrayed as being raised into Heaven.[45][46] On 6 February 1818, the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa was erected in the Virgin Mary's patronal honor by King John VI of Portugal.[47][48][49] The feast marks one of the four national holidays in the Portugal.[50]

See also edit

Bibliography edit

  • Le Franc, Martin. The Conception of Mary – A Rhyming Translation of Book V of Le Champion des Dames by Martin Le Franc (1410-1461). Ed. and trans. Steven Millen Taylor. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2010.

References edit

  1. ^ Archdiocese of Baltimore (1851). Concilia provincialia, Baltimori habita ab anno 1829 usque ad annum 1849. apud Joannem Murphy et socium. pp. 255–256. Sanctis Congregationis Generalis de Propaganda Fide Quo Deipara Virgo, Sine Labe Originali Concepta, Septentrionalis Americae Foederatae Provincialum Patrona Instituitur
  2. ^ "Land Of Mary Immaculate". Ewtn.com. 1996. Archived from the original on 11 March 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  3. ^ Fanning, William (1907). "Provincial Councils of Baltimore". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 16 September 2019 – via NewAdvent.org.
  4. ^ Benedictus PP. XV (10 April 1919). "Epistola Communes litteras, al Cardinale Giacomo Gibbons e al Cardinale Guglielmo O'Connel, di Benedetto XV, 10 aprile 1919". Vatican.va. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  5. ^ Tucker, Gregory W. (1 January 2000). America's church: the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. pp. 22, 33–34. ISBN 9780879737009.
  6. ^ "Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception | Saint of the Day". AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  7. ^ Acta Apostolica Sedis - 1931 - Beata Virgo Maria Immaculata Sub Titulo Apparecida - Principalis Patrona Brasiliae Constituitur.
  8. ^ ""Bellonet and Roze: Overzealous Servants of Empire and the 1866 French Attack on Korea" by Kane, Daniel C. - Korean Studies, Annual 1999".[dead link]
  9. ^ True Doctrine in the Hermit Kingdom: A Brief Survey of the Catholic Church in Korea - Brother Zechariah Foreman, Order of Preachers, published May 4, 2004
  10. ^ Gheddo, Piero (2006-04-26). "SOUTH KOREA - NORTH KOREA Both North and South consecrated to the Immaculate Virgin, says Bishop of Seoul - Asia News". Asianews.it. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  11. ^ a b "Patron Saints: 'K' - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online". Catholic.org. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  12. ^ a b "Mary's Touch : Special Issue 2009" (PDF). Marys-touch.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  13. ^ "Act of entrustment of Korea to Mary, 6 May 1984". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  14. ^ "The Shrine of Our Lady of the Rosay of Namyang". Namyangmaria.org. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  15. ^ "Dei praesidio fultus: Philippine Bullary I". Siniculus. 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  16. ^ a b "ANG MAHAL NA BIRHEN Mary in Philippine Life Today". Cbcponline.net. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  17. ^ "Dei praesidio fultus: Liturgical blue". Siniculus. 2014-12-30. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  18. ^ Pium XII, Papam Insularum Philippinarum Beatissima Virgo Maria Titulo Immaculata Conceptio Primaria Universalisque Patrona et Sanctae Virgines Pudentiana ac Rosa Limana Patronae Secundarias Declarantur (1942).
  19. ^ "Dei praesidio fultus: Protectresses of the Philippines". Siniculus. 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
  20. ^ "Cum Nos sollicito - Littera apostolica | Pope John Paul II". www.vatican.va. 16 September 1986.
  21. ^ "Still Stampin' (Darthphilatelist in Hyper Mode...): The Feast of the Immaculate Conception". Darthphilatelist.blogspot.com. 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  22. ^ "quin primarius Sancti Iacobi Apostoli dignoscatur patronus" (Civiltà Cattolica 1851, p. 129)
  23. ^ "La Inmaculada Concepción de María. Su verdad y su actualidad". ABC.es. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  24. ^ "in universo Hispaniensi Regno, eiusque Orientalibus, Occidentalibusque Indiis" (Civiltà Cattolica 1851, p. 129)
  25. ^ "Vix Carolus III sceptrum suscepit, ad Reginae Coelorum pedes confestim illud libentissime locavit, utque omnes Hispaniae incolae tanto firmarentur patrocinio, tantoque munirentur praesidio, Sanctissimam Virginem in Conceptionis Immaculatae ineffabili mysterio totius regni elegit Patronam; huic adimplendo scopo, anno 1760 celebratis Comitiis, et ad Summum Pontificem Clementem XIII evectis precibus, die 8 Novembris ipsiusmet anni Bullam: Quantum ornamenti, impetravit, in qua Virginem sub glorioso Conceptionis mysterio in universo Hispaniensi Regno, eiusque Orientalibus, Occidentalibusque Indiis Patronam venerari decrevit quin primarius Sancti Iacobi Apostoli dignoscatur Patronus, praecipiensque etiam Summus Pontifex ecclesiasticos cunctos tam saeculares, quam Regulares hoc festum cum ritu primae classis diligenter servare, ac plenariam Indulgentiam impertiens omnibus, et singulis, qui conditiones Litteris Apostolicis praescriptas explerent." Pareri sulla definizione dogmatica dell'Immacolato Concepimento della Beata Virgine Maria (Civiltà Cattolica 1851), pp. 128-129
  26. ^ Giraldi, Ubaldo (1769). Expositio Iuris Pontificii Iuxta Recentiorem Ecclesiae Disciplinam: In Duas ... - Ubaldo Giraldi - Google Books. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  27. ^ Gravois, Marcus Antonius (1764). De ortu et progressu cultus, ac festi Immaculati conceptus beatae Dei ... - Marcus Antonius Gravois - Google Books. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  28. ^ "Insuper ab ipso Maximo Pontifice ecclesiasticos omnes Missam celebrare posse, et officium divinum persolvere dei festi et octavae sicut Francisci Minorum Ordo celebrabat et persolvebat, etiam obtinuit" (Civiltà Cattolica 1851, p. 129)
  29. ^ "Inmaculada Concepción. 150 años". Generalisimofranco.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  30. ^ "Inmaculada Concepción de María: Los seises de la Catedral de Sevilla". Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2012.
  31. ^ "Blue Liturgical Vestments | ZENIT - The World Seen From Rome". ZENIT. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  32. ^ "OCD - The Old Abbey Loughrea 1300 - 1650". Ocd.ie. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  33. ^ Hannon, Doc (2009-12-08). "St. Conleth's Catholic Heritage Association: Ireland and the Immaculate Conception". Catholicheritage.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  34. ^ https://archive.org/stream/MN5019ucmf_0#page/n375/mode/2up - Moran – Spicilegium Ossoriense 1, page 354. Die hujus Decembris, 1650, in generali Regni Assemblea, unio omnium Catholicorum, praeter et contra spem, acceptata et declarata est. Quod, quia in vigilia Immaculatae Conceptionis Beata Virgo factum est uno omnium voto acceptatum et decreto publico statutum est, ut Deipara Virgo sub Immaculatae Conceptionis titulo, esset Regni patrona, et dies ille tamquam solemnis et festus ad perpetuam rei memoriam toto regno deinceps perpetuo celebrabitur.
  35. ^ "Inmaculada del Viejo". Corazones.org. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  36. ^ "Nuestra Seńora De La Concepción De El Viejo". Webcatolicodejavier.org. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  37. ^ Acta Apostolicae Sedis, LXXXVIII (1996), p. 239
  38. ^ "¡La patrona está de fiesta!. La Prensa". Laprensa.com.ni. 2011-11-24. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  39. ^ "Historia de la Purísima Inmaculada Concepción de María". Aciprensa.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  40. ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  41. ^ Nabia/Navia (December 2010). "Tutelaris Regni". Nabiae. Blogspot. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  42. ^ Para que seja mais notória a obrigação que eu e todos meus vassalos temos de defender que a Virgem Senhora Nossa foi concebida sem pecado original, houve por bem resolver que em todas as portas e entradas das cidades, vilas e lugares de meus Reinos se ponha, em uma pedra lavrada, a inscrição de que será cópia esta carta: Encomendo-vos a façais pôr nas portas e lugares dessa cidade (ou vila) e me aviseis de como o tendes executado.
  43. ^ "Estando ora juntos em Cortes com os três Estados do Reino lhes fiz propor a obrigação que tínhamos de renovar e continuar esta promessa (de D. Afonso Henriques) e venerar com muito particular afecto e solenidade a festa de Sua Imaculada Conceição: E nelas com parecer de todos, assentámos de tomar por padroeira de Nossos Reinos e Senhorios a Santíssima Virgem Nossa Senhora da Conceição... e lhe ofereço de novo em meu nome e do Príncipe D. Teodósio meu sobre todos muito amado e prezado filho e de todos os meus descendentes, sucessores, Reinos, Senhorios e Vassalos à sua Santa Casa da Conceição sita em Vila Viçosa, por ser a primeira que houve em Espanha desta invocação, cinquenta escudos de ouro em cada um ano em sinal de Tributo e Vassalagem: E da mesma maneira prometemos e juramos com o Príncipe e Estados de confessar e defender sempre (até dar a vida sendo necessário) que a Virgem Maria Mãe de Deus foi concebida sem pecado original"
  44. ^ Leite, Jose (1994). Santos de Cada Dia. pp. 416–418.
  45. ^ "Córdoba - Peregrinación al Santuario de la patrona de Portugal". Ecclesia Digital (in Spanish). 27 April 2012. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  46. ^ "Actividades Heraldos". Asociación Cultural Salvadme Reina de Fátima (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 February 2014 – via Salvadmereina.org.
  47. ^ Sainty, Guy Stair. "The Order of Our Lady of the Conception of Vila Viçosa". Chivalric Orders. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  48. ^ "Knighthood Bestowed". Ichrusa.com. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  49. ^ "Order of the Immaculate Conception". H. D. Cerqueira de Souza. Cerqueiradesouza.org. December 2000. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  50. ^ "Feriados Municipais". Município de Vila Viçosa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
  1. ^ Ioannem Paulum Secundum, Papam. Prænotanda Numerorum # 270–632. Signed and notarized by Secretary State of the Vatican, Cardinal Agostino Casaroli. Vatican Secret Archives.