Christabel Gertrude Marshall (aka Christopher Marie St John) (24 October 1871 – 20 October 1960) was a British campaigner for women's suffrage, a playwright and author. Marshall lived in a ménage à trois with the artist Clare Atwood and the actress, theatre director, producer and costume designer Edith Craig from 1916 until Craig's death in 1947.[2][3][4][5]
Christabel Marshall | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 24 October 1871 |
| Died | 20 October 1960 (aged 88) |
| Resting place | St John the Baptist, Smallhythe Road, Smallhythe, Kent, TN307NG[1] |
| Education | Somerville College |
Biography edit
Born in Exeter, she was the youngest of nine children of Emma Marshall, née Martin (1828–1899), novelist, and Hugh Graham Marshall (c.1825–1899), manager of the West of England Bank. She changed her name on her conversion to Catholicism in adulthood.[6] Having taken a BA in Modern History at Somerville College, Oxford, Marshall became the secretary to Mrs Humphry Ward, Lady Randolph Churchill and, occasionally, to her son Winston Churchill.
In order to pursue her aim of becoming a dramatist, Marshall went on the stage for three years to learn stagecraft, and occasionally acted as secretary to Ellen Terry. She lived with Terry's daughter Edith Craig from 1899 to Craig's death in 1947. They lived together at Smith Square, and then 31 Bedford Street, Covent Garden as well as Priest's House, Tenterden, Kent.[7] Their relationship became temporarily strained when Craig received, and accepted, a marriage proposal from the composer Martin Shaw in 1903, and Marshall attempted suicide.[6] In 1916, Marshall and Craig were joined by the artist Clare 'Tony' Atwood, living in a ménage à trois until Craig died in 1947, according to Michael Holroyd in his book A Strange Eventful History.[2] In 1900, Marshall published her first novel, The Crimson Weed, which takes its title from a transformation of the traditional symbol of the red rose. A feminist, in 1909 she joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), having previously worked for the Women Writers' Suffrage League and the Actresses' Franchise League.[8]
In 1909, Marshall turned Cicely Hamilton's short story How The Vote Was Won into a play that became popular with women's suffrage groups throughout the United Kingdom. Also in 1909, Marshall joined a WSPU deputation to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, contributing an article Why I Went on the Deputation to the journal Votes for Women in July 1909. In November 1909 Marshall appeared as the woman-soldier Hannah Snell in Cicely Hamilton's Pageant of Great Women, directed by Edith Craig. With Hamilton she also wrote The Pot and the Kettle (1909), and with Charles Thursby,[9] The Coronation (1912). In May 1911 her play The First Actress was one of the three plays in the first production of Craig's theatre society, the Pioneer Players.[8] Marshall's plays Macrena and On the East Side were produced by the Pioneer Players, as well as her translation (with Marie Potapenko) of The Theatre of the Soul by Nikolai Evreinov.[10]
Marshall converted to Catholicism in 1912, and took the name St John. She, Edith Craig and Clare Atwood were friends with many artists and writers including lesbian novelist Radclyffe Hall, who lived nearby in Rye.[7] As Christopher St John in 1915, she published her autobiographical novel Hungerheart, which she had started in 1899, and which she based on her relationship with Edith Craig and her own involvement in the women's suffrage movement. St John was contracted by Ellen Terry to assist on various publications. After Terry's death in 1928, St John published the Shaw–Terry Correspondence (1931) and Terry's Four Lectures on Shakespeare (1932). St John and Craig revised and edited Terry's Memoirs (1933).[11] After Edith Craig's death in 1947, St John and Atwood helped to keep the Ellen Terry Memorial Museum in operation. Some of St John's papers have survived in the National Trust's Ellen Terry and Edith Craig Archive.[12]
Marshall died from pneumonia connected with heart disease at Tenterden in 1960. Marshall and Atwood are buried alongside each other at St John the Baptist's Church, Small Hythe. Craig's ashes were supposed to be buried there as well, but at the time of Marshall and Atwood's deaths, the ashes got lost and a memorial was placed in the cemetery instead.[13]
References edit
- ^ Ann Rachlin (2011), Edy was a Lady, Troubador Publishing Ltd, pg 62
- ^ a b Holroyd, Michael. A Strange Eventful History, Chatto and Windus, 2008
- ^ Review A Strange Eventful History: The Dramatic Lives of Ellen Terry, Henry Irving, and Their Remarkable Families by Michael Holroyd, 23 March 2009, Los Angeles Times
- ^ Charlotte Perkins Gilmore: Optimist Reformer. Jill Rudd & Val Gough (editors), University of Iowa Press, p. 90 (1999) Google Books
- ^ Law, Cheryl. Suffrage and Power: the Women's Movement, 1918-1928. i B Tauris & Co, p. 221 (1997) Google Books
- ^ a b Cockin, Katharine. "St John, Christopher Marie (1871–1960)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 11 March 2010
- ^ a b Cockin, Katharine. Edith Craig (1869-1947): Dramatic Lives, Cassell (1998)
- ^ a b Crawford, Elizabeth. The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928 UCL Press (1999)
- ^ "A Curious Encounter at St Ives · Meanjin · Literacy in Australia · Melbourne University Publishing · Classic English Literature Books · Australian Literary Journals & Magazines". Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
- ^ Cockin, Katharine. Women and Theatre in the Age of Suffrage: The Pioneer Players 1911-25, Palgrave, 2001
- ^ Ellen Terry, Spheres of Influence, edited by Katharine Cockin, Pickering & Chatto 2011
- ^ AHRC Ellen Terry and Edith Craig Archive Database
- ^ Edy was a Lady, by Ann Rachlin, Troubador Publishing Ltd, 2011, pg 62
External links edit
- The Orlando Project of Women Writers Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine