In elliptic geometry, two lines are Clifford parallel or paratactic lines if the perpendicular distance between them is constant from point to point. The concept was first studied by William Kingdon Clifford in elliptic space and appears only in spaces of at least three dimensions. Since parallel lines have the property of equidistance, the term "parallel" was appropriated from Euclidean geometry, although the "lines" of elliptic geometry are geodesic curves and, unlike the lines of Euclidean geometry, are of finite length.
The algebra of quaternions provides a descriptive geometry of elliptic space in which Clifford parallelism is made explicit.
Introduction edit
The lines on 1 in elliptic space are described by versors with a fixed axis r:[1]
For an arbitrary point u in elliptic space, two Clifford parallels to this line pass through u. The right Clifford parallel is
and the left Clifford parallel is
Generalized Clifford parallelism edit
Clifford's original definition was of curved parallel lines, but the concept generalizes to Clifford parallel objects of more than one dimension.[2] In 4-dimensional Euclidean space Clifford parallel objects of 1, 2, 3 or 4 dimensions are related by isoclinic rotations. Clifford parallelism and isoclinic rotations are closely related aspects of the SO(4) symmetries which characterize the regular 4-polytopes.
Clifford surfaces edit
Rotating a line about another, to which it is Clifford parallel, creates a Clifford surface.
The Clifford parallels through points on the surface all lie in the surface. A Clifford surface is thus a ruled surface since every point is on two lines, each contained in the surface.
Given two square roots of minus one in the quaternions, written r and s, the Clifford surface through them is given by[1][3]
History edit
Clifford parallels were first described in 1873 by the English mathematician William Kingdon Clifford.[4]
In 1900 Guido Fubini wrote his doctoral thesis on Clifford's parallelism in elliptic spaces.[5]
In 1931 Heinz Hopf used Clifford parallels to construct the Hopf map.[6]
In 2016 Hans Havlicek showed that there is a one-to-one correspondence between Clifford parallelisms and planes external to the Klein quadric.[7]
See also edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b Georges Lemaître (1948) "Quaternions et espace elliptique", Acta Pontifical Academy of Sciences 12:57–78
- ^ Tyrrell & Semple 1971, pp. 5–6, §3. Clifford's original definition of parallelism.
- ^ H. S. M. Coxeter English synopsis of Lemaître in Mathematical Reviews
- ^ William Kingdon Clifford (1882) Mathematical Papers, 189–93, Macmillan & Co.
- ^ Guido Fubini (1900) D.H. Delphenich translator Clifford Parallelism in Elliptic Spaces, Laurea thesis, Pisa.
- ^ Roger Penrose; The Road to Reality, Vintage, 2005, pp.334-6. (First published Jonathan Cape, 2004).
- ^ Hans Havlicek (2016) "Clifford parallelisms and planes external to the Klein quadric", Journal of Geometry 107(2): 287 to 303 MR3519950
References edit
- Tyrrell, J. A.; Semple, J.G. (1971). Generalized Clifford parallelism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08042-8.
- Laptev, B.L. & B.A. Rozenfel'd (1996) Mathematics of the 19th Century: Geometry, page 74, Birkhäuser Verlag ISBN 3-7643-5048-2 .
- Duncan Sommerville (1914) The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry, page 108 Paratactic lines, George Bell & Sons
- Frederick S. Woods (1917) Higher Geometry, "Clifford parallels", page 255, via Internet Archive