Centre-right coalition (Italy)

(Redirected from Centre-right coalition)

The centre-right coalition (Italian: coalizione di centro-destra) is a political alliance of political parties in Italy active under several forms and names since 1994,[1] when Silvio Berlusconi entered politics and formed the Forza Italia party.[2][3][4] It has mostly competed with the centre-left coalition.[5][6] It is composed of right-leaning parties in the Italian political arena, which generally advocate tax reduction and oppose immigration, and in some cases are eurosceptic.[7]

Centre-right coalition
Coalizione di centro-destra
LeaderGiorgia Meloni
FounderSilvio Berlusconi
FoundedFebruary 1994
Political positionCentre-right to far-right
ColoursBlue
Chamber of Deputies
237 / 400
Senate of the Republic
114 / 200
European Parliament[a]
42 / 76
Regional Government
14 / 20
Regional Councils
476 / 897

  1. ^ Including Lega, FI, FdI.

In the 1994 Italian general election, under the leadership of Berlusconi, the centre-right ran with two coalitions, the Pole of Freedoms in Northern Italy and Tuscany (mainly Forza Italia and the Northern League), and the Pole of Good Government (mainly Forza Italia and National Alliance) in Central Italy and Southern Italy.[8][9] In the 1996 Italian general election, after the Northern League had left in late 1994, the centre-right coalition took the name of Pole for Freedoms. The Northern League returned in 2000, and the coalition was re-formed as the House of Freedoms; this lasted until 2008.[10]

After the fall of the second Prodi government and the 2008 Italian government crisis, the centre-right coalition won the subsequent snap election that was held in April. Since 2008, when Forza Italia and National Alliance merged into The People of Freedom, the coalition has not had official names. A new Forza Italia was formed in late 2013, after the inconclusive 2013 Italian general election that was held earlier that year. For the 2018 Italian general election, it joined forces with Matteo Salvini's Northern League and Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy and a collection of mainly centrist forces named Us with ItalyUnion of the Centre.

In 2018, the renamed and rebranded League formed a coalition government with the Five Star Movement and without its centre-right allies, which entered the opposition. This led to a deterioration of the centre-right coalition at a national level, which remained active at a local and regional level. In October 2019, Salvini sought to unite the coalition.[11][12] This internal crisis further intensified when Forza Italia and the League joined the national unity government of Mario Draghi, while Brothers of Italy remained at the opposition.

During the 2022 Italian general election in September, which was caused by the 2022 Italian government crisis that July, the centre-right coalition re-united and obtained a decisive victory by securing the absolute majority of seats in both chambers. Brothers of Italy emerged as the first party by surpassing the League and gained six million votes in four years. This was the first time the centre-right had won a majority of seats since the 2008 Italian general election.

History edit

Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government edit

 
Berlusconi in a electoral convention

In 1994, the media magnate Silvio Berlusconi, who was previously close to the former Italian Socialist Party (PSI) secretary and former prime minister Bettino Craxi and appeared in commercials for the PSI, was studying the possibility of making a political party of his own to avoid what seemed to be the unavoidable victory of the Alliance of Progressives led by Achille Occhetto at the next general election. Three months before the election, he presented his new party, Forza Italia, in a televised announcement on 26 January 1994. Supporters believed that he wanted to avert a victory for the successors of the Italian Communist Party, while opponents believed that he was defending the ancién regime by rebranding it. Regardless of his motives, he employed his power in communication (he owned all of the three main private TV stations in Italy) and advanced communication techniques he and his allies knew very well, as his fortune was largely based on advertisement.

Berlusconi managed to ally himself with both the National Alliance and the Northern League in February 1994, without these being allied with each other. Forza Italia teamed up with the Northern League in Northern Italy, where they competed against the National Alliance, and with the National Alliance in the rest of Italy, where the Northern League was not present. This unusual coalition configuration was caused by the deep hate between the Northern League, which wanted to separate Italy and held Rome in deep contempt, and the nationalist post-fascists in Italy of the National Alliance, the legal successor of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement. On one occasion, Northern League leder Umberto Bossi encouraged his supporters to go find National-Alliance supporters "house by house", suggesting a lynching that did not actually take place. In the 1994 Italian general election, Berlusconi's coalition won a decisive victory over Occhetto's, becoming the first right-wing coalition to win the general election since the Second World War. In the popular vote, Berlusconi's coalition outpolled the Alliance of Progressives by over 5.1 million votes, and the Pole of Freedoms won in the main regions of Italy.

Pole for Freedoms edit

The Pole for Freedoms was formed as a continuation of the Pole of Freedoms and Pole of Good Government coalitions, which had both supported the leadership of Berlusconi at the 1994 general election. As in 1994, there was a separation between the three parties. The Pole of Freedom was constituted by Forza Italia and Northern League, while the Pole of Good Government was formed by Forza Italia and the National Alliance. Afterwards, the Northern League left the coalition at the end of 1994, when the centre-right coalition was forced to reform itself, after the end of the short-lived first Berlusconi government. In the 1995 Italian regional elections, an organic alliance was formed. In 1996, it was officially named Pole for Freedoms and debuted in the 1996 Italian general election, where it was defeated by the centre-left coalition alliance The Olive Tree, whose leader was Romano Prodi.

House of Freedoms edit

The House of Freedoms was the successor of the Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government and the Pole for Freedoms. In the run-up of the 2001 Italian general election, after a six-year spell in opposition, which Berlusconi called "the crossing of the desert", he managed to re-unite the coalition under the House of Freedoms banner. According to its leader, the alliance was a broad democratic arch, composed of the democratic right of National Alliance, the democratic centre of Forza Italia, Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats, and the democratic left represented by the Northern League, the New Italian Socialist Party, and the Italian Republican Party.[13][14]

The House of Freedoms won the 2001 general election by a landslide and consequently the second Berlusconi government was formed. In government, Forza Italia, whose strongholds included Lombardy in Northern Italy and Sicily in Southern Italy, and the Northern League, which was active only in the Centre-North, formed the "axis of the North" through the special relationship between three Lombards leaders, Berlusconi, Bossi, and Giulio Tremonti; on the other side of the coalition, the National Alliance and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, the party emerged from the merger of the Christian Democratic Centre and United Christian Democrats in late 2002, became the natural representatives of Southern interests.[15][16][17][18]

In 2003, the House of Freedoms was routed in local elections by The Olive Tree and the Northern League threatened to pull out. The 2004 European Parliament election in Italy was disappointing for Forza Italia and the coalition as a whole, despite improvements among the other parties . As a result, the Berlusconi and Forza Italia were weaker within the coalition. In the 2005 Italian regional elections, the House of Freedoms lost six of the eight regions it controlled. The defeat was particularly damaging in the South, while the only two regions that the coalition managed to keep, Lombardy and Veneto, were in the North, where the Northern League was decisive. This led to a government crisis, particularly after the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats pulled its ministers out. A few days later, the third Berlusconi government was formed with minor changes from the previous cabinet. In the 2006 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms, which had opened its ranks to a number of minor parties, lost to The Union, a larger, successor version of The Olive Tree.

The People of Freedom edit

 
Berlusconi at a rally in 2008

The People of Freedom, which was launched by Berlusconi on 18 November 2007, was initially a federation of political parties, notably including Forza Italia and National Alliance, which participated as a joint election list in the 2008 Italian general election.[19] The federation was later transformed into a party during a party congress on 27–29 March 2009. The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, which became known as the Union of the Centre, left the centre-right coalition and made an alliance with The Rose for Italy, the Populars' Coordination, and other centrist parties. They later joined the New Pole for Italy in 2010 and With Monti for Italy in 2012.

The People of Freedom led the fourth Berlusconi government from 2008 to 2011 in coalition with the Northern League. In 2010, the Future and Freedom movement, led by the former National Alliance leader Gianfranco Fini, split from the coalition. They joined the Union of the Centre and other parties to form the New Pole for Italy but kept supporting the government. After Berlusconi's resignation during the European debt crisis, the People of Freedom supported Mario Monti's technocratic government in 2011–2012. After the 2013 Italian general election, it became part of Enrico Letta's government of grand coalition with the Democratic Party, Civic Choice, and the Union of the Centre. Angelino Alfano, then party's secretary, functioned as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and the country's Minister of the Interior.

Revival of Forza Italia edit

In June 2013, Berlusconi announced Forza Italia's revival and the PdL's transformation into a centre-right coalition.[20][21] On 16 November 2013, the People of Freedom's national council voted to dissolve itself and start a new Forza Italia; the assembly was deserted by a group of dissidents, led by Alfano, who had launched the alternative New Centre-Right party the day before.[22]

After the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum, the Union of the Centre left the centre-left coalition and approached the centre-right coalition. In 2017, Civic Choice also joined the centre-right coalition. They ran with the centre-right coalition in the 2017 Sicilian regional election.

Centre-right coalitions since 2018 edit

 
Meloni, Salvini and Berlusconi after the 2018 general election results

Following the 2018 Italian general election, the centre-right coalition, led by Matteo Salvini's League, emerged with a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. Matteo Salvini of the rebranded and renamed League was the largest party within the coalition and thus was their prime ministerial candidate. The centre-left coalition, led by former prime minister Matteo Renzi came third.[23][24] As no political group or party won an outright majority, it resulted in a hung parliament.[25]

After three months of negotiation, the 2018 Italian government formation concluded when a coalition government, which became known as the Government of Change, was finally formed on 1 June between Di Maio's party and the League, whose leaders both became deputy prime ministers in a government led by the Five Star Movement-linked independent politician Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister of Italy. This coalition, which caused dissent within the centre-right coalition, lasted until September 2019, and was succeeded by the second Conte government in a centre-left direction.

Following the 2021 Italian government crisis, the previous government was replaced by a national unity government led by Mario Draghi in February 2021. This government included the League and Forza Italia along with the Five Star Movement, the Democratic Party, Article One, and Italia Viva; Brothers of Italy, the National Alliance successor party led by Giorgia Meloni, remained at the opposition. Draghi’s government collapsed during the 2022 Italian government crisis in July of that year, and a snap election ensued in September. In the 2022 Italian general election, the centre-right obtained a majority in both houses, with Brothers of Italy as the largest party of the coalition. As a result, Meloni became the new prime minister on 22 October 2022.

Composition edit

1994 general election edit

In the 1994 Italian general election, the centre-right coalition ran under the name of Pole of Freedoms in Northern Italy, including the Northern League and leaving out National Alliance, which instead ran alone. In Central Italy and Southern Italy, where the Northern League was not present, the coalition ran under the name of Pole of Good Government, which also included National Alliance.

The Pole of Freedoms was composed of four parties:

Party Main ideology Leader
Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Northern League (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
Union of the Centre (UdC) Liberalism Raffaele Costa

The Pole of Good Government was instead composed of six parties:

Party Main ideology Leader
Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance (AN)[a] National conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
Union of the Centre (UdC) Liberalism Raffaele Costa
Liberal Democratic Pole (PLD) Liberalism Adriano Teso
  1. ^ Including also the Italian Liberal Right.

1996 general election edit

In the 1996 Italian general election, the Pole for Freedoms was composed of the following parties:

Party Main ideology Leader
Forza Italia (FI)[a] Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance (AN)[b] National conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD)[c] Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
United Christian Democrats (CDU)[c] Christian democracy Rocco Buttiglione
Federalist Party (PF) Federalism Gianfranco Miglio
  1. ^ Including also the List for Trieste, the Liberal Democratic Foundation and the Union of the Centre.
  2. ^ Including also the Italian Liberal Right.
  3. ^ a b The two parties contested the election in a joint list, including also the Federalist Greens.

The coalition made an agreement of desistance with the Pannella–Sgarbi List in some constituencies.

2001 general election edit

In the 2001 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms was composed of seven parties:

Party Main ideology Leader
Forza Italia (FI)[a] Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance (AN)[b] National conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Northern League (LN)[c] Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD)[d] Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
United Christian Democrats (CDU)[d] Christian democracy Rocco Buttiglione
New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI) Social democracy Gianni De Michelis
Scorporo Abolition (AS)[e] Single-issue politics None
  1. ^ Including also the Italian Republican Party, the Christian Democratic Party, the Christian Democrats for Freedom, the List for Trieste and The Liberals Sgarbi.[26]
  2. ^ Including also the Liberal Right – Liberals for Italy.
  3. ^ Including also the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party and the Lega Sud Ausonia.
  4. ^ a b The two parties contested the election in a joint list informally called White Flower, including also the Federalist Greens.
  5. ^ Scorporo Abolition was a lista civetta.

The coalition presented a candidate a member of the Sardinian Reformers in Sardinia. It also made an agreement of desistance with the Tricolour Flame in one constituency in Sicily.

2006 general election edit

In the 2006 Italian general election, the House of Freedoms was composed of the following parties:

Party Main ideology Leader
Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance (AN) National conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC)[a] Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
Northern League (LN)[b] Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Movement for Autonomy (MpA)[b] Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo
Christian Democracy for Autonomies (DCA)[c] Christian democracy Gianfranco Rotondi
New Italian Socialist Party (NPSI)[c] Social democracy Gianni De Michelis
Social Alternative (AS)[d] Neo-fascism Alessandra Mussolini
Tricolour Flame (FT)[e] Neo-fascism Luca Romagnoli
No Euro Movement (MNE) Euroscepticism Renzo Rabellino
United Pensioners (PU) Pensioners' interests Filippo De Jorio
Democratic Ecologists (ED)[f] Green liberalism Laura Scalabrini
Italian Liberal Party (PLI) Liberalism Stefano De Luca
S.O.S. Italy (SOS) Consumer protection Diego Volpe Pasini
Italian Republican Party (PRI)[g] Liberalism Francesco Nucara
New Sicily (NS)[h] Regionalism Bartolo Pellegrino
Pact for Sicily (PpS)[h] Regionalism Nicolò Nicolosi
Extended Christian Pact (PACE) Christian democracy Gilberto Perri
Liberal Reformers (RL)[g] Liberalism Benedetto Della Vedova
For Italy in the World[i] Interests of Italians abroad Mirko Tremaglia
  1. ^ The list included also the Sardinian Reformers.
  2. ^ a b The two parties formed a joint list. The list included also the Sardinian Action Party.
  3. ^ a b DCA and NPSI contested the election in a joint list that included also the Autonomist People's Union.
  4. ^ List composed of Social Action, New Force and the National Front.
  5. ^ Including CasaPound.[27]
  6. ^ Including the Greens Greens.
  7. ^ a b The party also presented some of its candidates in Forza Italia's lists.
  8. ^ a b The party ran only in Sicily.
  9. ^ The party ran only in the overseas constituencies.

The House of Freedoms was also supported by Unitalia, by Italy Again and by the National Democratic Party.

2008 general election edit

Berlusconi launched The People of Freedom in late 2007; this was joined by FI, AN and minor parties,[28] and continued its alliance with the LN.[29]

In the 2008 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of three parties:

Party Main ideology Leader
The People of Freedom (PdL)[a] Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Northern League (LN)[b] Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Movement for Autonomy (MpA)[c] Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo
  1. ^ The list, which would be transformed into a party in 2009, included Forza Italia, National Alliance, the Liberal Populars, Christian Democracy for Autonomies, the New Italian Socialist Party, the Italian Republican Party, the Liberal Reformers, the Pensioners' Party, the Liberal Democrats, Federation of Christian Populars,[30] Decide!, Italians in the World, Social Action (formerly part of Social Alternative), the Libertarian Right, the Reformist Socialists and Fortza Paris. Not all of these parties would be officially merged into a joint party in 2009. The PdL was also supported by Christian Democracy, after being excluded by the Ministry of the Interior from the electoral competition because of the similarity of its symbol with that of the UDC and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party in Lombardy. The Sardinian Reformers tried to form an alliance, but talks failed. Also the Union of the Centre refused to join forces[31][32][33] (and was joined by the Sardinian Reformers).
  2. ^ Including also the Federalist Alliance.
  3. ^ The party was based in Sicily, but fielded lists everywhere the LN was not present. It included minor parties, like Third Pole[34] and the Southern Action League, and was supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party in Sicily.

2013 general election edit

In the 2013 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of the following parties:[35]

Party Main ideology Leader
The People of Freedom[a] (PdL) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Northern League[b] (LN) Regionalism Roberto Maroni
Brothers of Italy (FdI) National conservatism Giorgia Meloni
The Right (LD) Right-wing populism Francesco Storace
Great South (GS)[c] Regionalism Gianfranco Micciché
Moderates in Revolution (MIR) Liberal conservatism Gianpiero Samorì
Pensioners' Party (PP) Pensioners' interests Carlo Fatuzzo
Popular Agreement (IP)[d] Christian democracy Giampiero Catone
Enough taxes! (BT)[42][43] Anti-tax Luciano Garatti
Party of SiciliansMPA (PdS–MPA)[c] Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo
Free for a Fair Italy (LIE)[44][45][e] Liberalism Angelo Pisani
  1. ^ The list was supported by the Italian Democratic Socialist Party and the Christian Democratic Party[36] and included the Union of Democrats for Europe,[37][38] the New Italian Socialist Party, Christian Democracy, Cantiere Popolare, the Movement for Autonomies, Fortza Paris and the Federation of Christian Populars.[39]
  2. ^ The list included the Labour and Freedom List and was supported by Fassa Association.[40]
  3. ^ a b GS and MpA contested the election in a joint list for the Chamber and in separate lists for the Senate.
  4. ^ Including Social Justice[41] and Christian Democracy.
  5. ^ The party contested only in Campania.

2018 general election edit

In the 2018 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of five parties:

Party Main ideology Leader
League (Lega)[a] Right-wing populism Matteo Salvini
Forza Italia (FI)[b] Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Brothers of Italy (FdI)[c] National conservatism Giorgia Meloni
Us with ItalyUDC (NcI–UDC)[d] Liberal conservatism, Christian democracy Raffaele Fitto

2022 general election edit

In the 2022 Italian general election, the coalition was composed of four parties:[56]

Party Main ideology Leader
Brothers of Italy (FdI)[a] National conservatism Giorgia Meloni
League (Lega)[b] Right-wing populism Matteo Salvini
Forza Italia (FI)[c] Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Us Moderates (NM)[d] Liberal conservatism, Christian democracy Maurizio Lupi
  1. ^ Including also Green is Popular, Human Value Party[57] and Diventerà Bellissima.
  2. ^ Including also Sardinian Action Party, Italian Liberal Right and Fassa Association.
  3. ^ Including also New Italian Socialist Party and Animalist Movement; supported by the Italian Liberal Party.
  4. ^ Electoral list composed of Us with Italy (NcI), Italy in the Centre (IaC), Coraggio Italia (CI) and Union of the Centre (UdC). Including also Cambiamo! (C!), Vinciamo Italia (VI), Identity and Action (IDeA), Cantiere Popolare (CP), Popular Liguria (LP) and Party of Europeans and Liberals (PEL).

Popular support edit

Electoral results edit

Italian Parliament edit

Election Leader Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic
Votes % Seats +/– Position Votes % Seats +/– Position
1994 Silvio Berlusconi 16,475,191 46.4
366 / 630
New 1st 14,110,705 42.5
156 / 315
New 1st
1996 17,947,445 43.2
246 / 630
  120   2nd 12,694,846 38.9
117 / 315
  39   2nd
2001 18,569,126 50.0
368 / 630
  122   1st 17,255,734 50.4
176 / 315
  59   1st
2006 18,995,697 49.7
281 / 630
  87   2nd 17,359,754 49.8
156 / 315
  20   1st
2008 17,064,506 46.8
344 / 630
  43   1st 15,508,899 47.3
174 / 315
  18   1st
2013 9,923,109 29.2
126 / 630
  218   2nd 9,405,679 30.7
118 / 315
  46   2nd
2018 Matteo Salvini[a] 12,152,345 37.0
265 / 630
  139   1st 11,327,549 37.5
135 / 315
  17   1st
2022 Giorgia Meloni[a] 12,300,244 43.7
237 / 400
  28   1st 12,129,547 44.0
115 / 200
  20   1st
  1. ^ a b Under the current agreement of the centre-right coalition, the leader of the party that wins the most votes within the coalition becomes the candidate for Prime Minister.

Regional Councils edit

Region Election year Votes % Seats +/−
Aosta Valley[a] 2020 19,598 29.6
11 / 35
  4
Piedmont 2019 1,027,886 (1st) 53.5
33 / 51
  11
Lombardy 2023 1,621,095 (1st) 56.3
49 / 80
 
South Tyrol[a] 2023 28,514 10.1
3 / 35
  2
Trentino 2023 122,398 (1st) 52.6
21 / 35
 
Veneto 2020 1,582,405 (1st) 77.0
42 / 51
  11
Friuli Venezia Giulia 2023 250,903 (1st) 63.5
29 / 49
 
Emilia-Romagna 2020 981,787 (2nd) 45.4
19 / 50
  7
Liguria 2020 354,111 (1st) 56.5
19 / 31
  3
Tuscany 2020 659,058 (2nd) 40.6
14 / 41
  5
Marche 2020 325,140 (1st) 52.1
20 / 31
  13
Umbria 2019 245,879 (1st) 58.8
13 / 21
  7
Lazio 2023 855,450 (1st) 55.3
31 / 51
  16
Abruzzo 2024 316,637 (1st) 54.7
18 / 31
 
Molise 2023 91,278 (1st) 64.5
14 / 21
  1
Campania 2020 450,856 (2nd) 19.1
11 / 51
  2
Apulia 2020 694,536 (2nd) 41.4
18 / 51
  5
Basilicata 2019 122,548 (1st) 42.4
13 / 21
  8
Calabria 2021 424,666 (1st) 55.7
21 / 31
 
Sicily 2022 887,215 (1st) 42.0
40 / 70
  4
Sardinia 2024 TBA (1st)[b] 48.8
24 / 60
  12
  1. ^ a b In South Tyrol and Aosta Valley, the centre-right coalition ran divided.
  2. ^ The centre-right coalition won the party vote but lost the presidential election.

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