Charaxes achaemenes, the bushveld emperor or bush charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae found across Africa.[2]
| Bushveld emperor | |
|---|---|
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| Male upper and underside | |
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| Female upperside | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | Charaxes |
| Species: | C. achaemenes
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| Binomial name | |
| Charaxes achaemenes | |
| Synonyms | |
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Description edit
The wingspan is 55–60 millimetres (2.2–2.4 in) in males and 60–70 millimetres (2.4–2.8 in) in females.
The wings in the male above black, at the base black-grey with a common white transverse band, which is placed on the forewing about the middle, on the hindwing somewhat before the middle, hence in the latter not covering the base of cellule 3; the median band forms on the forewing single quadrate spots in cellules la—3 and 7 and two widely separated spots in each cellule from 4 to 6; on the hindwing it terminates at vein 2. The forewing has small, rounded spots at the ends of the interneural folds and the hindwing whitish marginal streaks, more or less tinged with blue, in cellules lc-5 and similar submarginal streaks in cellules lc—7.
The under surface is marked almost as in etesipe, but has a lighter ground-colour, finer transverse streaks and a rather sharply defined whitish median band. The female differs in having the basal part of the upper surface yellow-brown and the median band light orange-yellow; the marginal spots on the upperside of the forewing are larger, streak-like and red-yellow, the marginal and submarginal spots of the hindwing are larger and the marginal spots distinct in cellules 6 and 7 also, but there red-yellow.
Above the female strongly recalls Ch. saturnus and the female of Ch. guderiana, but these species are quite differently marked beneath. ab. fasciatus Suff, only differs in the much larger submarginal spots on the upperside of the hindwing. Mhonda in German East Africa.[3]
A full description is given by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan (1900). Novitates Zoologicae Volume 7:287-524. [1] page 460-463 (for terms see Novitates Zoologicae Volume 5:545-601 [2]) The female is similar to both sexes of Charaxes saturnus and to the female of Charaxes guderiana.
Biology edit
Flight period is year-round.[4] The habitat is dry savanna and deciduous woodland.
Larvae feed on Pterocarpus rotundifolius, Pterocarpus angolensis, Xanthocercis zambesiaca, Dalbergia boehmii, Piliostigma thonningii, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Dalbergia nitidula, and Brachystegia spiciformis.[2][4] Notes on the biology of achaemenes are gien by Pringle et al (1994), Larsen, T.B. (1991), Larsen, T.B. (2005) and Kielland, J. (1990). [5] .[6][7][8]
Subspecies edit
Listed alphabetically:[2]
- C. a. achaemenes C. & R. Felder, 1867 (eastern Kenya, Tanzania, south-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, south-eastern Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini)
- C. a. atlantica van Someren, 1970 [9] (Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo)
- C. a. monticola Joicey & Talbot, 1925 [10] (northern Nigeria, northern Cameroon, Central African Republic, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Ituri, western Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya: west of the Rift Valley)
Taxonomy edit
Charaxes achaemenes is a member of the species group Charaxes etesipe
The clade members are
- Charaxes etesipe nominate
- Charaxes penricei
- Charaxes achaemenes
- Charaxes paradoxa
- Charaxes cacuthis
- Charaxes bwete
- Charaxes cristalensis
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Felder, C., and Felder, R. [1865-1867] Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara vi, 1- 549. [1865: 1-136; 1865: 137-378; 1867: 379-549]
- ^ a b c Charaxes achaemenes at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ^ Aurivillius, [P.O.]C. 1908-1924. In: Seitz, A. Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln (The Macrolepidoptera of the World 13).Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
- ^ Pringle et al , 1994. Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa, 2nd edition
- ^ Larsen, T.B. 1991The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford: i-xxii, 1-490.
- ^ Kielland, J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne and London: 1-363.
- ^ Larsen, T.B. 2005 Butterflies of West Africa. Apollo Books, Svendborg, Denmark: 1-595 (text) & 1-270 (plates).
- ^ Van Someren 1970. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 25:197-250 Full text and plate
- ^ Joicey, J.J., & Talbot, G. 1925. Notes on some Lepidoptera, with descriptions of new forms.Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 633-653.
- Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren (1970). Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part VI. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)197-250.[3]
External links edit
- Images of C. achaemenes achaemenes Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
- Images of C. achaemenes monticola Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
- Charaxes achaemenes images at Charaxes page Consortium for the Barcode of Life subspecies and forms
- African Butterfly Database Range map via search