Ervil Morrell LeBaron (February 22, 1925 – August 15, 1981) was the leader of a polygamous Mormon fundamentalist group who ordered the killings of many of his opponents, both within his own sect and in rival polygamous groups, using the religious doctrine of blood atonement to justify the murders. He was sentenced to life in prison for orchestrating the murder of an opponent, and died there in 1981.
Ervil LeBaron | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Ervil Morrell LeBaron February 22, 1925 Galeana Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Died | August 15, 1981 (aged 56) Draper, Utah, US |
| Other names | The Mormon Manson[1][2] |
| Spouse | At least 13 |
| Children | 50+ |
| Criminal penalty | Life |
| Details | |
| Victims | 25+ |
Span of crimes | 1974–1981 |
| Country | Mexico, United States |
| State(s) | California, Utah |
Date apprehended | June 1, 1979 |
He had at least 13 wives in a plural marriage, several of whom he married while they were still underage, and several of whom were involved in the murders.
History edit
After the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) officially abandoned the practice of polygamy in 1890, some polygamous Mormons, who were later excommunicated from the LDS Church, moved south to Mexico to continue the practice without the interference of U.S. law enforcement. One of these Mormons, Alma Dayer LeBaron, Sr., moved his family, which included his two wives and eight children, to northern Mexico in 1924. There they started a farm called "Colonia LeBaron" in Galeana, Chihuahua.[3]
When Alma died in 1951, he passed the leadership of the community on to his son Joel LeBaron, who eventually incorporated the community as the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times in Salt Lake City, Utah.[4] Ervil LeBaron, Joel's younger brother, was his second in command during the early years of the church's existence.[5] The group ultimately numbered around thirty families who lived in both Utah and a community called "Los Molinos" on the Baja California Peninsula.
Killings edit
In 1972, the LeBaron sect suffered a schism when Ervil fell out with Joel and started the Church of the First Born of the Lamb of God in San Diego, California.[3][6] Later that year, Ervil ordered Joel's murder in Mexico.[3][6] Leadership of the Baja California church passed to the youngest LeBaron brother, Verlan, whom Ervil tried to have killed over the next decade.[3][6]
In 1974, Ervil was tried and convicted in Mexico for Joel's murder. His conviction was overturned on a technicality; some have alleged this was as a result of a bribe.[3][7] Ervil's followers subsequently raided Los Molinos in an effort to kill Verlan—[8][9] who was in Nicaragua—but the town was destroyed and two men were killed.[8][10]
Ervil LeBaron's attention was also focused on rival polygamous leaders. In April 1975, he ordered the killing of Bob Simons, a polygamist who sought to minister to Native Americans.[11] In 1977, LeBaron ordered the killing of Rulon C. Allred, leader of the Apostolic United Brethren, another Mormon fundamentalist sect.[12] Ervil LeBaron's 13th wife, Rena Chynoweth, carried out the murder with Ervil's stepdaughter, Ramona Marston.[3] Although Chynoweth was tried and acquitted for Allred's murder, she confessed in her memoir, The Blood Covenant (1990).[13] She also described her experiences in LeBaron's group, which she characterized as using mind control and fear to control its followers.[14]
Ervil LeBaron also ordered the murders of members of his own family and those of his supporters. His 10th wife, Vonda White, was convicted and sentenced to life in prison for the murder of Dean Grover Vest, one of LeBaron's henchmen, who had attempted to leave the church.[15][16] Vonda White is also said to have killed Noemi Zarate Chynoweth,[17][18] the plural wife of Ervil's father-in-law through his wife, Lorna Chynoweth. Noemi had been critical of Ervil LeBaron's practices and snubbed him at her wedding to Bud Chynoweth.[14][19] According to witnesses, Thelma Chynoweth (Bud Chynoweth's first wife who was Lorna's mother and Noemi's sister-wife) helped kill Noemi. Ervil LeBaron has also been linked to the death of his own 17-year-old daughter Rebecca, who was pregnant with her second child and hoped to leave the group; it is alleged that his stepson Eddie Marston and brother-in-law Duane Chynoweth strangled her in April 1977.[20][21]
On June 1, 1979, Ervil LeBaron was apprehended by police in Mexico and extradited to the United States, where he was convicted of having ordered Allred's death. In 1980, he was sentenced to life imprisonment at the Utah State Prison in Draper, Utah, where he died on August 16, 1981, from an apparent suicide.[22] Ervil's brother Verlan (whom Ervil had tried to murder) died in an auto accident in Mexico City two days after Ervil's body was discovered in his cell.[22] In an October 2012 interview with Vice Magazine, Verlan LeBaron's grandson Brent LeBaron stated that at least some in the LeBaron family believe that this may not have been a coincidence.[23]
Aftermath edit
While in prison, LeBaron wrote a 400-page "bible" known as The Book of the New Covenants, which included a commandment to kill disobedient church members who were included in a hit list written by LeBaron. Some 20 copies were printed and distributed.[24]
Three of the murders were carried out simultaneously on June 27, 1988, at 4:00 pm.[3] Duane Chynoweth, one of LeBaron's former followers, was shot and killed with his 8-year-old daughter, Jennifer, while running errands.[3] Eddie Marston, one of LeBaron's stepsons and former thugs, was killed in the same manner, and Mark Chynoweth, a father of six, was shot multiple times in his office in Houston, Texas.[3]
Of the seven killers involved in the "4 O'Clock Murders," five were found guilty of murder. One, Cynthia LeBaron, testified against her siblings and was granted immunity. The final suspect, Jacqueline LeBaron, was captured by the FBI in May 2010.[25]
On June 16, 2011, Jacqueline Tarsa LeBaron pleaded guilty to conspiracy to obstruct religious beliefs and faced a 5-year maximum sentence in a future sentencing hearing.[26] She was released from federal custody several months earlier than her original sentence was calculated.[27] Although her plea agreement is public information, many docket entries are sealed.[28][29] Since release, one 2014 report from a U.S. Probation Officer about her supervised release states that Jacqueline Tarsa LeBaron had not made any payment toward the $134,000 restitution imposed by the Court; simultaneously, the officer's report states that she "has severe mental health issues" including mania requiring psychotropic medication and which have led her to seek Social Security Disability Insurance.[30]
It has been estimated that more than 25 people were killed as a result of LeBaron's prison-cell orders. Many of his family members and other ex-members of the group still remain in hiding for fear of retribution from LeBaron's remaining followers.[citation needed] However, when LeBaron's daughter Anna LeBaron, who escaped from the cult aged 13, published an account of her life and the cult in 2017, when she was 48, she said that the blood-letting was over and family members were no longer in danger.[31]
Wives and children edit
Ervil LeBaron married 13 women and fathered more than 50 children. He also raised several stepchildren.
* stepchild
+ Chynoweth sibling
++ Rios sibling
!cult leader
i Incest
| Wives | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wife | Age at marriage | Killed on behalf of the cult? | Left the cult: | Comments | ||
| Murdered | Imprisoned | Escaped before 1992 | ||||
| Delfina Salido | Y | Went to the authorities, in fear of her life, after her daughter Rebecca was murdered. | ||||
| Marilu Vega | N | |||||
| Joy Marston | N | Y | Left Ervil after 3 months of marriage[32] | |||
| Anna Mae (Stephens) Marston | N | Anna Mae left her second husband, Nephi Marston, to marry Ervil, bringing her children with her. | ||||
| Lorna Chynoweth+ | N | Y [1983] | Lorna's body was never recovered. She was likely killed by one of her sons. | |||
| Kristina Jensen | N | Y | ||||
| Rosemary (Worley) Barlow | N | Brought 3 children with her to the marriage | ||||
| Linda Johnson | ||||||
| Debra Bateman | 16 | N | Y | |||
| Vonda White | Y[32] | Y | Convicted of killing Dean Grover Vest, a cult member who tried to leave. Also killed Neomi Zarate Chynoweth, a plural wife of Bud Chynoweth, Ervil's father-in-law twice over.[32] Brought 4 children with her from her first marriage | |||
| Teresa Rios++ | Y | |||||
| Yolanda Rios++ | Y [1984] | |||||
| Rena Chynoweth+ | 16 | Y[32] | Y | Y | Killed Rulon Allred, but acquitted for the crime. Left the cult after Ervil's arrest.[32] | |
| Children | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother | Child Name | Child Spouse | Polygamist? | Killed on behalf of the cult? | Left the cult: | Comment | |||
| Murdered | Imprisoned | Suicide | Escaped before 1992 | ||||||
| Delfina Salido | Sylvia Esther | Thomas Liddiard | Y | N | |||||
| Sarah | N | ||||||||
| Alice | N | ||||||||
| Lillian | Mark Chynoweth+ | N | Y [1989][32] | Helped several siblings leave the cult; suspected of being involved in the death of her brother Isaac or other siblings.[32] | |||||
| Arturo ("Arthur")! | Y | Y[32] | Y [Dec 1983] | Left cult following death of Ervil | |||||
| Rebecca | Victor Chynoweth+ | Y | N | Y [1977][32] | Pregnant at the time of her murder. Her body has never been recovered.[32] | ||||
| Jonathan "Isaac" | - | N | N | ? | ? [1983][32] | Y [1979][32] | Testified in court against many cult members. After a stint in a mental health institution, he moved in with his sister Lillian and Mark Chynoweth. He died several days later. Official records say suicide, but authors such as Scott Anderson believe he was likely murdered by the Chynoweths.[32] | ||
| Paul | |||||||||
| Delia | Y [1978][32] | Escaped with her mother[32] | |||||||
| Marilu Vega | Elsa | Dan Jordan | Y | ||||||
| Jorge | Y [1984] | Body never recovered | |||||||
| Patricia | Heber Lebaroni[32] | Y | Y [1992][32] | Sentenced to life in prison for her role in the murders of Ed Barlow, and Mark, Duane, and Jenny Chynoweth.[33] Released in 2023.[34] | |||||
| Benjamin | |||||||||
| Virginia | N | ||||||||
| Ruben | |||||||||
| Anna Mae Marston | David Marston* | ||||||||
| Edward Thomas Marston* | N | Y | Y [1988][32] | ||||||
| Ramona Marston * | Dan Jordan | Y | Y | Y | Y [1982][35] | Assisted Rena Chynoweth in killing Rulon Allred. Acquitted. Married to Dan Jordan on the same day as her sister Fay.[32] | |||
| Faye Marston* | Dan Jordan | Y | Married to Dan Jordan on the same day as her sister Ramona[32] | ||||||
| Kathleen | N | Y [1982][36] | Ran away from the cult to get married at age 18.[36] | ||||||
| William "Heber"! | multiple half-sistersi[32] | Y | Y[33] | Y [1992] | Sentenced to life in prison for his role in the murders of Ed Marston, and Mark, Duane, and Jenny Chynoweth.[33] | ||||
| Marilyn | N | N | Y [1982][36] | Ran away from her mother in 1982; assisted by sister Lillian and stepsister Ramona Marston[36] | |||||
| Celia Kristina | N | N | Y [late 1980s][37] | ||||||
| Anna Keturah | N | N | Y [1982][36] | Ran away to live with her sister Lillian.[36] | |||||
| Hyrum | N | N | |||||||
| Adine | N | ||||||||
| Lorna Chynoweth | Andrew | N | Y[32] | Y | Body never recovered | ||||
| Jacqueline Tarsa | Y | Y | Indicted in the 1990s; on the FBI Most Wanted List for years until finally arrested in the 2000s | ||||||
| Aaron Morel "Mo"! | Y[33] | Y [1997] | Sentenced to 45 years in prison for his role in the murders of Ed Barlow and Mark, Duane, and Jenny Chynoweth.[33] | ||||||
| Natasha | |||||||||
| Andrea Monique | |||||||||
| Bridget Veronica | |||||||||
| Leland Jared | |||||||||
| Joshua | |||||||||
| Christina Jensen | Tabitha | Y [1970s] | Escaped with her mother | ||||||
| Shoshanna | Y [1970s] | Escaped with her mother | |||||||
| Rosemary Barlow | Douglas Barlow* | Y[33] | Sentenced to life in prison for his role in the murders of Ed Marston and Mark, Duane, and Jenny Chynoweth.[33] | ||||||
| Annalee Barlow* | |||||||||
| Ellen Barlow* | |||||||||
| Nathaniel | |||||||||
| David | |||||||||
| Eva | |||||||||
| Linda Johnson | Thomas Anthony | ||||||||
| Cynthia | Y | Y [1992][33] | Granted immunity to testify against her siblings in the murders of her stepbrother Ed Marston and Mark and Duane Chynoweth, and Duane's 8-year-old daughter.[33] | ||||||
| Richard | Y | Y [1992] | Pled guilty to murder of 8-year-old Jenny Chynoweth and received a 5-year sentence.[33] | ||||||
| Debra Bateman | Jeremy | N | Y | Escaped with his mother | |||||
| Craig | N | Y | Escaped with his mother | ||||||
| Vonda White | Craig White* | After his mother's imprisonment, raised by Anna Mae Marston | |||||||
| Audrey White* | After her mother's imprisonment, raised by Anna Mae Marston | ||||||||
| Evelyn White* | After her mother's imprisonment, raised by Anna Mae Marston | ||||||||
| Janet White* | After her mother's imprisonment, raised by Anna Mae Marston | ||||||||
| Mimi | After her mother's imprisonment, raised by Anna Mae Marston | ||||||||
| Nathan | After his mother's imprisonment, raised by Anna Mae Marston | ||||||||
| Teresa Rios | Gladys Elva | ||||||||
| Estephania Norma | |||||||||
| Jenny | |||||||||
| Gabriela R. | |||||||||
| Yolanda Rios | Sandra | ||||||||
| Danny | |||||||||
| Rena Chynoweth | Erin | Y [1981] | Escaped with her mother | ||||||
| John Ryan | Y [1981] | Escape with his mother | |||||||
Depictions edit
- Films
- Prophet of Evil: The Ervil LeBaron Story (1993) at IMDb , directed by Jud Taylor
- Television
- "Murderous Mormons". Deadly Devotion. Season 3. Episode 4. 2015-08-24. Investigation Discovery.
- "Blood Atonement". Evil Lives Here. Season 3. Episode 9. 2018-03-04. Investigation Discovery.
- Under the Banner of Heaven, 2022 miniseries based on the book by John Krakauer
- Daughters of the Cult, 2024 Hulu documentary series
- Nonfiction
- Bradlee, Ben; Van Atta, Dale (1981). Prophet of blood: the untold story of Ervil LeBaron and the lambs of God. Putnam. ISBN 978-0-399-12371-9.
- Chynoweth, Rena (1990). The Blood Covenant. Diamond Books. ISBN 978-0-89015-768-8.
- Anderson, Scott (1994). The 4 O'Clock Murders: The True Story of a Mormon Family's Vengeance. Random House. ISBN 978-0-440-21629-2.
- Krakauer, Jon (2004). Under the banner of heaven: a story of violent faith. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4000-7899-8.
- Schmidt, Susan Ray (2008). Shattered Dreams: My Life as a Polygamist's Wife. Kassidy Lane Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9779-7300-2.
- Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement. Hachette Book Group. ISBN 978-1-59995-213-0.
- Spencer, Irene (2008). Shattered Dreams: My Life as a Polygamist's Wife. Center Street. ISBN 978-1-5999-5719-7.
- Wariner, Ruth (2016). The Sound of Gravel: A Memoir. Flatiron Books (Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-250-07769-1.
- LeBaron, Anna (2017). The Polygamist's Daughter. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4964-1755-8.
- Denton, Sally (2022). The Colony: Faith and Blood in a Promised Land. New York, NY: Liveright. ISBN 978-1-63149-807-7. LCCN 2021062619.
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ "The 'Mormon Manson' and His Family's Mexican Massacre". The Daily Beast. 2023-02-01.
- ^ "Ervil LeBaron: How a fundamentalist leader became known as the 'Mormon Manson'". The Independent. 2023-02-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Anderson, Scott (1993). The 4 o'clock murders: the true story of a Mormon family's vengeance (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-41904-X. OCLC 25708894.
- ^ Utah Attorney General's Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office, The Primer: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement and Human Services Agencies who offer Assistance to Fundamentalist Mormon Families Archived January 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, updated Aug. 2009
- ^ Anderson, pp.68-82.
- ^ a b c Bradlee, Ben Jr.; Van Atta, Dale (1981). Prophet of blood: the untold story of Ervil LeBaron and the lambs of God. Dale Van Atta. New York: Putnam. ISBN 0-399-12371-7. OCLC 7196924.
- ^ Bradlee & Van Atta, pp.217-218.
- ^ a b Anderson, pp.115-128.
- ^ Bradlee & Van Atta, pp.159-173.
- ^ Stone, Michael H. (2019). The new evil: understanding the emergence of modern violent crime. Gary Brucato, Ann Wolbert Burgess. Amherst, NY. pp. 67–74. ISBN 978-1-63388-532-5. OCLC 1080554640.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Bradlee & Van Atta, pp.181-191; 288-292.
- ^ Bradlee & Van Atta, pp. 231-256.
- ^ Rena Chynoweth, The Blood Covenant (1990).
- ^ a b Schmidt, Susan Ray (2006). His favorite wife : trapped in polygamy: a true story of violent fanaticism (2nd ed.). [Twin Falls, Idaho]: Kassidy Lane. ISBN 0-9779730-0-X. OCLC 71792714.
- ^ Anderson, pp.144-154.
- ^ Bradley & Van Atta, pp. 192-202; 298-300.
- ^ Anderson, pp.128-130.
- ^ Bradlee & Van Atta, p.201. Note, Noemi's name has been spelled variously "Noemi", "Naomi", and "Neomi".
- ^ Bradlee & Van Atta, pp.173-174.
- ^ Anderson, pp.158-165.
- ^ Bradlee & Van Atta, pp.228-31; 256-60; 281-82; 287; 297-98.
- ^ a b Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult insanity: a memoir of polygamy, prophets, and blood atonement (1st ed.). New York: Center Street. ISBN 978-0-446-53819-0. OCLC 297338517.
- ^ "The Mexican Mormon War". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- ^ "BOOK BY ERVIL LEBARON CALLS FOR YOCOM'S DEATH". Deseret News. Associated Press. 1992-09-17. Retrieved 2022-12-01.
- ^ "Jacqueline LeBaron, Daughter Of Infamous Murdering Cult Leader, Is Back In Houston". Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
- ^ "Texas polygamist deaths suspect pleads guilty". Retrieved June 16, 2011.
- ^ Whitehurst, Lindsay (2012-12-19). "Member of polygamous LeBaron family is released from prison". The Salt Lake Tribune. The Polygamy Blog. Archived from the original on 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ^ "Plea Agreement" (PDF), United States of America v. Jacqueline Tarsa LeBaron (Court Filing), no. 4:92-cr-00177, Docket 666, S.D.T.X., 2011-06-16, retrieved 2022-11-30 – via Recap (PACER current docket view
)
- ^ "Docket for United States v. Lebaron, 4:92-cr-00177 - CourtListener.com". CourtListener. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ^ "Report on Offender Under Supervision" (PDF), United States of America v. Jacqueline Tarsa LeBaron (Court Filing), no. 4:92-cr-00177, Docket 709, S.D.T.X., 2011-06-16, retrieved 2022-11-30 – via Recap (PACER current docket view )
- ^ Anna LeBaron: How I escaped my father's murderous polygamous cult, BBC News 'Magazine', by Brian Wheeler, 17 February 2017
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Anderson
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "LeBaron gets 45-year sentence", Deseret News, Associated Press, June 13, 1997, retrieved July 30, 2018
- ^ "United States v. Lebaron, CRIMINAL H-92-177-05 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
- ^ LeBaron, pp.165-6.
- ^ a b c d e f LeBaron, p. 179.
- ^ LeBaron, p. 209.
References edit
- Anderson, Scott (1994). The 4 O'Clock Murders. New York: Dell. ISBN 0-440-21629-X.
- Bradlee, Jr., Ben, and Dale Van Atta (1981) Prophet of Blood: The Untold Story of Ervil Lebaron and the Lambs of God. Putnam, ISBN 978-0-399-12371-9
- Krakauer, Jon (2003) Under the Banner of Heaven : A Story of Violent Faith, pp. 266–277.
- Anna LeBaron (2017). The Polygamist's Daughter. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4964-1755-8.
- Scheeres, Julia. "Ervil LeBaron". Renegade Mormon fundamentalist wooed child brides and used them as the instruments of his murderous designs. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2005.
- Schmidt, Susan Ray (2006). His Favorite Wife: Trapped in Polygamy. Kassidy Lane Publishing LLC. ISBN 978-0-9779730-0-2.
- Spencer, Irene (2009) Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement.
- "A Deadly 'Messenger of God'", Time, Aug. 29, 1977.
- Utah Attorney General's Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office, The Primer: A Guidebook for Law Enforcement and Human Services Agencies Who Offer Assistance to Fundamentalist Mormon Families, updated Aug. 2009.
External links edit
- Prophet of Evil: The Ervil LeBaron Story (1993) (TV) at IMDb
- The Mexican Mormon War (Drug Cartels vs. Mormons) on YouTube, featuring a section on Ervil LeBaron.