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McDonnell FH Phantom

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The McDonnell FH Phantom is a twinjet fighter aircraft designed and first flown during World War II for the United States Navy. The Phantom was the first purely jet-powered aircraft to land on an American aircraft carrier[2][N 1] and the first jet deployed by the United States Marine Corps. Although only 62 FH-1s were built it helped prove the viability of carrier-based jet fighters. As McDonnell's first successful fighter, it led to the development of the follow-on F2H Banshee, which was one of the two most important naval jet fighters of the Korean War; combined, the two established McDonnell as an important supplier of navy aircraft.[4]

FH Phantom
An FH-1 Phantom landing aboard USS Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1946
Role Carrier-based fighter aircraft
Manufacturer McDonnell Aircraft
First flight 26 January 1945
Introduction August 1947
Retired 1949 (USN, USMC)
July 1954 (USNR)[1]
Primary users United States Navy
United States Marine Corps
Number built 62
Developed into McDonnell F2H Banshee

McDonnell chose to bring the name back with the Mach 2–class McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, the most versatile and widely used western combat aircraft of the Vietnam War era.[5]

The FH Phantom was originally designated the FD Phantom, but this was changed as the aircraft entered production.

Design and development edit

In early 1943, aviation officials at the United States Navy were impressed with McDonnell's audacious XP-67 Bat project. McDonnell was invited by the navy to cooperate in the development of a shipboard jet fighter, using an engine from the turbojets under development by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Three prototypes were ordered on 30 August 1943 and the designation XFD-1[N 2] was assigned. Under the 1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system, the letter "D" before the dash designated the aircraft's manufacturer. The Douglas Aircraft Company had previously been assigned this letter, but the USN elected to reassign it to McDonnell because Douglas had not provided any fighters for navy service in years.[6]

McDonnell engineers evaluated a number of engine combinations, varying from eight 9.5 in (24 cm) diameter engines down to two engines of 19 inches (48 cm) diameter. The final design used the two 19 in (48 cm) engines after it was found to be the lightest and simplest configuration.[7] The engines were buried in the wing root to keep intake and exhaust ducts short, offering greater aerodynamic efficiency than underwing nacelles,[8] and the engines were angled slightly outwards to protect the fuselage from the hot exhaust blast.[6] Placement of the engines in the middle of the airframe allowed the cockpit with its bubble-style canopy to be placed ahead of the wing, granting the pilot excellent visibility in all directions. This engine location also freed up space under the nose, allowing designers to use tricycle gear, thereby elevating the engine exhaust path and reducing the risk that the hot blast would damage the aircraft carrier deck.[9] The construction methods and aerodynamic design of the Phantom were fairly conventional for the time; the aircraft had unswept wings, a conventional empennage, and an aluminum monocoque structure with flush riveted aluminum skin. Folding wings were used to reduce the width of the aircraft in storage configuration. Provisions for four .50-caliber (12.7 mm) machine guns were made in the nose, while racks for eight 5 in (130 mm) High Velocity Aircraft Rockets could be fitted under the wings, although these were seldom used in service.[6] Adapting a jet to carrier use was a much greater challenge than producing a land-based fighter because of slower landing and takeoff speeds required on a small carrier deck. The Phantom used split flaps on both the folding and fixed wing sections to enhance low-speed landing performance,[10] but no other high-lift devices were used. Provisions were also made for Rocket Assisted Take Off (RATO) bottles to improve takeoff performance.[6]

 
A U.S. Navy FH-1 of VF-17A Phantom Fighters taxies to the catapult during carrier qualifications on the light aircraft carrier Saipan, in May 1948

When the first XFD-1, serial number 48235, was completed in January 1945, only one Westinghouse 19XB-2B engine was available for installation. Ground runs and taxi tests were conducted with the single engine, and such was the confidence in the aircraft that the first flight on 26 January 1945 was made with only the one turbojet engine.[11][N 3] During flight tests, the Phantom became the first U.S. Navy aircraft to exceed 500 mph (434 kn, 805 km/h).[1] With successful completion of tests, a production contract was awarded on 7 March 1945 for 100 FD-1 aircraft. With the end of the war, the Phantom production contract was reduced to 30 aircraft, but was soon increased back to 60.[12]

The first prototype was lost in a fatal crash on 1 November 1945,[13] but the second and final Phantom prototype (serial number 48236) was completed early the next year and became the first purely jet-powered aircraft to operate from an American aircraft carrier, completing four successful takeoffs and landings on 21 July 1946, from Franklin D. Roosevelt near Norfolk, Virginia.[1] At the time, she was the largest carrier serving with the U.S. Navy, allowing the aircraft to take off without assistance from a catapult.[12] The second prototype crashed on 26 August 1946.[14]

Production Phantoms incorporated a number of design improvements. These included provisions for a flush-fitting centerline drop tank, an improved gunsight, and the addition of speed brakes. Production models used Westinghouse J30-WE-20 engines with 1,600 lbf (7.1 kN) of thrust per engine. The top of the vertical tail had a more square shape than the rounder tail used on the prototypes, and a smaller rudder was used to resolve problems with control surface clearance discovered during test flights. The horizontal tail surfaces were shortened slightly, while the fuselage was stretched by 19 in (48 cm). The amount of framing in the windshield was reduced to enhance pilot visibility.[6][12]

Halfway through the production run, the navy reassigned the designation letter "D" back to Douglas, with the Phantom being redesignated FH-1.[12] Including the two prototypes, a total of 62 Phantoms were finally produced, with the last FH-1 rolling off the assembly line in May 1948.[15]

Realizing that the production of more powerful jet engines was imminent, McDonnell engineers proposed a more powerful variant of the Phantom while the original aircraft was still under development – a proposal that would lead to the design of the Phantom's replacement, the F2H Banshee. Although the new aircraft was originally envisioned as a modified Phantom, the need for heavier armament, greater internal fuel capacity, and other improvements eventually led to a substantially heavier and bulkier aircraft that shared few parts with its agile predecessor.[16] Despite this, the two aircraft were similar enough that McDonnell was able to complete its first F2H-1 in August 1948, a mere three months after the last FH-1 had rolled off the assembly line.[17]

Operational history edit

 
Three FH-1 Phantoms of VMF-122 in 1949
 
Three aircraft of the Minneapolis U.S. Naval Air Reserve (front to back): an FH-1 Phantom, an F4U-1 Corsair, and an SNJ Texan in 1951.

The first Phantoms were delivered to USN fighter squadron VF-17A (later redesignated VF-171) in August 1947;[18] the squadron received a full complement of 24 aircraft on 29 May 1948.[19] Beginning in November 1947, Phantoms were delivered to United States Marine Corps squadron VMF-122, making it the first USMC combat squadron to deploy jets.[18] VF-17A became the USN's first fully operational jet carrier squadron when it deployed aboard USS Saipan on 5 May 1948.[20][N 4]

The Phantom was one of the first jets used by the U.S. military for exhibition flying. Three Phantoms used by the Naval Air Test Center were used by a unique demonstration team called the Gray Angels, whose members consisted entirely of naval aviators holding the rank of rear admiral (Daniel V. Gallery, Apollo Soucek and Edgar A. Cruise.)[18][21] The team's name was an obvious play on the name of the recently formed U.S. Navy Blue Angels, who were still flying propeller-powered Grumman F8F Bearcats at the time. The "Grays" flew in various air shows during the summer of 1947, but the team was abruptly disbanded after their poorly timed arrival at a September air show in Cleveland, Ohio, nearly caused a head-on low-altitude collision with a large formation of other aircraft; their Phantoms were turned over to test squadron VX-3.[1] The VMF-122 Phantoms were later used for air show demonstrations until they were taken out of service in 1949, with the team being known alternately as the Marine Phantoms or the Flying Leathernecks.[1][18]

The Phantom's service as a frontline fighter would be short-lived. Its limited range and light armament – notably, its inability to carry bombs – made it best suited for duty as a point-defence interceptor aircraft. However, its speed and rate of climb were only slightly better than existing propeller-powered fighters and fell short of other contemporary jets, such as the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star, prompting concerns that the Phantom would be outmatched by future enemy jets it might soon face. Moreover, recent experience in World War II had demonstrated the value of naval fighters that could double as fighter-bombers, a capability the Phantom lacked. Finally, the aircraft exhibited some design deficiencies – its navigational avionics were poor, it could not accommodate newly developed ejection seats,[1] and the location of the machine guns in the upper nose caused pilots to be dazzled by muzzle flash.[16]

The F2H Banshee and Grumman F9F Panther, both of which began flight tests around the time of the Phantom's entry into service, better satisfied the navy's desire for a versatile, long-range, high-performance jet. Consequently, the FH-1 saw little weapons training, and was primarily used for carrier qualifications to transition pilots from propeller-powered fighters to jets in preparation for flying the Panther or Banshee. In June 1949, VF-171 (VF-17A) re-equipped with the Banshee, and their Phantoms were turned over to VF-172; this squadron, along with the NATC, VX-3, and VMF-122, turned over their Phantoms to the United States Naval Reserve by late 1949 after receiving F2H-1 Banshees. The FH-1 would see training duty with the USNR until being replaced by the F9F Panther in July 1954; none ever saw combat,[1] having been retired from frontline service prior to the outbreak of the Korean War.

Civilian use edit

In 1964, Progressive Aero, Incorporated of Fort Lauderdale, Florida purchased three surplus Phantoms, intending to use them to teach civilians how to fly jets. A pair were stripped of military equipment and restored to flying condition, but the venture was unsuccessful, and the aircraft were soon retired once again.[22]

Variants edit

XFD-1
Prototype aircraft powered by 1,165 lbf (5.18 kN) Westinghouse 19XB-2B engines (J-30). Two built.[2]
FH-1 (FD-1)
Production version with 1,600 lbf (7.1 kN) Westinghouse J30-WE-20 engines (originally designated FD-1). 60 built.[2]

Operators edit

  United States

Aircraft on display edit

 
FH-1 Phantom on display in Washington, D.C.
FH-1

Specifications (FH-1 Phantom) edit

 
3-view line drawing of the McDonnell FD-1 Phantom

Data from Naval Fighters #3 : McDonnell FH-1 Phantom,[27] and McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920 [28]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 37 ft 3 in (11.35 m)
  • Wingspan: 40 ft 9 in (12.42 m)
  • Width: 16 ft 3 in (4.95 m) wings folded[8]
  • Height: 14 ft 2 in (4.32 m)
  • Height folded: 16 ft 10 in (5 m)
  • Wing area: 273.74 sq ft (25.431 m2)
  • Airfoil: root: NACA 66-218 a=.6; tip: NACA 66-215-414 a=.6[29]
  • Empty weight: 6,683 lb (3,031 kg)
  • Gross weight: 10,035 lb (4,552 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 12,035 lb (5,459 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 375 US gal (312 imp gal; 1,420 L) gasoline internal, with optional 295 US gal (246 imp gal; 1,120 L) external belly tank.
  • Powerplant: 2 × Westinghouse J30-WE-20 (or J30-P20) turbojet, 1,600 lbf (7.1 kN) thrust each (Westinghouse 19 XB-2B)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Aerojet 14AS-1000 D5 JATO bottles, 1,000 lbf (4.4 kN) thrust each for 14 seconds

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 505 mph (813 km/h, 439 kn) at 30,000 ft (9,100 m)
  • Cruise speed: 248 mph (399 km/h, 216 kn)
  • Landing speed: 80 mph (70 kn; 130 km/h)
  • Range: 690 mi (1,110 km, 600 nmi)
  • Ferry range: 1,400 mi (2,300 km, 1,200 nmi) with external belly tank.
  • Service ceiling: 41,100 ft (12,500 m)
  • Rate of climb: 4,230 ft/min (21.5 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 36.4 lb/sq ft (178 kg/m2)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.32

Armament

See also edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The first aircraft to land on an American carrier under jet power was the unconventional composite propeller-jet Ryan FR Fireball, designed to utilize its piston engine during takeoff and landing. On 6 November 1945, the piston engine of an FR-1 failed on final approach; the pilot started the jet engine and landed, thereby performing the first jet-powered carrier landing, albeit unintentionally.[3]
  2. ^ The U.S. Navy had earlier used the XFD-1 designation for the prototype Douglas XFD biplane fighter, which did not enter production due to changing Navy requirements.
  3. ^ McDonnell assistant Chief Engineer Kendall Perkins has stated that this "first flight" was no more than a "hop", and that the real first flight would wait until a second engine was fitted a few days later.[12]
  4. ^ Squadron VF-5A, flying the North American FJ-1 Fury, had conducted the navy's first all-jet aircraft carrier operations at sea on 10 March 1948 aboard Boxer, but the entire squadron was not considered operational at the time.

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Mills 1991, pp. 226-227.
  2. ^ a b c Angelucci and Bowers 1987, p. 268.
  3. ^ "First Jet Landing". Naval Aviation News, United States Navy, March 1946, p. 6.
  4. ^ USN F-4 Phantom II vs VPAF MiG-17/19: Vietnam 1965–73. Osprey Publishing.
  5. ^ "USAF McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II Penguin Random House Books". Archived from the original on 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Mesko 2002, p. 7.
  7. ^ Air International November 1987, p. 233.
  8. ^ a b Air International November 1987, p. 234.
  9. ^ Mesko 2002, p. 5.
  10. ^ Air International November 1987, pp. 234–235.
  11. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 382.
  12. ^ a b c d e Air International November 1987, p. 258.
  13. ^ Angelucci and Bowers 1987, pp. 297–298.
  14. ^ Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network[dead link]
  15. ^ Wagner 1982, p. 503.
  16. ^ a b Mesko 2002, p. 10.
  17. ^ Wagner 1982, p. 504.
  18. ^ a b c d Air International November 1987, p. 259.
  19. ^ Cleaver, Thomas McKelvey (2019-03-05). Holding the line : the naval air campaign in Korea. Oxford. ISBN 978-1-4728-3172-9. OCLC 1084309969.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Grossnick 1997, p. 171.
  21. ^ Goebel, Greg. "The FH-1 Phantom." Archived May 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine The McDonnell FH-1 Phantom & F2H Banshee, 1 November 2010. Retrieved: 10 May 2011.
  22. ^ Mesko, 2002 p. 8.
  23. ^ "FH-1 Phantom/111759." Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine NASM. Retrieved: 29 October 2012.
  24. ^ a b c Hamilton, Hayden. "The McDonell FH-1 Phantom: the Forgotten Phantom". AAHS Journal, Vol. 55, No. 2, Summer 2010.
  25. ^ "FH-1 Phantom/111768." Wings of Eagles Discovery Center. Retrieved: 29 October 2012.
  26. ^ "FH-1 Phantom/111793." Archived 2015-03-18 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of Naval Aviation. Retrieved: 15 January 2015.
  27. ^ Ginter, Steve (1981). Naval Fighters #3 : Mc Donnell FH-1 Phantom. Simi Valley CA: Steve Ginter.
  28. ^ Francillon 1979, p. 383.
  29. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography edit

  • Angelucci, Enzo and Peter M. Bowers. The American Fighter. Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing Group, 1987. ISBN 0-85429-635-2.
  • Bedford, Alan (May–June 1999). "Earl American Carrier Jets: Evolving Jet Operations with the US Fleet, Part One". Air Enthusiast (81): 13–19. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam & Company, Ltd, 1979. ISBN 0-370-00050-1.
  • Ginter, Steve. McDonnell FH-1 Phantom. (Naval Fighters Number 115) Simi Valley, California: Steve Ginter Books, 2022. ISBN 978-0-942612-53-0
  • Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters. London: MacDonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (sixth impression 1969). ISBN 0-356-01448-7.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: US Navy and Marine Corps Fighters. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1976. ISBN 0-356-08222-9.
  • Grossnick, Roy A. "Part 6: Postwar Years: 1946–1949". United States Naval Aviation 1910–1995. Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1997. ISBN 0-945274-34-3.
  • Hamilton, Hayden. "The McDonnell FH-1 Phantom: the Forgotten Phantom". AAHS Journal, Vol. 55, No. 2, Summer 2010.
  • Mesko, Jim. FH Phantom/F2H Banshee in Action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-89747-444-9.
  • Mills, Carl. Banshees in the Royal Canadian Navy. Willowdale, Ontario, Canada: Banshee Publication, 1991. ISBN 0-9695200-0-X.
  • "Mr Mac's First Phantom: The Story of the McDonnell FH-1". Air International Vol. 33, No. 5, November 1987, pp. 231–235, 258–260. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes. New York: Doubleday, 3rd edition, 1982. ISBN 0-385-13120-8.

External links edit

 
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