# Commuting probability

In mathematics and more precisely in group theory, the commuting probability (also called degree of commutativity or commutativity degree) of a finite group is the probability that two randomly chosen elements commute.[1][2] It can be used to measure how close to abelian a finite group is. It can be generalized to infinite groups equipped with a suitable probability measure,[3] and can also be generalized to other algebraic structures such as rings.[4]

## Definition

Let ${\displaystyle G}$  be a finite group. We define ${\displaystyle p(G)}$  as the averaged number of pairs of elements of ${\displaystyle G}$  which commute:

${\displaystyle p(G):={\frac {1}{\#G^{2}}}\#\left\{(x,y)\in G^{2}\colon xy=yx\right\}.}$

If one consider the uniform distribution on ${\displaystyle G^{2}}$ , ${\displaystyle p(G)}$  is the probability that two randomly chosen elements of ${\displaystyle G}$  commute. That is why ${\displaystyle p(G)}$  is called the commuting probability of ${\displaystyle G}$ .

## Results

• The finite group ${\displaystyle G}$  is abelian if and only if ${\displaystyle p(G)=1}$ .
• One has
${\displaystyle p(g)={\frac {k(G)}{\#G}}}$
where ${\displaystyle k(G)}$  is the number of conjugacy classes of ${\displaystyle G}$ .
• If ${\displaystyle G}$  is not abelian, then ${\displaystyle p(G)\leq 5/8}$  (this result is sometimes called the 5/8 theorem[5]) and this upper bound is sharp: there is an infinity of finite groups ${\displaystyle G}$  such that ${\displaystyle p(G)=5/8}$ , the smallest one is the dihedral group of order 8.
• There is no uniform lower bound on ${\displaystyle p(G)}$ . In fact, for every positive integer ${\displaystyle n}$ , there exists a finite group ${\displaystyle G}$  such that ${\displaystyle p(G)=1/n}$ .
• If ${\displaystyle G}$  is not abelian but simple, then ${\displaystyle p(G)\leq 1/12}$  (this upper bound is attained by ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {A}}_{5}}$ , the alternating group of degree 5).

## References

1. ^ Gustafson, W. H. (1973). "What is the Probability that Two Group Elements Commute?". The American Mathematical Monthly. 80 (9): 1031–1034. doi:10.1080/00029890.1973.11993437.
2. ^ Das, A. K.; Nath, R. K.; Pournaki, M. R. (2013). "A survey on the estimation of commutativity in finite groups". Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics. 37 (2): 161–180.
3. ^ a b Hofmann, Karl H.; Russo, Francesco G. (2012). "The probability that x and y commute in a compact group". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 153 (3): 557–571. arXiv:1001.4856. doi:10.1017/S0305004112000308.
4. ^ a b Machale, Desmond (1976). "Commutativity in Finite Rings". The American Mathematical Monthly. 83: 30–32. doi:10.1080/00029890.1976.11994032.
5. ^ Baez, John C. (2018-09-16). "The 5/8 Theorem". Azimut.