Classification of silicate minerals
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This list gives an overview of the classification of minerals (silicates) and includes mostly International Mineralogical Association (IMA) recognized minerals and its groupings. This list complements the List of minerals recognized by the International Mineralogical Association series of articles and List of minerals. Rocks, ores, mineral mixtures, non-IMA approved minerals and non-named minerals are mostly excluded.
Classification of minerals edit
Introduction edit
The grouping of the New Dana Classification and of the mindat.org is similar only, and so this classification is an overview only. Consistency is missing too on the group name endings (group, subgroup, series) between New Dana Classification and mindat.org. Category, class and supergroup name endings are used as layout tools in the list as well.
Abbreviations edit
- "*" – mineral not IMA-approved.
- "Q" – doubtful/questionable.
- Rn – renaming.
- Rd – redefinition.
- "REE" – rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu).
- "PGE" – platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt).
- "s.p." – special procedure.
Category '9': silicate minerals edit
- Unclassified silicates
Subclass '9.A': nesosilicates edit
- Zircon group: MSiO4 (a group of simple tetragonal silicates where M = tetravalent Zr, Th, or Hf)
- Hafnon HfSiO4, Stetindite Ce[SiO4], Thorite (Th,U)SiO4, Zircon ZrSiO4, Coffinite U(SiO4)1−x(OH)4x, Thorogummite Th(SiO4)1−x(OH)4x, IMA2008-035 CeSiO4
- Olivine group
- Calcio-Olivine Ca2SiO4, Fayalite (Fe2+)2[SiO4], Forsterite Mg2[SiO4], Laihunite Fe2+(Fe3+)2(SiO4)2, Liebenbergite (Ni,Mg)2[SiO4], Olivine (Mg,Fe2+)2[SiO4], Tephroite (Mn2+)2[SiO4]
- Phenakite group
- Phenakite Be2SiO4, Willemite Zn2SiO4, Eucryptite LiAlSiO4
- Al2(SiO4)O
- Sillimanite subgroup
- Sillimanite Al[6]Al[4]OSiO4, Mullite Al(4+2x)Si(2−2x)O(10−x) (x=0.17 to 0.59), Boromullite Al4.5SiB0.5O9.5
- Andalusite subgroup
- Andalusite Al[6]Al[5]OSiO4, Kanonaite (Mn3+,Al)AlSiO5, Yoderite Mg2(Al,Fe3+)6Si4O18(OH)2
- Kyanite Al[6]Al[6]OSiO4
- Sillimanite subgroup
- Titanite group
- Titanite CaTiSiO5, Malayaite CaSnOSiO4, Vanadomalayaite CaVOSiO4
- Cerite group
- Cerite-(Ce) (Ce3+)9Fe3+(SiO4)6[(SiO3)(OH)](OH)3, Cerite-(La) (La,Ce,Ca)9(Mg,Fe3+)(SiO4)6[SiO3(OH)](OH)3, Aluminocerite-(Ce) (Ce,REE,Ca)9(Al,Fe3+)(SiO4)3[SiO3(OH)]4(OH)3
- Silicate apatites
- Ellestadite* Ca5(SiO4,PO4,SO4)3(F,OH,Cl), Britholite-(Ce) (Ce,Ca,Th,La,Nd)5(SiO4,PO4)3(OH,F), Britholite-(Y) (Y,Ca)5(SiO4,PO4)3(OH,F), Ellestadite-(F) Ca5(SiO4,PO4,SO4)3(F,OH,Cl), Ellestadite-(OH) Ca5(SiO4,SO4)3(OH,Cl,F), Ellestadite-(Cl) Ca5(SiO4,PO4,SO4)3(Cl,OH,F), Mattheddleite Pb20(SiO4)7(SO4)4Cl4, Karnasurtite-(Ce) (Ce,La,Th)(Ti,Nb)(Al,Fe3+)(Si,P)2O7(OH)4·3(H2O) (?), Fluorbritholite-(Ce) (Ca,Ce,La,Na)5(SiO4,PO4)3(OH,F), Fluorcalciobritholite (Ca,REE)5[(Si,P)O4]3F
- Uranophane group
- Kasolite Pb(UO2)SiO4·H2O, Uranophane Ca(UO2)2SiO3(OH)2·5H2O, Sklodowskite (H3O)2Mg(UO2)2(SiO4)2·4H2O, Cuprosklodowskite Cu[(UO2)(SiO2OH)]2·6H2O, Boltwoodite HK(UO2)(SiO4)·1.5H2O, Natroboltwoodite (H3O)(Na,K)(UO2)SiO4·H2O, Oursinite (Co,Mg)(H3O)2[(UO2)SiO4]2·3H2O, Swamboite U7+H6(UO2)6(SiO4)6·30H2O, Uranophane-beta Ca[(UO2)SiO3(OH)]2·H2O
- Datolite group
- Datolite series
- Datolite CaBSiO4(OH), Hingganite-(Ce) (Ce,Ca)2([ ],Fe)Be2Si2O8[(OH),O]2, Hingganite-(Y) Y2([ ])Be2Si2O8(OH)2, Hingganite-(Yb) (Yb,Y)2([ ])Be2Si2O8(OH)2, Calcybeborosilite-(Y) (REE,Ca)2[ ](B,Be)2(SiO4)2(OH,O)2
- Homilite series
- Bakerite Ca4B4(BO4)(SiO4)3(OH)3·H2O, Gadolinite-(Ce) (Ce,La,Nd,Y)2Fe2+Be2Si2O10, Gadolinite-(Y) Y2Fe2+Be2Si2O10, Calciogadolinite? CaREE(Fe3+)Be2Si2O10, Homilite Ca2(Fe2+,Mg)B2Si2O10, Minasgeraisite-(Y) CaY2Be2Si2O10
- Datolite series
- Hellandite group
- Hellandite-(Y) (Ca,REE)4(Y,Ce)2(Al,[ ])2[Si4B4O22](OH)2
- Tadzhikite-(Y) Ca4(Y,Ce)2(Ti,Al,Fe3+,[ ])2[Si4B4O22](OH)2
- Tadzhikite-(Ce) Ca4(Ce,Y)2(Ti,Al,Fe3+,[ ])2[Si4B4O22](OH)2
- Hellandite-(Ce) (Ca3REE)4Ce2Al[ ]2[Si4B4O22](OH)2
- Mottanaite-(Ce) Ca4(Ce,Ca)2AlBe2[Si4B4O22]O2
- Ciprianiite Ca4[(Th,U)(REE)]2(Al,[ ])2[Si4B4O22](OH,F)2
- Piergorite-(Ce) Ca8Ce2(Al0.5(Fe3+)0.5)([ ],Li,Be)2Si6B8O36(OH,F)2
- Vicanite group
- Vicanite-(Ce) (Ca,Ce,La,Th)15As5+(As3+0.5,Na0.5)Fe3+Si6B4O40F7
- Hundholmenite-(Y) (Y,REE,Ca,Na)15(Al,Fe3+)Cax(As3+)1−x(Si,As5+)Si6B3(O,F)48
- Proshchenkoite-(Y) (Y,REE,Ca,Na,Mn)15Fe2+Ca(P,Si)Si6B3(O,F)48
"Garnet" supergroup edit
- Nesosilicate insular SiO4 groups only with cations in [6] and >[6] coordination
- Garnet group, X3Z2(TO4)3 (X = Ca, Fe, etc., Z = Al, Cr, etc., T = Si, As, V, etc.)
- Pyralspite series
- Pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3, Almandine (Fe2+)3Al2(SiO4)3, Spessartine (Mn2+)3Al2(SiO4)3, Knorringite Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3, Majorite Mg3(Fe,Al,Si)2(SiO4)3, Calderite (Mn2+,Ca)3(Fe3+,Al)2(SiO4)3
- Ugrandite series
- Andradite Ca3(Fe3+)2(SiO4)3, Grossular Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, Uvarovite Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3, Goldmanite Ca3(V,Al,Fe3+)2(SiO4)3, Yamatoite? (Mn2+,Ca)3(V3+,Al)2(SiO4)3
- Schorlomite – Kimzeyite series
- Schorlomite Ca3(Ti,Fe3+,Al)2[(Si,Fe3+,Fe2+)O4]3, Kimzeyite Ca3(Zr,Ti)2(Si,Al,Fe3+)3O12, Morimotoite Ca3TiFe2+Si3O12
- Hydrogarnet
- Tetragonal hydrogarnet
- Henritermierite Ca3(Mn,Al)2(SiO4)2(OH)4, Holtstamite Ca3(Al,Mn3+)2(SiO4)2(OH)4
- Pyralspite series
- Bredigite Ca7Mg(SiO4)4, Merwinite Ca3Mg(SiO4)2, Wadalite Ca6Al5Si2O16Cl3, Rondorfite Ca8Mg(SiO4)4Cl2
"Humite" supergroup edit
- Nesosilicate insular SiO4 groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [6] coordination only
- Topaz group
- Topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2, Krieselite (Al,Ga)2(Ge,C)O4(OH)2
- Humite, general formula An(SiO4)m(F,OH)2
- Chondrodite series
- Alleghanyite (Mn2+)5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2, Chondrodite (Mg,Fe,Ti)5(SiO4)2(F,OH,O)2, Reinhardbraunsite Ca5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2, Ribbeite Mn5(SiO4)2(OH)2, Kumtyubeite Ca5(SiO4)2F2
- Humite series
- Humite (Mg,Fe2+)7(SiO4)3(F,OH)2, Leucophoenicite (Mn,Ca,Mg,Zn)(SiO4)3(OH)2, Manganhumite (Mn,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2, Chegemite Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2
- Clinohumite series
- Clinohumite (Mg,Fe2+)9(SiO4)4(F,OH)2, Jerrygibbsite (Mn,Zn)9(SiO4)4(OH)2, Sonolite Mn9(SiO4)4(F,OH)2, Hydroxylclinohumite Mg9(SiO4)4[(OH,F)2
- Norbergite Mg3(SiO4)(F,OH)2
- Chondrodite series
- Chloritoid group
- Chloritoid (Fe2+,Mg,Mn)2Al4Si2O10(OH)4, Magnesiochloritoid MgAl2SiO5(OH)2, Ottrelite (Mn,Fe2+,Mg)2Al4Si2O10(OH)4, Carboirite-VIII Fe2+(Al,Ge)2O[(Ge,Si)O4](OH)2
Subclass '9.B': sorosilicates edit
- Epidote supergroup, {A2}{M3}(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
- Epidote group
- Clinozoisite Ca2Al3(SiO4)3(OH)=Ca2AlAl2(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH), Niigataite CaSrAl3(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Epidote Ca2Fe3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Hancockite CaPb(Al2Fe3+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Mukhinite Ca2Al2V3+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Piemontite Ca2Mn3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Piemontite-(Sr) CaSrMn3+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Tweddillite CaSrMn3+2Al(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH)
- Allanite group
- Allanite-(Ce) CaCeAl2Fe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Allanite-(La) CaLaFe2+Al2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Allanite-(Y) CaYAl2Fe2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Dissakisite-(Ce) CaCeMgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Dissakisite-(La) CaLaMgAl2(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Ferriallanite-(Ce) CaCe3+Fe2+Fe3+Al(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH), Manganiandrosite-(Ce) (Mn2+,Ca)(Ce,REE)AlMn3+Mn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Manganiandrosite-(La) Mn2+La3+AlMn3+Mn2+(Si2O7)(SiO4)O(OH), Vanadoandrosite-(Ce) Mn2+Ce3+V3+AlMn2+O(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)
- Dollaseite group
- Dollaseite-(Ce) CaCeMg2Al(Si2O7)(SiO4)(OH)F, Khristovite-(Ce) CaCe3+(MgAlMn2+)(Si2O7)(SiO4)F(OH), Mills et al. (2009)[verification needed]
- Epidote group
Subclass '9.C': cyclosilicates edit
- Tourmaline group
- Alkali-Deficient Tourmaline subgroup - Foitite subgroup
- Foitite [ ][(Fe2+)2(Al,Fe3+)][Al6][(OH)3|OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Magnesiofoitite [ ][Mg2(Al,Fe3+)][Al6][(OH)3|OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Rossmanite [ ][LiAl2][Al6][(OH)3|OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Oxy-Rossmanite [ ][LiAl2]Al6(OH)3O(BO3)3[Si6O18]
- Calcic Tourmaline subgroup - Liddicoatite subgroup
- Liddicoatite [Ca][Li2Al][Al6][(OH)3|F|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Uvite CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)4, Feruvite [Ca][(Fe2+,Mg)3][MgAl5][(OH)3|F|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Hydroxyuvite (IMA2000-030 was not approved, but suspended) CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3(OH)
- Ferric Tourmaline subgroup - Buergerite subgroup
- Buergerite [Na][(Fe3+)3][Al6][O3|F|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Povondraite [Na][(Fe3+)3][(Fe3+)4Mg2][(OH)3|O|(BO3)3|Si6O18]
- Lithian Tourmaline subgroup - Elbaite subgroup
- Olenite NaAl9B3Si6O27O3OH, Oxy-Dravite Na(MgAl2)(MgAl5)Si6O18(BO3)3(OH)3O, Elbaite Na(Al1.5Li1.5)Al6(OH)3(OH)(BO3)3Si6O18
- Sodic Tourmaline subgroup - Schorl subgroup
- Dravite [Na][Mg3][Al6][(OH)3|OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Fluor-Dravite NaMg3Al6(OH)3F(BO3)3(Si6O18), Schorl [Na][(Fe2+)3][Al6][(OH)3|OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Schorl-(F) [Na][(Fe2+)3][Al6][(OH)3|F,OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Chromdravite [Na][Mg3][(Cr3+,Fe3+)6][(OH)3|OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18], Vanadiumdravite [Na][Mg3][(V3+)6][(OH)3|OH|(BO3)3|Si6O18]
- Alkali-Deficient Tourmaline subgroup - Foitite subgroup
- Eudialyte group
- Carbokentbrooksite (Na,[ ])12(Na,Ce)3Ca6Mn3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(OH)3(CO3)•H2O
- Eudialyte Na4(Ca,Ce)2(Fe2+,Mn,Y)ZrSi8O22(OH,Cl)2 (?)
- Feklichevite Na11Ca9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Zr3Nb[Si25O73](OH,H2O,Cl,O)5
- Ferrokentbrooksite Na15Ca6(Fe,Mn)3Zr3NbSi25O73(O,OH,H2O)3(Cl,F,OH)2
- Georgbarsanovite Na12(Mn,Sr,REE)3Ca6(Fe2+)3Zr3NbSi25O76Cl2•H2O
- Golyshevite (Na,Ca)10Ca9(Fe3+,Fe2+)2Zr3NbSi25O72(CO3)(OH)3•H2O
- Ikranite (Na,H3O)15(Ca,Mn,REE)6(Fe3+)2Zr3([ ],Zr)([ ],Si)Si24O66(O,OH)6Cl•2-3H2O
- Johnsenite-(Ce) Na12(Ce,REE,Sr)3Ca6Mn3Zr3W(Si25O73)(CO3)(OH,Cl)2
- Kentbrooksite (Na,REE)15(Ca,REE)6Mn2+Zr3NbSi25O74F2•2H2O
- Khomyakovite Na12Sr3Ca6Fe3Zr3W(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(OH,Cl)2
- Manganokhomyakovite Na12Sr3Ca6Mn3Zr3W(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(OH,Cl)2
- Mogovidite Na9(Ca,Na)6Ca6Fe2Zr3[ ]Si25O72(CO3)(OH)4
- Oneillite Na15Ca3Mn3(Fe2+)3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(O,OH,H2O)3(OH,Cl)2
- Raslakite Na15Ca3Fe3(Na,Zr)3Zr3(Si,Nb)(Si25O73)(OH,H2O)3(Cl,OH)
- Rastsvetaevite Na27K8Ca12Fe3Zr6Si52O144(O,OH,H2O)6Cl2
- Taseqite Na12Sr3Ca6Fe3Zr3NbSi25O73(O,OH,H2O)3Cl2
- Zirsilite-(Ce) (Na,[ ])12(Ce, Na)3Ca6Mn3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(OH)3(CO3)•H2O
- Alluaivite Na19(Ca,Mn2+)6(Ti,Nb)3(Si3O9)2(Si10O28)2Cl•2H2O
- Andrianovite Na12(K,Sr,Ce)3Ca6Mn3Zr3Nb(Si25O73)(O,H2O,OH)5
- Aqualite (H3O)8(Na,K,Sr)5Ca6Zr3Si26O66(OH)9Cl
- Dualite Na30(Ca,Na,Ce,Sr)12(Na,Mn,Fe,Ti)6Zr3Ti3MnSi51O144(OH,H2O,Cl)9
- Labyrinthite (Na,K,Sr)35Ca12Fe3Zr6TiSi51O144(O,OH,H2O)9Cl3, Mills et al. (2009)
Subclass '9.D': inosilicates edit
Single chain inosilicates edit
- Astrophyllite group
- Astrophyllite K2Na(Fe2+,Mn)7Ti2Si8O26(OH)4
- Magnesioastrophyllite K2Na[Na(Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn)Mg2]Ti2Si8O26(OH)4F
- Hydroastrophyllite (H3O,K)2Ca(Fe3+,Mn)5-6Ti2Si8O26(OH)4F
- Niobophyllite K2Na(Fe2+,Mn)7(Nb,Ti)2Si8O26(OH)4(F,O)
- Zircophyllite K2(Na,Ca)(Mn,Fe2+)7(Zr,Nb)2Si8O26(OH)4F
- Kupletskite K2Na(Mn,Fe2+)7(Ti,Nb)2Si8O26(OH)4F
- Kupletskite-(Cs) (Cs,K)2Na(Mn,Fe2+,Li)7(Ti,Nb)2Si8O26(OH)4F
- Niobokupletskite K2Na(Mn,Zn,Fe)7(Nb,Zr,Ti)2Si8O26(OH)4(O,F), Mills et al. (2009)
- Sapphirine supergroup
- Sapphirine group
- Khmaralite (Mg,Al,Fe)16(Al,Si,Be)12O40, Sapphirine (Mg,Al)8(Al,Si)6O20
- Aenigmatite group
- Aenigmatite (Na,Ca)4(Fe2+,Ti,Mg)12Si12O40, Krinovite NaMg2CrSi3O10, Wilkinsonite Na2(Fe2+)4(Fe3+)2Si6O20
- Rhoenite group
- Dorrite Ca2Mg2(Fe3+)4(Al,Fe3+)4Si2O20, Hogtuvaite (Ca,Na)2(Fe2+,Fe3+,Ti,Mg,Mn)6(Si,Be,Al)6O20, Makarochkinite Ca2(Fe2+)4Fe3+TiSi4BeAlO20, Rhonite Ca2(Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,Ti)6(Si,Al)6O20, Serendibite Ca2(Mg,Al)6(Si,Al,B)6O20, Welshite Ca4Mg9Sb3O4[Si6Be3AlFe2O36]
- Surinamite (Mg,Fe2+)3Al4BeSi3O16, Mills et al. (2009)
- Sapphirine group
Pyroxene supergroup edit
- Orthopyroxene group
- Donpeacorite (Mn2+,Mg)Mg[SiO3]2, Enstatite MgSiO3, Ferrosilite, FeSiO3
- Clinopyroxene group
- Aegirine NaFe3+Si2O6, Augite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Fe3+,Ti)[(Si,Al)2O6], Clinoenstatite MgSiO3, Clinoferrosilite Fe2+SiO3, Diopside CaMg[Si2O6], Esseneite CaFe3+[AlSiO6], Grossmanite CaTi3+AlSiO6, Hedenbergite CaFe2+[Si2O6], Jadeite Na(Al,Fe3+)[Si2O6], Jervisite (Na,Ca,Fe2+)(Sc,Mg,Fe2+)[Si2O6], Johannsenite CaMn2+[Si2O6], Kanoite Mn2+(Mg,Mn2+)[Si2O6], Kosmochlor NaCr[Si2O6], Kushiroite CaAl[Si2O6], Namansilite NaMn3+[Si2O6], Natalyite Na(V3+,Cr)[Si2O6], Petedunnite Ca(Zn,Mn2+,Mg,Fe2+)[Si2O6], Pigeonite (Mg,Fe2+,Ca)(Mg,Fe2+)Si2O6, Spodumene LiAlSi2O6
Multiple chain inosilicates edit
Note: the amphibole subcommittee (CNMNC/ IMA) published many reports (IMA 1978 s.p., IMA 1997 s.p., IMA 2003 s.p., IMA 2012 s.p.), renaming and redefining many minerals. Working draft: rruff.info, mindat.org and mineralienatlas.de are not up to date yet.
Amphibole supergroup edit
- w(OH, F, Cl)-dominant amphibole: calcic subgroup
- Cannilloite root name: fluoro-cannilloite CaCa2Mg4Al(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2 (1993-033, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from cannilloite)
- Edenite root name: edenite Na[Ca2][Mg5][(OH)2|AlSi7O22] (1839, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), ferro-edenite [Na][Ca2][(Fe2+)5][(OH)2|AlSi7O22] (1946, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), fluoro-edenite Na[Ca2][Mg5][(F,OH)2|AlSi7O22] (IMA 1994-059, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Hastingsite root name: hastingsite [Na][Ca2][(Fe2+)4Fe3+][(OH)2|Al2Si6O22] (1896, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite (Na,K)Ca2(Mg,Fe3+,Ti)5(Si,Al)8O22F2 (IMA 2005-002, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-magnesiohastingsite), magnesio-hastingsite Na[Ca2][Mg4Fe3+][(OH)2|Al2Si6O22] (1928, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from magnesiohastingsite), potassic-fluoro-hastingsite KCa2((Fe2+)2,Mg2,Fe3+)S5(Si6Al2)8O22F2 (IMA 2005-006, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-potassichastingsite), potassic-chloro-hastingsite KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 (IMA 2005-007, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from chloro-potassicpargasite, syn. dashkesanite), potassic-magnesio-hastingsite (K,Na)Ca2(Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+,Al)5(Si,Al)8O22(OH,Cl)2 (IMA 2004-027b, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassic-magnesiohastingsite)
- Joesmithite PbCa2(Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+)5Si6Be2O22(OH)2 (1968, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Magnesio-hornblende root name: ferro-hornblende [Ca2][(Fe2+)4Al][(OH)2|AlSi7O22] (1930, IMA 1978 s.p., IMA 1997 s.p. Rn from ferro-hornblende, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferrohornblende), magnesio-hornblende [Ca2][Mg4Al][(OH)2|AlSi7O22] (1965, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from magnesiohornblende)
- Pargasite root name: chromio-pargasite (IMA 2011-023, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ehimeite), ferro-pargasite [Na][Ca2][(Fe2+)4Al][(OH)2|Al2Si6O22] (1961, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferropargasite), fluoro-pargasite NaCa2(Mg3Fe2+Al)5(Si6Al2O22)F2 (IMA 2003-050, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoropargasite), pargasite [Na][Ca2][Mg4Al][(OH)2|Al2Si6O22] (1815, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), potassic-chloro-pargasite KCa2((Fe2+)3MgFe3+)(Si6Al2)S8O22Cl2 (IMA 2001-036, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from chloro-potassichastingsite), potassic-ferro-pargasite KCa2((Fe2+)4Al)Si6Al2O22(OH)2 (IMA 2007-053, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassic-ferropargasite), potassic-fluoro-pargasite (IMA 2009-091, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-potassic-pargasite), potassic-pargasite [K][Ca2][Mg4Al][(OH)2|Al2Si6O22] (IMA 1994-046, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassicpargasite)
- Sadanagaite root name: potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite [K][Ca2][(Fe2+)3(Fe3+)2][(OH)2|Al3Si5O22] (IMA 1997-035, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassic-ferrisadanagaite), potassic-ferro-sadanagaite KCa2Fe2+3(Al,Fe3+)2(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2 (IMA 1980-027, 2004 Rd, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd Rn from sadanagaite, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassicsadanagaite), potassic-sadanagaite (K,Na)Ca2(Mg,Fe2+,Al,Ti)5[(Si,Al)8O22] (IMA 1982-102, 2004 Rd, IMA 2003 s.p. Rn from magnesio-sadanagaite, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassic-magnesiosadanagaite), sadanagaite [Na][Ca2][Mg3Al2][(OH)2|Al3Si5O22] (1984, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd Rn from sadanagaite, IMA 2002-051, 2004 Rn from potassic-magnesiosadanagaite, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from magnesiosadanagaite)
- Tremolite-actinolite root name: actinolite Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5(Si8O22)(OH)2 (1794, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), ferro-actinolite [Ca2][(Fe2+,Mg)5][(OH)2|Si8O22] (1946, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), tremolite [Ca2][Mg5][(OH)2|Si8O22] (1789, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Tschermakite root name: tschermakite [Ca2][Mg3Fe3+Al][(OH)2|Al2Si6O22] (1945, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- w(OH, F, Cl)-dominant amphibole: lithium subgroup
- Clino-holmquistite root name: clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite ☐Li2((Fe3+)2(Fe2+)3)Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 1997 s.p., 2001-066, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferri-clinoferroholmquistite)
- Holmquistite root name: ferro-holmquistite ☐(Li2(Fe2+)3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2004-030, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), holmquistite ☐(Li2Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 (1913, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Pedrizite root name: ferri-pedrizite NaLi2((Fe3+)2Mg2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2001-032, IMA 2003 s.p. discredited, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd revalidated), ferro-ferri-pedrizite NaLi2((Fe3+)2(Fe2+)3)Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2003 s.p., IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from sodic-ferro-ferripedrizite), ferro-fluoro-pedrizite NaLi2(Fe2+)2Al2Li)Si8O22F2 (IMA 2008-070, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-sodic-ferropedrizite), fluoro-pedrizite NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22F2 (IMA 2004-002, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-sodic-pedrizite)
- w(OH, F, Cl)-dominant amphibole: Mg-Fe-Mn subgroup
- Anthophyllite root name: anthophyllite ☐Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 (1801, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), ferro-anthophyllite ☐(Fe2+)7Si8O22(OH)2 (1821, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), proto-anthophyllite (Mg,Fe)7Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2001-065, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), protoferro-anthophyllite (Fe2+,Mn2+)2(Fe2+,Mg)5(Si4O11)2(OH)2 (IMA 1986-006, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), protomangano-ferro-anthophyllite (Mn2+,Fe2+)2(Fe2+,Mg)5(Si4O11)2(OH)2 (IMA 1986-007, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Gedrite root name: ferro-gedrite ☐(Fe2+)5Al2Si6Al2O22(OH)2 (1939, IMA 1978 s.p. Rn, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferrogedrite), gedrite ☐Mg5Al2Si6Al2O22(OH)2 (1836, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Minerals: cummingtonite ☐Mg7Si8O22(OH)2 (1824, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), grunerite ☐(Fe2+)7Si8O22(OH)2 (1853, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- w(OH, F, Cl)-dominant amphibole: sodic subgroup
- Arfvedsonite root name: arfvedsonite NaNa2((Fe2+)4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 (1823, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), magnesio-arfvedsonite NaNa2(Mg4Fe2+)Si8O22(OH)2 (1957, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite NaNa2(Mg,Fe2+)4Fe3+[Si8O22](F,OH)2 (IMA 1998-056, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-magnesio-arfvedsonite), potassic-arfvedsonite KNa2(Fe2+)4Fe3+Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2003-043, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite KNa2(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22F2 (IMA 1985-023, 2006 Rn from potassium fluor-magnesio-arfvedsonite, 2010 Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite)
- Eckermannite root name: eckermannite NaNa2(Mg4Al)Si8O22(OH)2 (1942, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), mangano-ferri-eckermannite NaNa2(Mn2+)4(Fe3+,Al)Si8O22(OH)2 (1968-028, IMA 1997 s.p., IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from kôzulite)
- Glaucophane root name: ferro-glaucophane ☐Na2((Fe2+)3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 (1957, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferroglaucophane), glaucophane ☐Na2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 (1963, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Leakeite root name: ferri-fluoro-leakeite NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2 (IMA 2009-085, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoroleakeite), ferri-leakeite Na(NaLi)(Mg2(Fe3+)2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2001-069, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferriwhittakerite), ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite NaNa2((Fe2+)2(Fe3+)2Li)Si8O22F2 (IMA 1993-026, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-ferroleakeite), fluoro-leakeite NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22F2 (IMA 2009-012, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-aluminoleakeite), potassic-ferri-leakeite KNa2Mg2(Fe3+)2LiSi8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2001-049, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassicleakeite), potassic-leakeite KNa2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 (2002, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), potassic-mangani-leakeite KNa2(Mg2Mn3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 1992-032, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from kornite)
- Nybøite root name: ferro-ferri-nybøite NaNa2(Fe2+)3(Fe3+)2(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 (IMA 1997 s.p., IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferric-ferronyboite), fluoro-nybøite NaNa2(Al2Mg3)(Si7Al)O22(F,OH)2 (IMA 2002-010, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoronybøite), nybøite NaNa2(Mg3Al2)Si7AlO22(OH)2 (1981, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Riebeckite root name: fluoro-riebeckite ☐Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22F2 (1966, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), magnesio-riebeckite ☐Na2[(Mg,Fe2+)3(Fe3+)2]Si8O22(OH)2 (1957, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd), riebeckite ☐Na2((Fe2+)3(Fe3+)2)Si8O22(OH)2 (1888, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- w(OH, F, Cl)-dominant amphibole: sodic-calcic subgroup
- Barroisite root name: barroisite [CaNa][Mg3AlFe3+][(OH)2|AlSi7O22] (1922, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Katophorite root name: ferri-fluoro-katophorite Na(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22F2 (IMA 2012 s.p.), ferri-katophorite Na2Ca(Fe2+,Mg)4Fe3+(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 (IMA 1978 s.p., IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferrikatophorite), ferro-katophorite Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 (1894, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn), katophorite Na(NaCa)(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 (1894, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Richterite root name: ferro-richterite Na[CaNa][(Fe2+)5][(OH)2|Si8O22] (1946, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferrorichterite), fluoro-richterite Na(CaNa)Mg5[Si8O22]F2 (IMA 1992-020, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluororichterite), potassic-fluoro-richterite K[CaNa][Mg5][(F,OH)2|Si8O22] (IMA 1986-046, IMA 2004 s.p. Rn from potassium-fluorrichterite, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-potassicrichterite), richterite Na[CaNa][Mg5][(OH)2|Si8O22] (1865, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Taramite root name: ferro-taramite Na[CaNa][(Fe2+)3Al2][(OH)2|Al2Si6O22] (IMA 2006-023, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from aluminotaramite), fluoro-taramite Na2CaMg3Al2(Si6Al2)O22F2 (IMA 2006-025, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from fluoro-alumino-magnesiotaramite), potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 (IMA 1964-003, IMA 1978 s.p. Rn from mboziite, IMA 1997 s.p. Rn from ferri-taramite, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferritaramite, Erratum 2013 Rd Rn from ferro-ferri-taramite), potassic-ferro-taramite K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 (IMA 2007-015, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from potassic-aluminotaramite), taramite Na2CaMg3Al2(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 (IMA 2006-024, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from alumino-magnesiotaramite)
- Winchite root name: ferri-winchite (☐,Na)(Na,Ca)2(Mg,Fe2+)4Fe3+[Si8O22](OH)2 (IMA 2004-034, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferriwinchite), ferro-winchite [CaNa][(Fe2+)4(Al,Fe3+)][(OH)2|Si8O22] (IMA 1978 s.p., IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferrowinchite), winchite [CaNa][Mg4(Al,Fe3+)][(OH)2|Si8O22] (1906, IMA 1997 s.p. Rd, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- w(OH, F, Cl)-dominant amphibole: Na-Mg-Fe-Mn subgroup
- Ghoseite root name: ferri-ghoseite Na(NaMn2+)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 (IMA 2003-066, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from parvowinchite)
- w(O)-dominant amphibole group
- Kaersutite root name: ferri-kaersutite NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si6Al2)O22O2 (IMA 2011-035, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ferrikaersutite), kaersutite NaCa2(Mg4Ti)(Si6Al2)O23(OH) (IMA 1997 s.p., IMA 2012 s.p. Rd)
- Minerals: mangani-dellaventuraite NaNa2(Mg2,Mn3+,Li,Ti)Si8O22O2 (IMA 2003-061, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from dellaventuraite), mangano-mangani-ungarettiite NaNa2((Mn2+)2(Mn3+)3)Si8O22O2 (IMA 1994-004, IMA 2012 s.p. Rd Rn from ungarettiite)
Subclass '9.E': phyllosilicates edit
- Category:Clay minerals group
- Category:Medicinal clay
- Category:Mica group
- Category:Serpentine group/ Kaolinite-Serpentine group
- Category:Smectite group/ Montmorillonite group
- Pyrophyllite-Talc group
- Chlorite group: Clinochlore, Nimite, Pennantite, Baileychlore, Cookeite, Donbassite, Gonyerite, Odinite, Sudoite, Orthochamosite
Subclass '9.F': tectosilicates edit
Tectosilicates without zeolitic H2O edit
- Category:Quartz varieties
- Feldspar family
- Feldspathoid family
- Sodalite group
- Helvine group
- Category:Cancrinite group
Tectosilicates with zeolitic H2O edit
- Category:Zeolite group
- Alflarsenite NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH)•2H2O
- Zeolites with T5O10 Units – fibrous zeolites
- Natrolite subgroup
- Gonnardite (Na,Ca)2(Si,Al)5O10·3H2O, Mesolite Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30·8H2O, Natrolite Na2Al2Si3O10·2H2O, Paranatrolite Na2Al2Si3O10·3H2O, Scolecite CaAl2Si3O10·3H2O
- Tetranatrolite? Na2[Al2Si3O10]•2H2O, Thomsonite-Sr (Sr,Ca)2Na[Al5Si5O20]•7H2O, Thomsonite-Ca NaCa2Al5Si5O20•6H2O, Kalborsite K6Al4Si6BO20(OH)4Cl, Edingtonite BaAl2Si3O10•4H2O
- Natrolite subgroup
- Chains of single connected 4-membered rings
- Ammonioleucite (NH4,K)AlSi2O6, Leucite KAlSi2O6, Analcime NaAlSi2O6•H2O, Hsianghualite Ca3Li2Be3(SiO4)3F2, Lithosite K6Al4Si8O25•H2O, Pollucite (Cs,Na)2Al2Si4O12•H2O, Wairakite CaAl2Si4O12•2H2O, Laumontite CaAl2Si4O12•4H2O, Yugawaralite CaAl2Si6O16•4H2O, Roggianite Ca2[Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13]•2.5H2O, Goosecreekite CaAl2Si6O16•5H2O, Montesommaite (K,Na)9Al9Si23O64•10H2O, Partheite Ca2Al4Si4O15(OH)2•4H2O
- Chains of doubly connected 4-membered rings
- Amicite K2Na2Al4Si4O16•5H2O, Garronite Na2Ca5Al12Si20O64•27H2O, Gobbinsite (Na2,Ca)2K2Al6Si10O32•12H2O, Gismondine Ca2Al4Si4O16•9H2O, Harmotome (Ba,Na,K)(1-2)(Si,Al)8O16•6H2O, Phillipsite-Na (Na,K,Ca)(1-2)(Si,Al)8O16•6H2O, Phillipsite-Ca (Ca,K,Na)(1-2)(Si,Al)8O16•6H2O, Phillipsite-K (K,Na,Ca)(1-2)(Si,Al)8O16•6H2O, Merlinoite (K,Ca,Na,Ba)7Si23Al9O64•23H2O, Mazzite-Mg K2CaMg2(Al,Si)36O72•28H2O, Mazzite-Na Na8Al8Si28O72•30H2O, Perlialite K8Tl4Al12Si24O72•20H2O, Boggsite NaCa2(Al5Si19O48)•17H2O, Paulingite-Ca (Ca,K,Na,Ba)5[Al10Si35O84]•34H2O, Paulingite-K (K2,Ca,Na2,Ba)5Al10Si35O90•45H2O, Paulingite-Na (Na2,K2,Ca,Ba)5Al10Si35O90•45H2O
- Chains of 6-membered rings – tabular zeolites
- Gmelinite-Ca (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12•6H2O, Gmelinite-K (K,Na,Ca)6(Al7Si17O48)•22H2O, Gmelinite-Na (Na2,Ca)Al2Si4O12•6H2O, Chabazite-K (K2,Ca,Na2,Mg)[Al2Si4O12]•6H2O, Chabazite-Ca (Ca0.5,Na,K)4[Al4Si8O24]•12H2O, Chabazite-Na (Na2,K2,Ca,Mg)[Al2Si4O12]•6H2O, Chabazite-Sr (Sr,Ca,K2,Na2)[Al2Si4O12]•6H2O, Herschelite? (Na,Ca,K)AlSi2O6•3H2O, Willhendersonite KCaAl3Si3O12•5H2O, Levyne-Ca (Ca,Na2,K2)Al2Si4O12•6H2O, Levyne-Na (Na2,Ca,K2)Al2Si4O12•6H2O, Bellbergite (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4Al18Si18O72•30H2O, Erionite-Ca (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36]•15H2O, Erionite-K (K2,Ca,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36]•15H2O, Erionite-Na (Na2,K2,Ca)2[Al4Si14O36]•15H2O, Wenkite Ba4Ca6(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2(SO4)3•nH2O (?), Offretite (K2,Ca,Mg)2.5Al5Si13O36•15H2O, Faujasite-Ca (Ca,Na2,Mg)3.5[Al7Si17O48]•32H2O, Faujasite-Mg (Mg,Na2,Ca)3.5[Al7Si17O48]•32H2O, Faujasite-Na (Na2,Ca,Mg)3.5[Al7Si17O48]•32H2O, Maricopaite Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100•32H2O, Mordenite (Ca,Na2,K2)Al2Si10O24•7H2O, Dachiardite-Ca (Ca,Na2,K2)5Al10Si38O96•25H2O, Dachiardite-Na (Na2,Ca,K2)4Al4Si20O48•13H2O, Epistilbite CaAl2Si6O16•5H2O, Ferrierite-K (K,Na)2Mg(Si,Al)18O36•9H2O, Ferrierite-Mg (Mg,Na,K)2Mg(Si,Al)18O36•9H2O, Ferrierite-Na (Na,K)2Mg(Si,Al)18O36•9H2O, Bikitaite Li2[Al2Si4O12]•2H2O
- Chains of T10O20 tetrahedra
- Clinoptilolite-Na (Na,K,Ca)(2-3)Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O, Clinoptilolite-K (Na,K,Ca)(2-3)Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O, Clinoptilolite-Ca (Ca,Na,K)(2-3)Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O, Heulandite-Ba (Ba,Ca,K,Na,Sr)5Al9Si27O72•22H2O, Heulandite-Ca (Ca,Na)(2-3)Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O, Heulandite-K (K,Na,Ca)(2-3)Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O, Heulandite-Na (Na,Ca)(2-3)Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O, Heulandite-Sr (Sr,Na,Ca)(2-3)Al3(Al,Si)2Si13O36•12H2O, Stilbite-Ca NaCa4[Al8Si28O72]•nH2O ( ), Stilbite-Na Na3Ca3[Al8Si28O72]•nH2O ( ), Barrerite (Na,K,Ca)2Al2Si7O18•6H2O, Stellerite CaAl2Si7O18•7H2O, Brewsterite-Ba (Ba,Sr)Al2Si6O16•5H2O, Brewsterite-Sr (Sr,Ba)Al4Si12O32•10H2O
- Other rare zeolites
- Terranovaite (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160•29H2O, Gottardiite Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272•93H2O, Lovdarite K2Na6Be4Si14O36•9H2O, Gaultite Na4Zn2Si7O18•5H2O, Chiavennite CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2•2H2O, Tschernichite (Ca,Na)(Si6Al2)O16•(4-8)H2O, Mutinaite Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192•60H2O, Tschortnerite Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3(OH)8[Si12Al12O48]•xH2O, , Thornasite Na12Th3[Si8O19]4•18H2O, Direnzoite NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120)•36H2O
- Unclassified zeolites
- Cowlesite CaAl2Si3O10•(5-6)H2O, Mountainite (Ca,Na2,K2)2Si4O10•3H2O
Subclass: Germanates edit
See also edit
- Classification of non-silicate minerals – List of IMA recognized minerals and groupings
- Crystal system – Classification of crystalline materials by their three-dimensional structural geometry
- List of rock types – List of rock types recognized by geologists
References edit
- Stuart J. Mills; Frédéric Hatert; Ernest H. Nickel; Giovanni Ferraris (2009). "The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals" (PDF). Eur. J. Mineral. 21 (5): 1073–1080. Bibcode:2009EJMin..21.1073M. doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1994. hdl:2268/29163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-17. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- Ernest H. Nickel; Monte C. Nichols (March 2009). "IMA-CNMNC List of Mineral Names". IMA-CNMNC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
- "New Dana Classification". webmineral.com.
- "Nickel-Strunz (Version 10) Classification System". webmineral.com.
- "Mineral groups". mindat.org.