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Corruption Perceptions Index

Corruption Perceptions Index, 2017

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index published annually by Transparency International since 1995 which ranks countries "by their perceived levels of public sector[1] corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys."[2] The CPI generally defines corruption as "the misuse of public power for private benefit".[3]

The CPI currently ranks 176 countries "on a scale from 100 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)". Denmark and New Zealand are perceived as the least corrupt countries in the world, ranking consistently high among international financial transparency, while the most perceived corrupt country in the world is Somalia, ranking at 9 out of 100 since 2017.[4]

Contents

MethodsEdit

Transparency International commissioned the University of Passau's Johann Graf Lambsdorff to produce the CPI.[5] The 2012 CPI takes into account 16 different surveys and assessments from 12 different institutions.[6] The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts.[3] Early CPIs used public opinion surveys.[7] The institutions are:

Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.[7] The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.[9]

ValidityEdit

A study published in 2002 found a "very strong significant correlation" between the Corruption Perceptions Index and two other proxies for corruption: black market activity and overabundance of regulation.[10]

All three metrics also had a highly significant correlation with real gross domestic product per capita (RGDP/Cap); the Corruption Perceptions Index correlation with RGDP/Cap was the strongest, explaining over three fourths of the variance.[10] (Note that a lower index on this scale reflects greater corruption, so that countries with higher RGDPs generally had less corruption.)

Economic implicationsEdit

Research papers published in 2007 and 2008 examined the economic consequences of corruption perception, as defined by the CPI. The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,[11] as well as an increase in GDP growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country's CPI score.[12] Also shown was a power-law dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.

RankingsEdit

Legend:

Scores Perceived as less corrupt Perceived as more corrupt
100–090 089–080 079–070 069–060 059–050 049–040 039-030 029–020 019–010 009–000

2012–2018Edit

2012-2018 Corruption Perceptions Index table[13][14]
Rank Country
or
Territory 		2018[15] 2017[16] 2016[17] 2015[18] 2014[19] 2013[20] 2012[21]
Score Change in score from previous year Score Change in score from previous year Score Change in score from previous year Score Change in score from previous year Score Change in score from previous year Score Change in score from previous year Score
1   Denmark
88
   0
88
   -2
90
   −1
91
   −1
92
   +1
91
   +1
90
2   New Zealand
87
   -2
89
   -1
90
   −1
91
   0
91
   0
91
   +1
90
3   Finland
85
   0
85
   -4
89
   −1
90
   +1
89
   0
89
   −1
90
3   Sweden
85
   +1
84
   -4
88
   −1
89
   +2
87
   −2
89
   +1
88
3    Switzerland
85
   0
85
   -1
86
   0
86
   0
86
   +1
85
   −1
86
3   Singapore
85
   +1
84
   0
84
   −1
85
   +1
84
   −2
86
   −1
87
7   Norway
84
   -1
85
   0
85
   −2
87
   +1
86
   0
86
   +1
85
8   Netherlands
82
   0
82
   -1
83
   −4
87
   +4
83
   0
83
   −1
84
9   Canada
81
   -1
82
   0
82
   −1
83
   +2
81
   0
81
   −3
84
9   Luxembourg
81
   -1
82
   +1
81
   0
81
   −1
82
   +2
80
   0
80
11   Germany
80
   -1
81
   0
81
   0
81
   +2
79
   +1
78
   −1
79
11   United Kingdom
80
   -2
82
   +1
81
   0
81
   +3
78
   +2
76
   +2
74
13   Australia
77
   0
77
   -2
79
   0
79
   −1
80
   −1
81
   −4
85
14   Iceland
76
   -1
77
   -1
78
   −1
79
   0
79
   +1
78
   −4
82
14   Hong Kong
76
   -1
77
   0
77
   +2
75
   +1
74
   −1
75
   −2
77
14   Austria
76
   +1
75
   0
75
   −1
76
   +4
72
   +3
69
   0
69
17   Belgium
75
   0
75
   -2
77
   0
77
   +1
76
   +1
75
   0
75
18   Ireland
73
   -1
74
   +1
73
   −2
75
   +1
74
   +2
72
   +3
69
18   Japan
73
   0
73
   +1
72
   −3
75
   −1
76
   +2
74
   0
74
18   Estonia
73
   +2
71
   +1
70
   0
70
   +1
69
   +1
68
   +4
64
21   France
72
   +2
70
   +2
69
   −1
70
   +1
69
   −2
71
   0
71
22   United States
71
   -4
75
   +1
74
   −2
76
   +2
74
   +1
73
   0
73
23   Uruguay
70
   0
70
   -1
71
   −3
74
   +1
73
   0
73
   +1
72
23   United Arab Emirates
70
   -1
71
   +5
66
   −4
70
   0
70
   +1
69
   +1
68
25   Bhutan
68
   +1
67
   +2
65
   0
65
   0
65
   +2
63
   0
63
25   Barbados
68
   0
68
   +7
61
   0   0
74
   −1
75
   −1
76
27   Chile
67
   0
67
   +1
66
   −4
70
   −3
73
   +2
71
   −1
72
29   Bahamas
65
   0
65
   -1
66
   0   0
71
   0
71
   0
71
30   Portugal
64
   +1
63
   +1
62
   −1
63
   0
63
   +1
62
   −1
63
31   Taiwan
63
   0
63
   +2
61
   −1
62
   +1
61
   0
61
   0
61
31   Brunei
63
   +1
62
   +4
58
   0   0   0
60
   +5
55
33   Qatar
62
   -1
63
   +2
61
   −10
71
   +2
69
   +1
68
   0
68
34   Israel
61
   -1
62
   -2
64
   +3
61
   +1
60
   −1
61
   +1
60
34   Botswana
61
   0
61
   +1
60
   −3
63
   0
63
   −1
64
   −1
65
36   Poland
60
   0
60
   -2
62
   0
62
   +1
61
   +1
60
   +2
58
36   Slovenia
60
   -1
61
   0
61
   +1
60
   +2
58
   +1
57
   −4
61
38   Lithuania
59
   0
59
   0
59
   −2
61
   +3
58
   +1
57
   +3
54
38   Cyprus
59
   +2
57
   +2
55
   −6
61
   −2
63
   0
63
   −3
66
38   Czech Republic
59
   +2
57
   +2
55
   −1
56
   +5
51
   +3
48
   −1
49
41   Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
58
   0
58
   -2
60
   0   0
67
   +5
62
   0
62
41   Spain
58
   +1
57
   -1
58
   0
58
   −2
60
   +1
59
   −6
65
41   Georgia
58
   +2
56
   -1
57
   +5
52
   0
52
   +3
49
   −3
52
41   Latvia
58
   0
58
   +1
57
   +2
55
   0
55
   +2
53
   +4
49
45   Cape Verde
57
   +2
55
   -4
59
   +4
55
   −2
57
   −1
58
   −2
60
45   Dominica
57
   0
57
   -2
59
   0   0
58
   0
58
   0
58
45   South Korea
57
   +3
54
   +1
53
   −3
56
   +1
55
   0
55
   −1
56
48   Costa Rica
56
   -3
59
   +1
58
   +3
55
   +1
54
   +1
53
   −1
54
48   Rwanda
56
   +1
55
   +1
54
   0
54
   +5
49
   −4
53
   0
53
50   Saint Lucia
55
   0
55
   -5
60
   0   0   0
71
   0
71
51   Malta
54
   -2
56
   +1
55
   −1
56
   +1
55
   −1
56
   −1
57
52   Namibia
53
   +2
51
   -1
52
   −1
53
   +4
49
   +1
48
   0
48
53   Grenada
52
   0
52
   -4
56
   0   0   0   0
53   Italy
52
   +2
50
   +3
47
   +3
44
   +1
43
   0
43
   +1
42
53   Oman
52
   +8
44
   -1
45
   0
45
   0
45
   −2
47
   0
47
56   Mauritius
51
   +1
50
   -4
54
   +1
53
   −1
54
   +2
52
   −5
57
57   Slovakia
50
   0
50
   -1
51
   0
51
   +1
50
   +3
47
   +1
46
58   Jordan
49
   +1
48
   0
48
   −5
53
   +4
49
   +4
45
   −3
48
58   Saudi Arabia
49
   0
49
   +3
46
   −6
52
   +3
49
   +3
46
   +2
44
60   Croatia
48
   -1
49
   0
49
   −2
51
   +3
48
   0
48
   +2
46
61   Malaysia
47
   0
47
   -2
49
   −1
50
   −2
52
   +2
50
   +1
49
61   Romania
47
   -1
48
   0
48
   +2
46
   +3
43
   0
43
   −1
44
61   Cuba
47
   0
47
   0
47
   0
47
   +1
46
   0
46
   −2
48
64   Hungary
46
   +1
45
   -3
48
   −3
51
   −3
54
   0
54
   −1
55
64   São Tomé and Príncipe
46
   0
46
   0
46
   +4
42
   0
42
   0
42
   0
42
67   Montenegro
45
   -1
46
   +1
45
   +1
44
   +2
42
   −2
44
   +3
41
67   Senegal
45
   0
45
   0
45
   +1
44
   +1
43
   +2
41
   +5
36
67   Greece
45
   -3
48
   +4
44
   −2
46
   +3
43
   +3
40
   +4
36
70   Solomon Islands
44
   +5
39
   -3
42
   0   0   0   0
70   Belarus
44
   0
44
   +4
40
   +8
32
   +1
31
   +2
29
   −2
31
70   Jamaica
44
   0
44
   +5
39
   −2
41
   +3
38
   0
38
   0
38
73   South Africa
43
   0
43
   -2
45
   +1
44
   0
44
   +2
42
   −1
43
73   Suriname
43
   +2
41
   -4
45
   +9
36
   0
36
   0
36
   −1
37
73   Tunisia
43
   +1
42
   +1
41
   +3
38
   −2
40
   −1
41
   0
41
73   Morocco
43
   +3
40
   +3
37
   +1
36
   −3
39
   +2
37
   0
37
77   Bulgaria
42
   -1
43
   +2
41
   0
41
   −2
43
   +2
41
   0
41
78   Ghana
41
   +1
40
   -3
43
   −4
47
   −1
48
   +2
46
   +1
45
78   Burkina Faso
41
   -1
42
   0
42
   +4
38
   0
38
   0
38
   0
38
78   Kuwait
41
   +2
39
   -2
41
   −8
49
   +5
44
   +1
43
   −1
44
78   Turkey
41
   +1
40
   -1
41
   −1
42
   −3
45
   −5
50
   +1
49
78   India
41
   +1
40
   0
40
   +2
38
   0
38
   +2
36
   0
36
78   Lesotho
41
   -1
42
   +3
39
   −5
44
   −5
49
   0
49
   +4
45
78   Trinidad and Tobago
41
   0
41
   +6
35
   −4
39
   +1
38
   0
38
   −1
39
85   Argentina
40
   +1
39
   +3
36
   +4
32
   −2
34
   0
34
   −1
35
85   Benin
40
   +1
39
   +3
36
   −1
37
   −2
39
   +3
36
   0
36
87   Serbia
39
   -2
41
   -1
42
   +2
40
   −1
41
   −1
42
   +3
39
87   China
39
   -2
41
   +1
40
   +3
37
   +1
36
   −4
40
   +1
39
88   Bosnia and Herzegovina
38
   0
38
   -1
39
   +1
38
   −1
39
   −3
42
   0
42
89   Indonesia
38
   +1
37
   0
37
   +1
36
   +2
34
   +2
32
   0
32
89   Sri Lanka
38
   0
38
   +2
36
   −1
37
   −1
38
   +1
37
   −3
40
93   Mongolia
37
   +1
36
   -2
38
   −1
39
   0
39
   +1
38
   +2
36
93   Panama
37
   0
37
   -1
38
   −1
39
   +2
37
   +2
35
   −3
38
93   Macedonia
37
   +2
35
   -2
37
   −5
42
   −3
45
   +1
44
   +1
43
93   Kosovo
37
   -2
39
   +3
36
   +3
33
   0
33
   0
33
   −1
34
93   Guyana
37
   -1
38
   +4
34
   +5
29
   −1
30
   +3
27
   −1
28
93   Gambia
37
   +7
30
   +4
26
   −2
28
   −1
29
   +1
28
   −6
34
99   Bahrain
36
   0
36
   -7
43
   −8
51
   +2
49
   +1
48
   −3
51
99   Albania
36
   -2
38
   -1
39
   +3
36
   +3
33
   +2
31
   −2
33
99   Colombia
36
   -1
37
   0
37
   0
37
   0
37
   +1
36
   0
36
99   Philippines
36
   +2
34
   -1
35
   0
35
   −3
38
   +2
36
   +2
34
99   Thailand
36
   -1
37
   +2
35
   −3
38
   0
38
   +3
35
   −2
37
99   Tanzania
36
   0
36
   +4
32
   +2
30
   −1
31
   −2
33
   −2
35
105   Brazil
35
   -2
37
   -3
40
   +2
38
   −5
43
   +1
42
   −1
43
105   Zambia
35
   -2
37
   -1
38
   0
38
   0
38
   0
38
   +1
37
105   El Salvador
35
   +2
33
   -3
36
   −3
39
   0
39
   +1
38
   0
38
105   Peru
35
   -2
37
   +2
35
   −1
36
   −2
38
   0
38
   0
38
105   Timor-Leste
35
   -3
38
   +3
35
   +7
28
   0
28
   −2
30
   −3
33
105   Algeria
35
   +2
33
   -1
34
   −2
36
   0
36
   0
36
   +2
34
105   Egypt
35
   +3
32
   -2
34
   −2
36
   −1
37
   +5
32
   0
32
105   Ivory Coast
35
   -1
36
   +2
34
   +2
32
   0
32
   +5
27
   −2
29
105   Armenia
35
   0
35
   +2
33
   −2
35
   −2
37
   +1
36
   +2
34
114   Niger
34
   +1
33
   -2
35
   +1
34
   −1
35
   +1
34
   +1
33
114   Ethiopia
34
   -1
35
   +1
34
   +1
33
   0
33
   0
33
   0
33
114   Ecuador
34
   +2
32
   +1
31
   −1
32
   −1
33
   −2
35
   +3
32
117   Vietnam
33
   -2
35
   +2
33
   +2
31
   0
31
   0
31
   0
31
117   Pakistan
33
   +1
32
   0
32
   +2
30
   +1
29
   +1
28
   +1
27
117   Moldova
33
   +2
31
   +1
30
   −3
33
   −2
35
   0
35
   −1
36
120   Liberia
32
   +1
31
   -6
37
   0
37
   0
37
   −1
38
   −3
41
120   Mali
32
   +1
31
   -1
32
   −3
35
   +3
32
   +4
28
   −6
34
120   Malawi
32
   +1
31
   0
31
   0
31
   −2
33
   −4
37
   0
37
120   Ukraine
32
   +2
30
   +1
29
   +2
27
   +1
26
   +1
25
   −1
26
124   Maldives
31
   -2
33
   -3
36
   0   0   0   0
124   Gabon
31
   -1
32
   -3
35
   +1
34
   −3
37
   +3
34
   −1
35
124   Djibouti
31
   0
31
   +1
30
   −4
34
   0
34
   −2
36
   0
36
124   Kazakhstan
31
   0
31
   +2
29
   +1
28
   −1
29
   +3
26
   −2
28
124     Nepal
31
   0
31
   +2
29
   +2
27
   −2
29
   −2
31
   +4
27
129   Togo
30
   -2
32
   0
32
   0
32
   +3
29
   0
29
   −1
30
129   Dominican Republic
30
   +1
29
   -2
31
   −2
33
   +1
32
   +3
29
   −3
32
129   Sierra Leone
30
   0
30
   0
30
   +1
29
   −2
31
   +1
30
   −1
31
132   Bolivia
29
   -4
33
   0
33
   −1
34
   −1
35
   +1
34
   0
34
132   Honduras
29
   0
29
   -1
30
   −1
31
   +2
29
   +3
26
   −2
28
132   Laos
29
   0
29
   -1
30
   +5
25
   0
25
   −1
26
   +5
21
132   Paraguay
29
   0
29
   -1
30
   +3
27
   +3
24
   0
24
   −1
25
132   Kyrgyzstan
29
   0
29
   +1
28
   0
28
   +1
27
   +3
24
   0
24
132   Myanmar
29
   -1
30
   +2
28
   +6
22
   +1
21
   0
21
   +6
15
138   Mexico
28
   -1
29
   -1
30
   −5
35
   0
35
   +1
34
   0
34
138   Iran
28
   -2
30
   +1
29
   +2
27
   0
27
   +2
25
   −3
28
138   Russia
28
   -1
29
   0
29
   0
29
   +2
27
   −1
28
   0
28
138   Lebanon
28
   0
28
   0
28
   0
28
   +1
27
   −1
28
   −2
30
138   Papua New Guinea
28
   -1
29
   +1
28
   +3
25
   0
25
   0
25
   0
25
138   Guinea
28
   +1
27
   0
27
   +2
25
   0
25
   +1
24
   0
24
138   Guinea-Bissau
28
   +1
27
   +11
16
   −1
17
   −2
19
   0
19
   −6
25
144   Guatemala
27
   -1
28
   0
28
   0
28
   −4
32
   +3
29
   −4
33
144   Nigeria
27
   0
27
   -1
28
   +2
26
   −1
27
   +2
25
   −2
27
144   Mauritania
27
   -1
28
   +1
27
   −4
31
   +1
30
   0
30
   −1
31
144   Kenya
27
   -1
28
   +2
26
   +1
25
   0
25
   −2
27
   0
27
144   Comoros
27
   0
27
   +3
24
   −2
26
   0
26
   −2
28
   0
28
149   Bangladesh
26
   -2
28
   +2
26
   +1
25
   0
25
   −2
27
   +1
26
149   Uganda
26
   0
26
   +1
25
   0
25
   −1
26
   0
26
   −3
29
149   Central African Republic
26
   +3
23
   +3
20
   −4
24
   0
24
   −1
25
   −1
26
152   Azerbaijan
25
   -6
31
   +1
30
   +1
29
   0
29
   +1
28
   +1
27
152   Cameroon
25
   0
25
   -1
26
   −1
27
   0
27
   +2
25
   −1
26
152   Madagascar
25
   +1
24
   -2
26
   −2
28
   0
28
   0
28
   −4
32
152   Nicaragua
25
   -1
26
   0
26
   −1
27
   −1
28
   0
28
   −1
29
152   Tajikistan
25
   +4
21
   -4
25
   −1
26
   +3
23
   +1
22
   0
22
157   Eritrea
24
   +4
20
   +2
18
   0
18
   0
18
   −2
20
   −5
25
158   Mozambique
23
   -2
25
   -2
27
   −4
31
   0
31
   +1
30
   −1
31
158   Uzbekistan
23
   +1
22
   +1
21
   +2
19
   +1
18
   +1
17
   0
17
160   Zimbabwe
22
   0
22
   0
22
   +1
21
   0
21
   0
21
   +1
20
161   Turkmenistan
20
   +1
19
   -3
22
   +4
18
   +1
17
   0
17
   0
17
161   Cambodia
20
   -1
21
   0
21
   0
21
   0
21
   +1
20
   −2
22
161   Haiti
20
   -2
22
   +2
20
   +3
17
   −2
19
   0
19
   0
19
165   Democratic Republic of the Congo
19
   -2
21
   0
21
   −1
22
   0
22
   0
22
   +1
21
165   Chad
19
   -1
20
   0
20
   −2
22
   0
22
   +3
19
   0
19
165   Republic of the Congo
19
   -2
21
   +1
20
   −3
23
   0
23
   +1
22
   −4
26
165   Angola
19
   0
19
   +1
18
   +3
15
   −4
19
   −4
23
   +1
22
168   Iraq
18
   0
18
   +1
17
   +1
16
   0
16
   0
16
   −2
18
168   Venezuela
18
   0
18
   +1
17
   0
17
   −2
19
   −1
20
   +1
19
170   Burundi
17
   -5
22
   +2
20
   −1
21
   +1
20
   −1
21
   +2
19
170   Libya
17
   0
17
   +3
14
   −2
16
   −2
18
   +3
15
   −6
21
172   Afghanistan
16
   +1
15
   0
15
   +4
11
   −1
12
   +4
08
   0
08
172   Sudan
16
   0
16
   +2
14
   +2
12
   +1
11
   0
11
   −2
13
176   Yemen
14
   -2
16
   +2
14
   −4
18
   −1
19
   +1
18
   −5
23
176   North Korea
14
   -3
17
   +9
08
   0
08
   0
08
   0
08
   0
08
178   Syria
13
   -1
14
   +1
13
   −5
18
   −2
20
   +3
17
   −9
26
178   South Sudan
13
   +1
12
   +1
11
   −4
15
   0
15
   +1
14
   0
180   Somalia
10
   +1
9
   -1
10
   +2
08
   0
08
   0
08
   0
08

2011Edit

The 20 top countries that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 to 1):

# Country Score # Country Score
1   New Zealand 9.5 11   Luxembourg 8.5
2   Denmark 9.4 12   Hong Kong 8.4
  Finland 13   Iceland 8.3
4   Sweden 9.3 14   Germany 8.0
5   Singapore 9.2   Japan
6   Norway 9.0 16   Austria 7.8
7   Netherlands 8.9   Barbados
8   Australia 8.8   United Kingdom
   Switzerland 19   Belgium 7.5
10   Canada 8.7   Ireland
Source:[22]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

# Country Score # Country Score
182   Somalia 1.0 172   Equatorial Guinea 1.9
  North Korea   Burundi
180   Myanmar 1.5 168   Libya 2.0
  Afghanistan   DR Congo
177   Uzbekistan 1.6   Chad
  Turkmenistan   Angola
  Sudan 164   Yemen 2.1
175   Iraq 1.8   Kyrgyzstan
  Haiti   Guinea
172   Venezuela 1.9   Cambodia
Source:[22]

2010Edit

The 20 top countries that were ranked as having the lowest perceived levels of corruption were (note scale of 10 down to 1):

# Country Score # Country Score
1   Denmark 9.3 11   Iceland 8.5
  New Zealand   Luxembourg
  Singapore 13   Hong Kong 8.4
4   Finland 9.2 14   Ireland 8.0
  Sweden 15   Austria 7.9
6   Canada 8.9   Germany
7   Netherlands 8.8 17   Barbados 7.8
8   Australia 8.7   Japan
   Switzerland 19   Qatar 7.7
10   Norway 8.6 20   United Kingdom 7.6
Source:[23]

The 20 bottom countries that were ranked as having the highest perceived levels of corruption were:

# Country Score # Country Score
178   Somalia 1.1 168   Angola 1.9
176   Myanmar 1.4 164   Venezuela 2.0
  Afghanistan   Kyrgyzstan
175   Iraq 1.5   Guinea
172   Uzbekistan 1.6   DR Congo
  Turkmenistan 159   Tajikistan 2.1
  Sudan   Russia
171   Chad 1.7   Papua New Guinea
170   Burundi 1.8   Laos
168   Equatorial Guinea 1.9   Kenya
Source:[23]

Criticism and limitationsEdit

The Index has been criticized on the basis of its methodology.[24]

According to political scientist Dan Hough, three flaws in the Index include:[25]

  • Corruption is too complex to be captured by a single score. The nature of corruption in rural Kansas will, for instance, be different from that in the city administration of New York, yet the Index measures them in the same way.
  • By measuring perceptions of corruption, as opposed to corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing stereotypes and cliches.
  • The Index only measures public-sector corruption, leaving out private actors. This for instance means the Libor scandal or the VW emissions scandal are not counted.

Media outlets frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. The local Transparency International chapter in Bangladesh disowned the index results after a change in methodology caused the country's scores to increase; media reported it as an "improvement".[26]

In a 2013 article in Foreign Policy, Alex Cobham suggested that CPI should be dropped for the good of Transparency International. It argues that the CPI embeds a powerful and misleading elite bias in popular perceptions of corruption, potentially contributing to a vicious cycle and at the same time incentivizing inappropriate policy responses. Cobham writes, "the index corrupts perceptions to the extent that it's hard to see a justification for its continuing publication."[27]

However, recent econometric analyses that have exploited the existence of natural experiments on the level of corruption and compared the CPI with other subjective indicators have found that, while not perfect, the CPI is argued to be broadly consistent with one-dimensional measures of corruption.[28]

In the United States, many lawyers advise international businesses to consult the CPI when attempting to measure the risk of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations in different nations. This practice has been criticized by the Minnesota Journal of International Law, which wrote that since the CPI may be subject to perceptual biases it therefore should not be considered by lawyers to be a measure of actual national corruption risk.[29]

Transparency International also publishes the Global Corruption Barometer, which ranks countries by corruption levels using direct surveys instead of perceived expert opinions, which has been under criticism for substantial bias from the powerful elite.[27]

Transparency International has warned that a country with a clean CPI score may still be linked to corruption internationally. For example, while Sweden had the 3rd best CPI score in 2015, one of its state-owned companies, TeliaSonera, was facing allegations of bribery in Uzbekistan.[30]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ "CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2017". transparency.org. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  2. ^ Transparency International (2011). "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency International. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  3. ^ a b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 2
  4. ^ Transparency International (2017). "Corruption Perceptions Index 2017". Transparency International. Transparency International. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005)". Retrieved 22 November 2005.
  6. ^ CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 1
  7. ^ a b CPI 2010: Long methodological brief, p. 7
  8. ^ Transparency International (2010). Corruption Perceptions Index 2010: Sources of information (PDF) (Report). Transparency International. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  9. ^ Transparency International (2010). "Frequently asked questions (FAQs)". Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
  10. ^ a b Wilhelm, Paul G. (2002). "International Validation of the Corruption Perceptions Index: Implications for Business Ethics and Entrepreneurship Education". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer Netherlands. 35 (3): 177–189. doi:10.1023/A:1013882225402.
  11. ^ Shao, J.; Ivanov, P. C.; Podobnik, B.; Stanley, H. E. (2007). "Quantitative relations between corruption and economic factors". The European Physical Journal B. 56 (2): 157. arXiv:0705.0161. Bibcode:2007EPJB...56..157S. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2007-00098-2.
  12. ^ Podobnik, B.; Shao, J.; Njavro, D.; Ivanov, P. C.; Stanley, H. E. (2008). "Influence of corruption on economic growth rate and foreign investment". The European Physical Journal B. 63 (4): 547. arXiv:0710.1995. Bibcode:2008EPJB...63..547P. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2008-00210-2.
  13. ^ "2016 official table". 25 January 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  14. ^ "Official announcement". Transparency International. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  15. ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 - Transparency International". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  16. ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018 - Transparency International". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  17. ^ "2016 table". Transparency International. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  18. ^ "2015 table". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  19. ^ "2014 table". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  20. ^ "2013 table". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  21. ^ "2012 table". Transparency International. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  22. ^ a b Corruption Perceptions Index 2011. Full table and rankings. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
  23. ^ a b Corruption Perceptions Index 2010. Full table and rankings. Transparency International. Retrieved: 4 December 2013.
  24. ^ "Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index: Whose Perceptions Are They Anyway?" (PDF). 2005.
  25. ^ Hough, Dan (2016-01-27). "Here's this year's (flawed) Corruption Perception Index. Those flaws are useful". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
  26. ^ Werve, Jonathan (2008-09-23). "TI's Index: Local Chapter Not Having It". Global Integrity. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14.
  27. ^ a b Cobham, Alex. "Corrupting Perceptions". Foreign Policy.
  28. ^ Hamilton, Alexander (2017). "Can We Measure the Power of the Grabbing Hand? A Comparative Analysis of Different Indicators of Corruption" (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.
  29. ^ Campbell, Stuart Vincent. "Perception is Not Reality: The FCPA, Brazil, and the Mismeasurement of Corruption" 22 Minnesota Journal of International Law 1, p. 247 (2013).
  30. ^ CPI index 2015. Accessed 2016-02-03.

External linksEdit

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