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A cyber manhunt (Chinese: 起底) in Hong Kong is a term for the behavior of tracking down and exploring an individual's private information via internet media. A cyber manhunt generally involves netizens and is regarded as the purpose of a cyber judgment to the target through blaming, shaming, and naming culprits.[1]
Background edit
A cyber manhunt is developed from the word ‘manhunt’. A manhunt is a way of searching background information of an objective person. The term is broadly used by the police and media. Manhunts were limited during the use of traditional media in the 1990s because of technological constraints. However, cyber manhunts became popular in the 21st century. It gained popularity on the ‘Hong Kong Golden Forum’ and thus spread to other social media websites.[2]
The emergence of cyber manhunts was led by the common practice of sharing individual photographs and information on social networks. Owing to the exploitation of cyberspace technology, more and more free social networking websites appear nowadays, (i.e. Qzone, Tencent QQ, Tencent Video, Weibo, etc.) People are then more willing to share their daily lives on the web. This trend highly raises the accessibility of various internet users to one's personal information.[3] As it gets easier to find people's personal details on the web, it leads to the present prevalence of cyber manhunts.
People tend to put forward Public trials through cyber manhunts. When there are immoral or unfair scenes that might not be handled by law enforcement, such as the ’14-slaps-girl’ and the ‘Bus Uncle’, citizens use cyber manhunts to raise public attention. It provides a way for victims to seek justice through the internet and also plays a role in monitoring, as people will be careful of their behaviors in public to avoid themselves being shamed on the internet.[4]
Method edit
Application of search engine edit
One of the methods is to make use of search engines to obtain the information of people. Netizens search the target by using multitudes of search engines, including Baidu, Petal, Sogou, etc. They type the keywords or the name of the target into the search engines to find related websites, for instance, the social networking sites, private blogs, and albums of the target.[5] They can obtain the target's private information by visiting those websites. Eventually, they would post and show the information they get to the public through the internet.[6]
Browsing public online platforms edit
Moreover, there are columns in public online platforms called the ‘Column for betraying friends’. Netizens usually post the private information and photos of their friends in these columns. For instance: telephone numbers, emails, addresses, etc. Other netizens would browse these columns and obtain information. Some of them even criticize targets in columns, causing cyber bullying.[7]
Purpose edit
Expression of dissatisfaction edit
Cyber manhunt gives the Netizens a good channel to let off their anger and dissatisfaction with the society and social phenomenon. Once an undesirable subject is posted on the internet, it can easily trigger or anger netizens. For instance, "Kong girl 500" rejected people to come to her wedding with $500 for a blessing on her Facebook. She has exposed most of her personal information and wedding location on the internet. It reveals the dissatisfaction of netizen toward "Kong girl" and money worship.[8]
Acquisition of satisfaction edit
People have the desire for discourse power which they are not given in traditional media while able to get in the cyberspace. Dennis Wong, the Professor of Applied Social Sciences of City University, indicated that cyber manhunt is a behavior that wishes own happiness and satisfaction by causing pain to others. He explained that some netizens obtain happiness and satisfaction via a cyber manhunt, and some of them will even see it as a network game to increase their sense of identity if they can find more information than others.[9]
Sense of justice edit
Some cyber manhunt was motivated by the sense of justice and some of the netizens use cyber manhunt as a punishment for the individuals who act inappropriately or immorally.[10] There exist many examples of cyber manhunt about moral and ethical issues. For example, some animal abusers have been arrested because of the power of cyber manhunt.[11]
Influences edit
Influences on victims edit
Victims who suffer trauma from cyber manhunts may leave an indelible imprint worrying about what people browse to them. They are also at risk of getting mental and psychological damage. Also, a common thing to happen to victims is that they would continuously search the situation on the internet and know how the event goes on. It deteriorates victims’ mental health and may even stimulate them to commit suicide.[citation needed]
Influences on netizens edit
Some netizens may also endure emotional distress and fear of becoming the next target of cyber manhunt. They do not need to be consciously responsible for their actions. Therefore, they may criticize others easily. When the cyber manhunt occurs in an uncontrolled situation, some netizens would dread to be the next target.[12]
Related law edit
The netizens who involve in cyber manhunt or explore other's private information without permission may violate the following laws.
Universal declaration of human rights edit
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.[13]
Personal Data Ordinance edit
According to the Personal Data Ordinance which was enacted in 2012, a person commits an offense if the person discloses any personal data of a data subject which was obtained from a data user without the data user's consent, with an intent to cause loss or gain in other property or cause harm to the data subject.[14]
The netizen will commit an offense if they disclose one's private information on the internet without consent. However, Joe Lam, the chief executive officer of Discussion forum points out that it is hard to the law like the speed of communication on the internet is too fast and it is hard to determine if there has been any contravention as Cyber manhunt always involve countless netizens.[15]
References edit
- ^ "Pros and Cons". 2. October 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Pablé, Adrian; Hutton, Christopher (24 April 2015). Signs, Meaning and Experience: Integrational Approaches to Linguistics and Semiotics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-1-5015-0228-6.
- ^ "必須正視網絡欺凌". 明光社.
- ^ "輿論魔力：網絡公審成風 人身攻擊 VS 彰顯公". 文匯報. 2 July 2013.
- ^ "Cyber Manhunt: Evaluation of Technologies and Practices for Effective Community Development and Maintenance". ResearchGate. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "Human flesh search engine: An internet lynching?". Xinhua Net. 4 July 2008.
- ^ "網上現出賣朋友區 發布相片評頭品足". 明報. 11 April 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ ""港女500"到《盛女爱作战》：爱情何价". 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ^ "慘遭網友起底圍剿 「七折港女」想過輕生". 頭條日報. 4 January 2010.
- ^ CHAN, Ching To, "Online Uncovering – Justice or Bullying?", Online Uncovering – Justice or Bullying?
{{citation}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "拍分屍短片放 YouTube 網民人肉起底 炸龜童被捕". 蘋果日報. 6 July 2012.
- ^ "A Study on Cyber-bullying among Hong Kong Secondary Students" (PDF) (September 2010).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ "Personal Data (Privacy) (Amendment) Ordinance 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ^ "The Hong Kong collection :Cyber Judgment". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
External links edit
- ^ "Cyber Manhunt: Evaluation of Technologies and Practices for Effective Community Development and Maintenance". ResearchGate. Retrieved 27 September 2020.