Cornelis Jacobus (Cor) Gorter (14 August 1907, Utrecht – 30 March 1980, Leiden) was a Dutch experimental and theoretical physicist. Among other work, he discovered paramagnetic relaxation and was a pioneer in low temperature physics.[1]
Education and career edit
After his Abitur in The Hague, Gorter studied physics in Leiden, earning his PhD with the thesis Paramagnetische Eigenschaften von Salzen ("Paramagnetic Properties of Salts")[2] under Wander de Haas. From 1931 to 1936 he worked at Teylers Stichting in Haarlem and from 1936 to 1940 at the University of Groningen, before he became a professor at the University of Amsterdam as successor to Pieter Zeeman. In 1946, succeeding W. H. Keesom, he returned to Leiden as a professor. In 1948, as successor to De Haas, Gorter directed the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, remaining there until his retirement in 1973. He died in Leiden in 1980, after suffering for several years from Alzheimer's disease. His doctoral students include Nicolaas Bloembergen and Bert Broer.
Work edit
In 1936 he discovered paramagnetic relaxation; however, he missed the discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance (otherwise known as nuclear spin resonance), as described by Joan Henri Van der Waals.[3]
With Hendrik Casimir he devised a two-fluid model to explain superconductivity with thermodynamics and Maxwell's equations.[4] Casimir described their collaboration in one of his books.[5] The "Gorter-model" for a second-order phase transition is from this period of his career, as well as the elucidation of the Senftleben effect (change of viscosity and thermal conductivity of paramagnetic gas in a magnetic field).
Gorter studied many aspects of antiferromagnetism in CuCl2·2H2O.[6] With Johannes Haantjes, he developed a theoretical model of antiferromagnetism in a double-lattice substance.[7] After WWII he worked on liquid helium II and developed the theory which is now known as Coulomb blockade, the increase in electrical resistance in metal films at low temperatures.[8][9] The Gorter-Mellink equation describes the mutual friction of two fluids in liquid helium II.[10]
Prizes and honors edit
- Membership of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946.[11]
- Membership to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1952.[1]
- Fritz London Award in 1966 for his various contributions to the physics of low temperatures. His acceptance speech discusses the discoveries he missed.[12]
- Membership to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1967.[2]
- Membership to the American Philosophical Society in 1970.[3]
- In the autumn of 2007, the C. J. Gorter Center for High-field MRI was opened in Leiden.[13]
Publications edit
- scientific articles
- Book (in Dutch) Paramagnetische relaxatie, Leiden, November 1946
- Progress in Low Temperature Physics, six parts under his editorship
References edit
- ^ a b J. Van Den Handel (October 1980). "C. J. Gorter". Physics Today. 33 (10): 84. Bibcode:1980PhT....33j..84V. doi:10.1063/1.2913802.
- ^ a b C.J. Gorter (1932). "Paramagnetische Eigenschaften von Salzen" (PDF).
- ^ a b Waals, J. H. van der (1996). "Gorter's footprints on the trail that led to magnetic resonance" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Vol. I. Wiley. p. 677.
- ^ Gorter, C. J.; Casimir, H. B. G. (1934). "On Supraconductivity I" (PDF). Physica. 1 (1–6): 306–320. Bibcode:1934Phy.....1..306G. doi:10.1016/s0031-8914(34)90037-9.
- ^ Hendrik Casimir over Gorter
- ^ Gorter, C. J. (1953). "Observations on antiferromagnetic CuCl2·2H2O crystals". Reviews of Modern Physics. 25 (1): 332–337. Bibcode:1953RvMP...25..332G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.25.332.
- ^ Gorter, C. J.; Haantjes, J. (1952). "Anti-ferromagnetism at the absolute zero of temperature in the case of rhombic symmetry". Physica. 18 (5): 285–294. Bibcode:1952Phy....18..285G. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(52)80152-1.
- ^ Gorter, C. J. (August 1951). "A possible explanation of the increase of the electrical resistance of thin metal films at low temperatures and small field strengths". Physica. 17 (8): 777–780. Bibcode:1951Phy....17..777G. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(51)90098-5.
- ^ Coulomb-Blockade Oscillations in Quantum Dots and Wires, 1992 PhD thesis by A.A.M. Staring (perform find on "gorter")
- ^ Gorter, C. J.; Mellink, J. H. (May 1949). "On the irreversible processes in liquid helium II". Physica. 15 (3–4): 285–304. Bibcode:1949Phy....15..285G. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(49)90105-6.
- ^ "C.J. Gorter (1907 - 1980)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ "Bad luck in attempts to make scientific discoveries"
- ^ C. J. Center for High-field MRI | Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
Sources edit
- Biography
- (in Dutch) Biografie door H.A.M. Snelders in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland