The so-called Earthquake tax (also known as special communications tax[1]) was introduced in the aftermath of the earthquake in Izmit in 1999 during which over 17,000 people died.[2] Initially introduced as a temporary tax, it became a permanent tax aimed at the prevention of earthquake-related damage.
Establishment edit
The earthquake tax was established in November 1999[3] during the government of Bülent Ecevit[4] and was directed at cable TV, mobile calls, and messaging.[1] With law No. 4481, taxes on income, vehicle, real estate, private communication and private transaction were added.[5] In 2003 most of the taxes were abolished,[5] but the private communication tax remained and became permanent.[5][6] The tax was initially 7.5% on private communication,[7] but over a presidential decree it was raised to 10% in early 2021.[1][8]
Aims and use edit
With the taxes, buildings were to be prepared better for earthquakes.[7][9][10] Telecommunications services were also meant to be improved.[11] The Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) was able to build logistic hubs in 25 provinces for disaster prevention.[6] Then, further logistic centers for goods for use after disasters were established in 65 provinces.[6] In 2012, the government announced a new plan aimed at reinforcing buildings to make them earthquake-proof.[6] In a 2011 video, Minister of Justice Mehmet Simsek says that the tax money was used for several transport and agriculture projects.[12]
Amount raised edit
There are different calculations possible regarding the amount of the money raised. In the currently valid exchange rate of about 19 Turkish lira per United States dollar, the Turkish Government raised about 4.5 billion dollars.[12] But in view of the exchange rate of below 1.5 Turkish lira per dollar in 2006, the sum raised amounts to 37 billion dollars.[12] Similarly calculating, the Gazete Duvar reports that by 2020, between 67.5 – 140 billion lira have been raised since 1999.[13]
Criticism edit
After several earthquakes there arose questions on whether the tax money was distributed accordingly.[14] Following the earthquake of February 2023, the Republican People's Party (CHP) claims that with the tax, millions of houses could have been made resistant to earthquakes, but the government instead used the money to fund its construction projects.[7][12]
References edit
- ^ a b c "Special communication tax increased 33 percent - Latest News". Hürriyet Daily News. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ Baysan, Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Isil Sariyuce,Zeena Saifi,Reyhan (2023-02-08). "Emotions run high in Turkey amid questions over state response to deadly quake". CNN. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Situation Report 13: Duzce Earthquake, Turkey - Türkiye | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 26 November 1999. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ "Turkey quakes to cost nation $6.2 billion - Minister - Türkiye | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 24 November 1999. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ a b c "24 Billion TL "Earthquake Taxes" Used Elsewhere". Bianet. 2009.
- ^ a b c d Sönmez, Mustafa (29 January 2020). "Turks question 'quake taxes' after deadly tremor - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
- ^ a b c "Erdogan zwackte Steuergeld ab, statt Häuser gegen Erdbeben zu sichern". Focus. 8 February 2023.
- ^ "Turkey Increases Special Communication Tax Rate — Orbitax Tax News & Alerts". www.orbitax.com. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
- ^ "Turkey's president faces scrutiny after earthquake for construction standards". PBS NewsHour. 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ Nawaz, Amna (2023-02-16). "Turkey's president faces scrutiny after earthquake for construction standards". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
- ^ "CHP MP: What Has the Earthquake Tax been Spent For?". Bianet. 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Erdbebensteuer der Türkei zweckentfremdet: Heftige Kritik an Erdogan nach Katastrophe mit tausenden Toten". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 10 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
- ^ Algedik, Önder (2020-03-11). "What happened to the earthquake special taxes in Turkey?". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ "Turkey earthquake: Erdogan 'responsible for this' opposition leader says". BBC News. 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-13.